基于试验数据的高强混凝土梁抗剪承载力计算方法Ⅱ.有腹筋梁

收集了国内外学者所做的281根高强混凝土有腹筋梁剪切破坏的试验数据,建立了高强混凝土有腹筋梁剪切破坏的数据库。将数据库中所有梁的试验结果与中国《混凝土结构设计规范》（GB 50010—2010）、美国混凝土结构设计规范ACI 318 14中的公式以及Zsutty公式所预测的结果进行比较,研究各公式对于高强混凝土梁的适用性,再将GB 50010—2010公式中的系数进行修正,得到一个新的公式。结果表明:Zsutty公式的预测结果最精确,美国ACI 318 14规范中公式的预测结果最为保守;新公式较原规范公式更加适用于高强混凝土有腹筋梁。     

Shear strengthening of continuous reinforced concrete T-beams using wire rope units

A simple unbonded-type shear strengthening technique for reinforced concrete beams using wire rope units is presented. Ten two-span reinforced concrete T-beams externally strengthened with wire rope units and an unstrengthened control beam were tested to failure, to explore the significance and shortcomings of the developed unbonded-type shear strengthening technique. The main parameters investigated were the type, amount and prestressing force of wire rope units. All beams tested failed, owing to significant diagonal cracks within the interior shear span. However, beams strengthened with closed type wire rope units exhibited more ductile failure than the unstrengthened, control beam or those strengthened with U-type wire rope units. The diagonal cracking load and ultimate shear capacity of beams with closed-type were linearly increased with the increase of vertical confinement stresses in concrete owing to the prestressing force in wire rope units, while those of beams with U-type were minimally influenced. It was also observed that average stresses in closed-type wire ropes crossing diagonal cracks at ultimate strength of beams tested were much higher than those in U-type wire ropes, showing better utilization in the former case. The shear capacity of beams with closed-type wire rope units is conservatively predicted using the equations of ACI 318-05, modified to account for the external wire rope units. A mechanism analysis based on the upper bound approach of the plasticity theory is also developed to assess the load capacity of beams tested. The predictions by the mechanism analysis for beams with closed-type wire rope units are in good agreement with test results and showed a coefficient of variation slightly less than the modified ACI 318-05 equations. However, the modified ACI 318-05 equations are more conservative and simpler to use for design purposes.     

Aggregate interlock in lightweight concrete continuous deep beams

There are very few, if any, available experimental investigations on aggregate interlock capacity along diagonal cracks in lightweight concrete deep beams. As a result, the shear design provisions including the modification factor of ACI 318-08 and EC 2 for lightweight concrete continuous deep beams are generally developed and validated using normal weight simple deep beam specimens. This paper presents the testing of 12 continuous beams made of all-lightweight, sand-lightweight and normal weight concrete having maximum aggregate sizes of 4, 8, 13 and 19 mm. The load capacities of beams tested are compared with the predictions of strut-and-tie models recommended in ACI 318-08 and EC 2 provisions including the modification factor for lightweight concrete. The beam load capacity increased with the increase of maximum aggregate size, though the aggregate interlock contribution to the load capacity of lightweight concrete deep beams was less than that of normal weight concrete deep beams. It was also shown that the lightweight concrete modification factor in EC 2 is generally unconservative, while that in ACI 318-08 is conservative for all-lightweight concrete but turns to be unconservative for sand-lightweight concrete with a maximum aggregate size above 13 mm. The conservatism of the strut-and-tie models specified in ACI 318-08 and EC 2 decreased with the decrease of maximum aggregate size, and was less in lightweight concrete deep beams than in normal weight concrete deep beams.     

自密实混凝土无腹筋梁抗剪性能

为研究自密实混凝土无腹筋梁的抗剪性能和裂缝开展形态,进行了集中荷载作用下12根无腹筋钢筋混凝土简支梁(8根自密实混凝土和4根普通混凝土)的剪切破坏试验,变量为混凝土强度和剪跨比。探讨了《混凝土结构设计规范》(GB 50010―2010)、Zsutty拟合公式、美国规范(ACI318-11)抗剪承载力计算公式对自密实混凝土无腹筋梁抗剪承载力计算的适用性和准确性。收集了在集中荷载作用下的130根自密实混凝土和798根普通混凝土矩形截面无腹筋梁剪切破坏试验数据,将自密实混凝土和普通混凝土无腹筋梁抗剪承载力进行了对比。结果表明:自密实混凝土梁和普通混凝土梁的裂缝发展、破坏形态大致相同,自密实混凝土梁斜裂缝断面更为光滑;Zsutty拟合式计算结果与本文试验结果最接近;GB 50010—2010计算结果与本文试验结果也比较吻合,但偏于不安全;美国规范ACI 318-11计算公式偏差较大;自密实混凝土梁受剪承载力略低于普通混凝土梁。     

