Deformation Behavior and Constitutive Equation Coupled the Grain Size of Semi-Solid Aluminum Alloy

Isothermal compression tests on Al-4Cu-Mg alloy were carried out in semi-solid state. Deformation behavior and microstructural evolution are discussed in this paper. Meanwhile, a new constitutive equation, which couples the grain size and liquid volume fraction, has been established for the semi-solid deformation behavior. The results show that the maximum difference between the calculated with the experimental data is less than 15%. The present equation is satisfactory for describing the correlation between the flow stress and microstructure of semi-solid Al-4Cu-Mg alloy. The coupled simulation of the deformation behavior and microstructural evolution during the semi-solid forming would be conducted easily through writing the present equation in a FE code.     

Al-4Cu-Mg合金半固态重熔时的组织演变

文章研究了Al-4Cu-Mg合金半固态重熔过程中加热温度和保温时间对微观组织形貌和α晶粒尺寸的影响,并对组织演化机制进行了探讨。实验结果表明,当加热温度较低或保温时间较短时,晶粒尺寸小且均匀性差。由于液相分数少,α晶粒之间粘连严重。随着加热温度的升高或保温时间的延长,α晶粒发生了长大和圆整化。对于Al-4Cu-Mg合金来说,合适的半固态重熔参数为:加热温度为540℃~580℃;保温时间小于10min。在半固态重熔过程中,α晶粒的合并长大和Ostwald长大是其微观组织演化的主要机制,两种晶粒长大机制在重熔过程中所起的作用受液相体积分数的影响。     

半固态Al-6.6%Si合金的变形行为

分别对常规铸造Al 6.6%Si合金和电磁搅拌制备的半固态Al 6.6%Si合金试样进行了压缩实验 ,分析了它们的应力—应变关系和组织变化。结果表明 ,半固态Al 6.6%Si合金液固两相区压缩变形可分为触变流动初始阶段和稳定触变流动两个阶段。在触变流动初始化阶段 ,应力从零急剧增大到最大值 ,并在这个最大值上保持一段时间。在稳定触变流动阶段 ,随应变增加 ,应力缓慢下降 ,整个过程应力都大大低于常规铸造Al 6.6%Si合金压缩变形时应力。半固态合金在液固态两相区压缩变形后 ,其初生相微粒仍保持为球状 ,并且试样各处变形均匀。同时 ,对半固态合金变形中的初生相微粒簇现象和液固分离现象也进行了讨论。     

变形条件对半固态Al-4Cu-Mg合金微观组织的影响

研究了用应变诱发熔化激活法(SIMA)制备的半固态Al-4Cu-Mg合金在不同变形温度、变形程度和应变速率下半固态压缩变形时的微观组织演变。研究结果表明：在半固态条件下，随变形温度的升高，晶粒平均尺寸增大，分形维数减小；变形程度增大，晶粒平均尺寸减小．分形维数先减小后增大；应变速率增大，晶粒平均尺寸先减小后略有增大，且在小的应变速率下，晶粒平均尺寸随应变速率变化的趋势较大，分形维数随着应变速率的增大而增大。     

Deformation mechanism and forming properties of 6061Al alloys during compression in semi-solid state

The 6061 semi-solid aluminium alloy feedstocks prepared by near-liquidus casting were compressed in semi-solid state by means of Gleeble-3500 thermal-mechanical simulator. The relationship between the true stress and the true strain at different temperatures and strain rates was studied with the deformation degree of 70%. The microstructures during the deformation process were characterized. The deformation mechanism and thixo-forming properties of the semi-solid alloys were analyzed. The results show that the homogeneous and non-dendrite microstructures of semi-solid 6061Al alloy manufactured by near-liquidus casting technology could be transformed into semi-solid state with the microstructure suitable for thixo-forming which are composed of near-spherical grains and liquid phase with eutectic composition through reheating process. The deformation temperature and strain rate affect the peak stress significantly rather than steady flow stress. The resistance to deformation in semi-solid state decreases with the increase of the deformation temperature and decrease of the strain rate. At steady thixotropic deformation stage, the thixotropic property is uniform, and the main deformation mechanism is the rotating or sliding between the solid particles and the plastic deformation of the solid particles.     