Shear-flexural strength mechanical model for the design and assessment of reinforced concrete beams subjected to point or distributed loads

A mechanical model recently developed for the shear strength of slender reinforced concrete beams with and without shear reinforcement is presented and extended to elements with uniformly distributed loads, specially focusing on practical design and assessment in this paper. The shear strength is considered to be the sum of the shear transferred by the concrete compression chord, along the crack, due to residual tensile and frictional stresses, by the stirrups and, if they exist, by the longitudinal reinforcement. Based on the principles of structural mechanics simple expressions have been derived separately for each shear transfer action and for their interaction at ultimate limit state. The predictions of the model have been compared to those obtained by using the EC2, MC2010 and ACI 318-08 provisions and they fit very well the available experimental results from the recently published ACI-DAfStb databases of shear tests on slender reinforced concrete beams with and without stirrups. Finally, a detailed application example has been presented, obtaining each contributing component to the shear strength and the assumed shape and position of the critical crack.     

基于试验数据的高强混凝土梁抗剪承载力计算方法Ⅰ.无腹筋梁

为了研究高强混凝土无腹筋梁抗剪承载力的计算方法,收集国内外关于高强混凝土无腹筋梁抗剪试验的抗剪承载力、混凝土强度、剪跨比、截面有效高度、受拉纵筋配筋率等试验数据,整理成包含291组数据的数据库。利用数据库中的实测数据对中国《混凝土结构设计规范》（GB 50010—2010）、美国混凝土结构设计规范ACI 31-14和Zsutty提出的混凝土梁抗剪承载力公式用于高强混凝土梁的适用性进行评价,并分情况进一步研究中国规范公式,修正中国规范公式中的参数,得到一个新的公式。结果表明:3个公式用于高强混凝土梁时,Zsutty公式的预测结果最精确,中国规范公式的预测结果准确性次于Zsutty公式但好于美国规范公式;所得出的新公式较原规范公式更加适用于高强混凝土无腹筋梁。     

轻骨料混凝土无腹筋梁受剪性能试验研究

为研究骨料种类对无腹筋梁受剪性能的影响,以剪跨比和纵筋配筋率为变量,进行了16根集中荷载作用下的无腹筋混凝土简支梁受剪性能试验,其中8根采用普通碎石混凝土,8根梁采用页岩陶粒（轻骨料）混凝土,对轻骨料和普通混凝土梁的裂缝发展、破坏形态、斜向开裂荷载、受剪承载力、跨中挠度、裂缝面相对位移等进行了观察和测量。对比分析表明：轻骨料混凝土梁的斜向开裂荷载和受剪承载力均低于普通混凝土梁,其裂缝面较普通混凝土的更加光滑;将轻骨料混凝土梁受剪承载力试验值与采用我国JGJ 12-2006《轻骨料混凝土结构技术规程》和美国规范ACI 318-11、加拿大规范CSA 23.3-04、欧洲规范EC 2方法的计算值进行对比分析,结合此次试验结果和从国内外文献中搜集的126组已有试验数据,对我国JGJ 12-2006的受剪承载力公式的准确性和安全性进行探讨,提出了无腹筋轻骨料混凝土梁受剪承载力计算的建议公式。     

Composite tubes as an alternative to steel spirals for concrete members in bending and shear

Glass fibre-reinforced polymer (GFRP) tubes are compared to steel spiral reinforcement in circular concrete members with longitudinal reinforcement and prestressing, using six beam tests. Two 324 mm diameter and 4.2 m long prestressed specimens were tested in bending. Four 219 mm diameter reinforced specimens were also tested, including two 2.43 m long beams tested in bending and two 0.6 m long beams tested in shear. In each set, one specimen was essentially a concrete-filled GFRP tube, while the other control specimen included steel spiral reinforcement of comparable hoop stiffness to that of GFRP tube. The strength of control specimens was governed by crushing and spalling of concrete cover. Unlike spiral reinforcement, GFRP tubes confined larger concrete areas and also contributed as longitudinal reinforcement, leading to increases in flexural and shear strengths, up to 113% and 69%, respectively.     

An experimental study on the flexural behavior of heavily steel reinforced beams with high-strength concrete

In recent years, an emerging technology termed high-strength concrete (HSC) has become popular in construction industry. Present study describes an experimental research on the behavior of high-strength concrete beams in ultimate and service state. Six simply supported beams were tested, by applying comprising two symmetric concentrated loads. Tests are reported in this study on the flexural behavior of high-strength reinforced concrete (HSRC) beams made with coarse and fine aggregate together with Microsilica. Test parameter considered includes effect of being compressive reinforcement. Based on the obtained results, the behavior of such members is more deeply reviewed. Also a comparison between theoretical and experimental results is reported here. The beams were made from concrete having compressive strength of 66.81-77.72 N/mm² and percentage reinforcement ratio (ρ/ρ_b) in the range of 0.56%–1.20%. The ultimate moment for the tested beams was found to be in a good agreement with that of the predicted ultimate moment based on ACI 318-11, ACI 363 and CSA-04 provisions. The predicted deflection based classical formulation based on code provisions for serviceability requirements is found to underestimate the maximum deflection of HSC reinforced beams at service load.     

最小配箍率下钢筋混凝土简支梁受剪性能试验研究

为研究配置最小配箍率有腹筋梁的受剪性能,以配箍率、剪跨比和混凝土强度为变量,完成了集中荷载作用下36根钢筋混凝土简支梁(12根无腹筋梁和24根有腹筋梁)的受剪性能试验,对其裂缝发展、破坏形态、临界斜裂缝倾角、主斜裂缝荷载、受剪承载力及跨中挠度等进行了分析.结果 表明,最小配箍梁与无腹筋梁的裂缝发展、破坏形态差异较大,剪...     

Shear strength of slender reinforced concrete beams without web reinforcement: A model using fuzzy set theory

A reliable shear strength model for slender reinforced concrete beams without web reinforcement is described based on fuzzy set theory. The fuzzy-based model was developed to consider the interaction between the shear modeling parameters and the random and non-random uncertainties in these parameters. The parameters were identified essential for modeling shear strength in slender reinforced concrete beams without web reinforcement being: the compressive strength, the effective depth and the tension reinforcement ratio. A total of 385 experimental datasets obtained from shear tests of simply supported reinforced concrete beams from the literature, are used in learning/developing and verification of the proposed model (164 for learning and 221 for verification). The shear strength predicted by the fuzzy-based model was compared to those predicted by current shear strength models suggested by design codes such as the Eurocode 2 (EC2), the American code ACI (318-05), and Canadian code (CSA A23.3-04). The fuzzy-based model yields a significant enhancement in the prediction of the shear strength while still respecting principles of mechanics governing shear failure in concrete beams.     

Seismic behavior of high strength concrete beams

Experimental and analytical studies on the seismic performance of high strength concrete beams in moment resisting frame structures are described. Two large-scale high strength concrete and two counterpart normal strength concrete model beams with a length-to-depth ratio of 6·0 (i.e. shear span ratio of 3·0) have been tested under cyclic shear and double bending. The beams were heavily reinforced in the longitudinal direction to study beam performance under high seismic shear demand. Transverse reinforcement was designed following the seismic design provisions of current ACI 318–95 code. Both high and normal strength concrete beams developed ductile flexural responses. High strength concrete beams exhibited increased capacity and improved hysteretic performance compared to normal strength concrete beams. A simple analytical approach based on the moment curvature characteristics of critical sections has also been developed to predict the flexural behavior of structural beams. Comparison of analytical and test results indicates that behavior of high strength concrete beams can be satisfactorily predicted. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