New method of direct chill casting of Al-6Si-3Cu-Mg semisolid billet by annulus electromagnetic stirring

The electromagnetic direct chill (EMDC) casting process is a well-established production route for aluminum alloy ingot, however, the skin effect restricts the casting diameter. In order to avoid this problem, annulus electromagnetic direct chill (A-EMDC) casting process has been developed. A three-dimension finite element computational model of A-EMDC casting process was established by using ANSYS Magnetic-Nodal programs and FLOTRAN CFD programs. Microstructures of A-EMDC casting semi-solid Al-6Si-3Cu-Mg alloy billets were investigated. Two pairs of vortexes occur within the crystallizer with opposite direction in A-EMDC. The annulus gap is advantageous to increasing circulate flow, reducing the temperature gradient as well as shallowing liquid sump depth. The microstructure obtained by A-EMDC is globular or rosette-like, and the microstructure is homogeneous in the billet.     

往复挤压Mg-xSn-Al-Zn-Si合金的组织性能及变形机制

以往复挤压Mg-xSn-1. 5Al-1Zn-1Si(x=3、5、8,质量分数,%)合金为研究对象,分析了合金的组织分布、力学性能和变形机制。结果表明:往复挤压合金的晶粒细小、组织均匀,随着Sn的增加,其均匀度呈现先升高后降低的趋势;往复挤压合金的强度和塑性较高,随着Sn含量的增加,合金强度和塑性呈现先增加后下降的趋势,Sn含量较高时,塑性明显下降;往复挤压过程中,Mg-xSn-1.5Al-1Zn-1Si合金更容易发生动态再结晶,位错攀移(滑移)成为变形的主要机制,位错密度呈现由增加到动态平衡再到下降的变化趋势。      

AZ80镁合金变形特性及管材挤压数值模拟研究

利用Gleeble热模拟机研究了AZ80合金的高温变形特性。结果表明,流变应力取决于变形温度和变形速率。当应变速率一定时,流变应力随变形温度的升高而降低;当温度一定时,流变应力随着应变速率的升高而增大。根据AZ80镁合金真应力-真应变曲线,建立了其流变应力模型。采用刚塑性有限元法对AZ80镁合金管材挤压过程进行热力耦合数值模拟,并分析了高温挤压成形过程中变形力及金属流动规律,着重探讨了变形温度和挤压速度等挤压工艺参数对挤压力、应变场以及应力场的分布及变化情况的影响。模拟的结果为AZ80镁合金管材挤压工艺参数的制定、优化提供了科学依据。     

Deformation characteristic of semi-solid ZCuSn10 copper alloy during isothermal compression

The compression tests were carried out by Gleeble-1500 thermo-mechanical simulator with samples of semi-solid ZCuSn10 alloy prepared by strain-induced melt activation(SIMA) process. The original microstructure and the deformation temperature of semi-solid ZCuSn10 alloy are different. The strain is 0.2, and the strain rate is 1 s~(-1) for the compression test. The results show that when the semi-solid ZCuSn10 alloy was prepared by SIMA process, the liquid fraction of semi-solid microstructure increases, and the solid grain is smaller,more uniform and more inclined to be round as the rolling pre-deformation increasing. The results also indicate that the deformation resistance of ZCuSn10 alloy in semi-solid state decreases with the deformation temperature increasing or the solid fraction of original microstructure decreasing. The stress–strain curves of the isothermal compression can be divided into quasi-elastic deformation stage and plastic deformation stage, and there are three deformation zones in the samples after isothermal compression, namely the difficult deformation zone, the large deformation zone and the free deformation zone. In the three deformation zones, the main deformation mechanism is flow of liquid incorporating solid particles(FLS)mechanism, plastic deformation of solid particles(PDS)mechanism and liquid flow(LF) combining with FLS mechanism, respectively.     