高强轻骨料混凝土梁的长期性能试验研究

进行了28d强度为60.8MPa和64.4MPa的3根高强轻骨料混凝土梁近1年的长期荷载试验。试验结果表明,在持续荷载作用下,轻骨料混凝土梁的长期变形在初期发展较快,后期发展较慢;受压区配筋能够约束梁的长期变形发展,配筋率越高,长期变形越小。结合编制的混凝土结构长期性能分析程序,基于材料收缩和徐变试验数据,对试验梁进行了计算分析,计算值与试验结果吻合较好。还分别采用几个规范方法对长期挠度增大系数进行了分析,结果表明,ACI318和ACI435方法与试验结果比较吻合,而《混凝土结构设计规范》(GB 50010-2002)与《轻骨料混凝土桥梁技术规程》(报批稿)的计算结果对试验偏于不安全。     

Experimental and analytical investigation of CFRP flexural and shear strengthening efficiencies of RC beams

This paper studies the CFRP flexure and shear strengthening efficiencies of concrete beams. Half-scale beams, with different flexure and shear internal steel ratios, were tested in three-point bending. Flexure or shear-critical beams were provided with CFRP longitudinal sheets or U-wraps, respectively. Flexure–shear-critical beams were provided with shear or combined systems. At high flexural damage, 38.3% reduction in shear strengthening efficiency was noted at higher ductility, while the flexural strengthening efficiency reduced by 65.7% at high shear damage, both from capacity perspectives. The U-wraps were 22% activated, while full sheet activation occurred and reduced by dowel rupture by 30.8% at high shear damage. While single failures were accurately predicted by ACI 318M-05 and ACI 440.2R-08, combined ones were not.     

钢纤维高强混凝土牛腿受剪性能试验研究

通过集中竖向荷载作用下9根剪跨比为0.2~0.4、钢纤维体积掺量为0~1.5%钢纤维高强混凝土双面支撑牛腿的受剪性能试验,研究剪跨比、纵筋配筋率、箍筋配筋率、钢纤维掺量对牛腿试件开裂荷载、极限荷载及破坏形态的影响。采用我国GB 50010—2010《混凝土结构设计规范》中牛腿承载力计算方法对9根试件进行计算,并与采用拉压杆模型的规范ACI 318-14、EN 1992-1-1:2004和CSA A23.3-04的计算结果进行对比分析。研究结果表明：小剪跨比混凝土牛腿主要发生斜压破坏和斜剪破坏两种典型破坏形态,随剪跨比增大,牛腿承载力显著减小;提高钢纤维体积掺量,有助于提高牛腿开裂荷载和延性;随着纵向配筋率的提高,牛腿承载力显著提高;提高箍筋配筋率有利于提高牛腿开裂荷载和受剪承载力。由于牛腿同时承受正应力和剪应力的作用,属于复杂受力状态,采用拉压杆模型计算牛腿承载力具有清晰的力学概念,但计算结果较为保守,各参数取值尚需进一步研究;而GB 50010—2010中采用经验公式计算牛腿的受剪承载力,与试验结果较为接近。     

Elastic properties of self consolidating concrete

With the advancements in self consolidating concrete (SCC) technologies coupled with the demand for shorter construction schedules, there is a need to evaluate the applicability of predictive equations and non-destructive testing methods to assess SCC’s transient in situ mechanical properties. This study measures the evolution of density, compressive strength, dynamic elastic modulus, and static elastic modulus at day 1, 3, 7, 28, and 56 for SCC mix designs. Outcomes from this study revealed that utilization of the dynamic-to-static elastic modulus ratios in conjunction with ultrasonic pulse velocity measurements can be used to estimate the evolution of SCC’s compressive strength. Furthermore, this study presents the test-to-predicted ratios for the static elastic modulus of SCC mixtures based on predictive equations proposed in ACI363, ACI318/AASHTO, EuroCode2, and Gardner and Lockman. Of the proposed predictive equations, ACI318/AASHTO most closely estimates properties of SCC of compressive strengths greater than 50 MPa, and Gardner and Lockman’s equation for SCC of compressive strengths less than 50 MPa.     

铁尾矿砂混凝土梁受剪性能试验研究

为研究铁尾矿砂混凝土简支梁与普通混凝土简支梁受剪性能的差异,完成了12根铁尾矿砂混凝土梁和3根普通河砂混凝土梁的受剪承载力试验,试验梁变化参数为混凝土强度等级（C30、C40和C50）、剪跨比（2.0和2.5）和配箍率（0.14%、0.19%和0.28%）;分析了铁尾矿砂混凝土梁受剪破坏形态和斜截面受力特点,探讨了ACI 318-08和GB 50010—2010《混凝土结构设计规范》普通混凝土梁受剪承载力计算式对铁尾矿砂混凝土梁受剪承载力的适用性。结果表明：铁尾矿砂混凝土梁与普通混凝土梁的受剪破坏形态相同;相同混凝土强度等级下铁尾矿砂混凝土梁受剪承载力比普通混凝土梁受剪承载力高;在相同荷载作用下,铁尾矿砂混凝土梁的箍筋应变大于普通混凝土梁;普通混凝土梁受剪承载力计算式适用于铁尾矿砂混凝土梁,具有一定安全储备;提出的适用于集中荷载作用下剪压破坏的铁尾矿砂混凝土梁受剪承载力计算算式,其精度高于GB 50010—2010的计算结果。     

Flexural and shear capacities of concrete beams reinforced with GFRP bars

This paper reports test results of 12 concrete beams reinforced with glass fibre-reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars subjected to a four point loading system. All test specimens had no transverse shear nor compression reinforcement and were classified into two groups according to the concrete compressive strength. The main parameters investigated in each group were the beam depth and amount of GFRP reinforcement. Two modes of failure were observed, namely flexural and shear. The flexural failure is mainly occurred due to tensile rupture of GFRP bars either within the mid-span region or under the applied point load. The shear failure is initiated by a major diagonal crack within the beam shear span. This diagonal crack extended horizontally at the level of the GFRP bars indicating bond failure.Simplified methods for estimating the flexural and shear capacities of beams tested are presented. The flexural capacity is estimated based on the compatibility of strains and equilibrium of forces. Comparisons between the flexural capacity obtained from the theoretical analysis and that experimentally measured in the current investigation and elsewhere show good agreement. To predict the shear capacity of the beams tested, four methods recently proposed in the literature for GFRP-reinforced concrete beams are used. These methods have been developed by modifying the ACI 318-99 shear capacity formula for steel-reinforced concrete beams to account for the difference in the axial stiffness of GFRP and steel bars. It has been shown that the theoretical predictions of the shear capacity obtained from these methods are inconsistent and further research needs to be carried out in order to establish a rational method for the shear capacity calculation of GFRP-reinforced concrete beams.     

Testing of full-scale concrete bridge deck slabs reinforced with fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) bars

This paper presents an experimental study investigating the behavior of FRP-reinforced concrete bridge deck slabs under concentrated loads. A total of eight full-scale deck slabs measuring 3000-mm long by 2500-mm wide were constructed. The test parameters were: (i) slab thickness (200, 175 and 150 mm); (ii) concrete compressive strength (35–65 MPa); (iii) bottom transverse reinforcement ratio (1.2–0.35%); and (iv) type of reinforcement (GFRP, CFRP, and steel). The slabs were supported on two parallel steel girders and were tested up to failure under monotonic single concentrated load acting on the center of each slab over a contact area of 600 × 250 mm to simulate the footprint of sustained truck wheel load (87.5 kN CL-625 truck). All deck slabs failed in punching shear. The punching capacity of the tested deck slabs ranged from 1.74 to 3.52 times the factored load (P_f) specified by the Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code (CHBDC) CAN/CSA S6-06. Besides, the ACI 440.1R-06 punching strength equation greatly underestimated the capacity of the tested slabs with an average experimental-to-predicted punching capacity ratio (V_exp/V_pred) of 3.17.     

Preliminary experimental investigation of the fatigue bond behavior of CFRP confined RC beams

This paper presents the results of the first phase of a study on the effect of the confinement provided by transverse carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets on the fatigue bond strength of steel reinforcing bars in concrete beams. Reinforced concrete bond-beams 150 × 250 × 2000 mm were tested. The variables examined were the area of the CFRP sheets (none or one U-wrap CFRP sheet), the reinforcing bar diameter (20 or 25 mm) and the load range applied to the specimens. The results showed that increasing the bar diameter increased the fatigue bond strength for the unwrapped beams. The CFRP sheets increased the bond strength of the bond-beams with 20 mm bars. However, for the beams with 25 mm steel bars the failure mode changed from a bond splitting failure for the unwrapped beams to a diagonal shear failure for the CFRP wrapped beams, and there was little increase in fatigue strength. Finally, the bond failure mechanism for repeated loading is described.