高固相率半固态材料本构模型的研究

研究了高固相率半固态材料的变形行为，基于连续介质力学和耦合理论，建立了描述其变形行为的两相本构模型，并以半固态Al—4Cu—Mg合金作为研究材料，根据等温压缩试验结果确定了本构模型中的待定参数，为深入进行半固态材料加工理论研究、计算机模拟和工艺实践提供了参考。     

Effects of semi-solid isothermal process parameters on microstructure of Mg-Gd alloy

The effects of semi-solid isothermal process parameters on the microstructure evolution of Mg-Gd rare earth alloy produced by strain-induced melt activation(SIMA)were investigated.The formation mechanism of the particles in the process of the isothermal treatment was also discussed.The results show that the microstructure of the as-cast alloy consists ofα-Mg solid solution, Mg5RE and Mg24RE5(Gd,Y,Nd)phase.After being extruded with an extrusion ratio of 14:1 at 380℃,the microstructure of Mg-Gd alloy changes from developed dendrites to near-equiaxed grains.The liquid volume fraction of the semisolid slurry gradually increases with elevating isothermal temperature or prolonging isothermal time during the partial remelting.To obtain an ideal semisolid slurry,the optimal process parameters for the Mg-Gd alloy should be 630℃for isothermal temperature and 30 min for the corresponding time,respectively,where the volume fraction of the liquid phase is 52%.     

Microstructure and Element Distribution during Partial Remelting of an Al-4Cu-Mg alloy

The effects of the isothermal temperature and holding time on the microstructure and element distribution have been investigated during partial remelting of the semisolid Al-4Cu-Mg alloy. The experimental results show that the optimal process parameter should be chosen at isothermal temperature of 540-580 °C with the holding time of less than 10 min. Coalescence and coarsening of α grains occur at low liquid fraction. At high liquid fraction, coarsening of α grains and melting of small grains were promoted by an increase of the isothermal temperature and the holding time. The coalescence of grains and Ostwald ripening are two main mechanisms of the microstructural evolution during partial remelting. Meanwhile, the higher the isothermal temperature and the longer the holding time, the more segregation of Cu at the grain boundary would be, which conform to the theory of element distribution affected by heating condition.     

Effects of isothermal heat treatment on microstructural evolution of semisolid Al-4Cu-Mg alloy

The authors investigated the effects of the isothermal heat-treatment conditions on the microstructural evolution and composition distribution of semisolid Al-4Cu-Mg alloy during isothermal heat treatment. The experimental results show that the microstructural evolution and composition distribution of semisolid Al-4Cu-Mg alloy are controlled by atom diffusion during the isothermal heat treatment process. Grain growth and spheroidization were promoted with the increase of the isothermal temperature and/or the holding time. Moreover, the higher the isothermal temperature, or the longer the holding time, the more segregation constituent elements occurred to the grain boundaries. The low melting structure at grain boundary is greatly affected by Cu. The microstructural evolution in the isothermal heat-treatment process is as follows: recovery, recrystallization, fragmentation, spheroidization, and coarsening. Such fragmentation, spheroidization, and grain growth of coalescence and Ostwald ripening are involved as main mechanisms in the isothermal heat-treatment process.     

铝合金半固态变形时的微观组织特征

文章在铝合金半固态压缩实验的基础上,深入研究了不同工艺参数下Al-4Cu-Mg合金半固态压缩时的微观组织形貌及参数变化。研究结果表明,半固态压缩时的微观组织特征受变形工艺参数的影响较大。变形程度越大,晶粒尺寸越小,晶粒圆整度越差。变形程度超过40%,晶粒尺寸急剧减小,变形机制发生了显著变化。随着应变速率的减小,晶粒尺寸增大,晶粒逐渐趋于圆整。在较高的变形温度下,晶粒发生了合并长大。但过高的变形温度引起晶粒尺寸的急剧增大,对变形不利。     

Effects of holding temperature and time on semi-solid isothermal heat-treated microstructure of ZA84 magnesium alloy

The feasibility of fabricating ZA84 magnesium alloy with non-dendritic microstructure by a semi-solid isothermal heat treatment process and the effects of holding temperature and time on the semi-solid isothermal heat-treated microstructure of the alloy were investigated. The results indicate that it is possible to produce ZA84 alloy with non-dendritic microstructure by suitable semi-solid isothermal heat treatment. After being treated at 560-575℃ for 120min, ZA84 magnesium alloy can obtain a non-dendritic microstructure with 14.2%-25.6% liquid fraction and an average size of 56-65μm of the unmelted primary solid particles. With the increasing holding time from 30 to 120min or holding temperature from 560 to 575℃, the average size of unmelted primary solid particles decreases and globular tendency becomes more obvious. Under the experimental condition, the microstructural evolution of ZA84 alloy during semi-solid isothermal treatment is mainly composed of three stages of initial coarsening. structulseparation and spheroidization. The subsequent coarsening of spheroidal grains is not observed.     

ZL101合金等温微挤压试验研究

为了对ZL101合金等温微挤压过程中成形温度、挤出直径等参数变化对成形载荷的影响规律进行研究,设计了半固态微挤压试验模具并完成挤压成形。试验结果表明:微挤压最大挤压力随着挤出直径的缩小逐渐增大;成形载荷随着成形温度的升高逐步下降,而且进入半固态区间后的成形载荷降幅明显大于高温固态区间,这可以通过不同状态下变形的微观机理结合实际微观组织照片进行解释。     

SiC颗粒增强铝基复合材料的热挤压工艺研究

开展了ＳｉＣ颗粒增强铝基复合材料热挤压工艺的实验研究，分析了其挤压成形的力能变化规律。结果表明：该材料的挤压载荷随着变形温的提高而显著降低；在一定温度下，其挤压成形随着挤压位移的增加而呈出现填充挤压，强化挤压等阶段性变化的特点。     

LY11合金的半固态成形研究

研究了变形温度和应变速率对半固态和供应态LY11合金峰值流动应力、稳态流动应力以及微观组织的影响.由试验结果可知:变形温度对LY11合金的峰值应力影响显著,对稳态应力影响较小.应变速率对峰值应力的影响与变形温度有关.变形温度对微观组织的影响是:随着变形温度的升高,半固态LY11合金的近球状晶粒不断长大,供应态LY11合金的不规则细长晶粒逐渐向近球状转变,这种转变有助于改善材料的流动性能.     

等温处理对挤压态AZ80A镁合金半固态组织的影响

采用应变诱发熔化激活法(SIMA)工艺制备了AZ80A镁合金半固态坯料,研究了保温温度和保温时间对半固态组织的影响。结果表明:随着保温温度的升高和保温时间的增加,AZ80A镁合金的平均晶粒尺寸与液相率都呈上升趋势,形状因子呈先增大后减小的趋势。半固态组织由α-Mg晶粒、Al、Zn元素富集形成的晶界处液相和晶内“小液池”组成,其组织演变分为初始晶粒合并长大,晶粒球化、彼此分离,最终合并粗化3个阶段。采用该种方法制备AZ80A镁合金半固态坯料时合适的保温温度为550 ℃、保温时间为45 min,此时半固态组织的平均晶粒尺寸、形状因子和液相率分别为89 μm、0.795和26.7%。     

Ti-6Al-4V钛合金等通道转角挤压有限元模拟

对Ti-6Al-4V钛合金的等通道转角挤压过程进行三维有限元模拟,分析不同的凸模下压速度对等通道转角挤压过程的影响,并结合实际的挤压过程考虑挤压后残留在模具出口通道内的残余试样对挤压下一根试样的影响.结果表明:挤压速度的提高对应力、载荷和温升的影响很大,对应变速率很敏感的钛合金应在有效细化晶粒的前提下降低挤压速度,试验中挤压速度取0.3mm·s-1;残余试样的存在使变形更均匀,但增加了挤压下一根试样时的初始阶段的载荷.