Nanoscale vibration characterization of multi-layered graphene sheets embedded in an elastic medium

Detailed studies on the nanoscale vibration characteristics of multi-layered graphene sheets (MLGSs) that are embedded in an elastic medium are carried out using continuum-based modelling and Generalized Differential Quadrature (GDQ) method. Natural frequencies and their associated vibration modes of practical interest of single-layered and triple-layered graphene sheets, as well as general MLGSs that are embedded in an elastic medium are established. Numerical simulations are conducted to examine the effects of van der Waals (vdW) interactions, which are present as bonding forces between the layers, on nanoscale vibration natural frequencies and their mode shapes. The results show that for a general MLGSs embedded in an elastic medium, vibration modes can in general be classified into three families - lower classical synchronized modes which are independent of van der Waals forces and are somewhat sensitive to the surrounding elastic medium, middle van der Waals enhanced modes which are largely determined by the presence of van der Waals interactions and are hence less sensitive to the changes of the surrounding elastic medium, and higher mixed modes which are combinations of classical synchronized modes and van der Waals enhanced modes. Detailed characterizations of these modes from their derived mode shapes have been achieved for the typical case of an embedded triple-layered GSs, as well as general embedded MLGSs. Effects of Winkler modulus K_W, the shear layer modulus G_b, different boundary conditions, aspect ratio β and the number L of graphene layers on nanoscale vibration properties have been examined in detail. The results presented in this paper, for the first time, provide accurate and wholesome studies and characterizations on the interesting nanoscale vibration properties of multi-layered graphene sheets embedded in an elastic medium and the results obtained will certainly be useful to those who are concerned with the dynamics of embedded graphene sheets which are increasingly being deployed for various innovative engineering applications such as nano-electro-mechanical systems (NEMS).     

Vibration characteristics of embedded multi-layered graphene sheets with different boundary conditions via nonlocal elasticity

A nonlocal elastic plate model accounting for the small scale effects is developed to investigate the vibrational behavior of multi-layered graphene sheets under various boundary conditions. Based upon the constitutive equations of nonlocal elasticity, derived are the Reissner–Mindlin-type field equations which include the interaction of van der Waals forces between adjacent and non-adjacent layers and the reaction from the surrounding media. The set of coupled governing equations of motion for the multi-layered graphene sheets are then numerically solved by the generalized differential quadrature method. The present analysis provides the possibility of considering different combinations of layerwise boundary conditions in a multi-layered graphene sheet. Based on exact solution, explicit expressions for the nonlocal frequencies of a double-layered graphene sheet with all edges simply supported are also obtained. The results from the present numerical solution, where possible, are indicated to be in excellent agreement with the existing data from the literature.     

Generalized two-variable plate theory for multi-layered graphene sheets with arbitrary boundary conditions

In the present study, the free vibration, mechanical buckling and thermal buckling analyses of multi-layered graphene sheets (MLGSs) are investigated. Eringen’s nonlocal elasticity equations are incorporated in new two-variable plate theories accounting for small-scale effects. The MLGSs are taken to be perfectly bonded to the surrounding medium. The governing differential equations of this model are solved analytically under various boundary conditions and taking into account the effect of van der Waals forces between adjacent layers. New functions for the displacements are proposed here to satisfy the different boundary conditions. Comparison of the results with those being in the open literature is made. This comparison illustrates that the present scheme yields very accurate results. Furthermore, the influences of nonlocal coefficient, moduli of the surrounding elastic medium and aspect ratio on the frequencies and buckling of the embedded MLGSs are examined.     

Thermo-mechanical vibration analysis of nonlocal temperature-dependent FG nanobeams with various boundary conditions

In this paper, the thermal effect on free vibration characteristics of functionally graded (FG) size-dependent nanobeams subjected to an in-plane thermal loading are investigated by presenting a Navier type solution and employing a semi analytical differential transform method (DTM) for the first time. Material properties of FG nanobeam are supposed to vary continuously along the thickness according to the power-law form. The small scale effect is taken into consideration based on nonlocal elasticity theory of Eringen. The nonlocal equations of motion are derived through Hamilton's principle and they are solved applying DTM. According to the numerical results, it is revealed that the proposed modeling and semi analytical approach can provide accurate frequency results of the FG nanobeams as compared to analytical results and also some cases in the literature. The detailed mathematical derivations are presented and numerical investigations are performed while the emphasis is placed on investigating the effect of the several parameters such as thermal effect, material distribution profile, small scale effects, mode number and boundary conditions on the normalized natural frequencies of the temperature-dependent FG nanobeams in detail. It is explicitly shown that the vibration behavior of an FG nanobeams is significantly influenced by these effects. Numerical results are presented to serve as benchmarks for future analyses of FG nanobeams.     

复杂边界条件圆柱壳自由振动特性分析

提出一种半解析法来分析圆柱壳结构自由振动特性。将圆柱壳壳结构在轴向方向分解为若干壳段,用沿轴向的Jacobi多项式和沿周向的Fourie r级数来表示各个壳段的位移函数,并采用罚参数法对圆柱壳结构的边界条件和壳段间的连续性条件进行模拟;最后,基于Rayleigh-Ritz法求得圆柱壳结构的自由振动频率。研究表明,该方法具有较好的收敛性,与公开发表文献一致性较高,研究成果可为复杂边界条件下圆柱壳结构自由振动特性分析提供数据积累和方法依据。     

Nonlinear vibration of beams under nonideal boundary conditions

In this paper, we investigate the influence of nonideal boundary conditions on the nonlinear vibration of damped Euler?CBernoulli beams subjected to harmonic loads. These nonidealities allow for small deflections and/or moments at the supports of the beam. Using the iteration perturbation method, analytical expressions for the case of simply supported beams with immovable end conditions are provided. The results reveal that the first order of approximation obtained by the proposed method is more accurate than the perturbation solutions. Moreover, compared with the previous studies, some interesting phenomenon is predicted. We have shown that in some special combinations of the nonidealities the nonlinear frequency of vibration as well as the frequency?Cresponse curves would be unchanged.     

Nonlinear free vibration of embedded double-walled carbon nanotubes with layerwise boundary conditions

This paper investigates the large-amplitude free vibration of a double-walled carbon nanotube (DWCNT) surrounded by an elastic medium in the presence of temperature change. Based on continuum mechanics, a nonlocal elastic beam model is employed in which nanotubes are coupled together via the van der Waals (vdW) interlayer interactions. The Pasternak foundation model and a nonlinear vdW model are utilized to describe the surrounding elastic medium effect and the vdW interlayer interactions, respectively. DWCNTs with different boundary conditions are analyzed utilizing the Timoshenko beam theory that considers the shear deformation and rotary inertia effects. The governing equations are derived from Hamilton’s principle; the Galerkin method is utilized to discretize the governing equations. The influences of the nonlocal parameter, spring constant, carbon nanotube aspect ratio, and temperature change on the nonlinear free vibration characteristics of a double-walled carbon nanotube with different boundary conditions are thoroughly investigated. It is deduced that the nonlocal parameter, spring constant, and the aspect ratio play significant roles for the value of the nonlinear frequency. Also, the temperature change and the type of boundary conditions have an effect on the nonlinear frequency.     

复杂边界条件下功能梯度圆环板平稳随机振动响应特性分析

提出一种可用于分析复杂边界条件下功能梯度圆环板平稳随机振动响应特性的谱几何法-虚拟激励法（spectro geometric method-pseudo excitation method,SGM-PEM）。采用沿圆环板边界均匀分布的边界约束弹簧来模拟复杂边界条件,通过虚拟激励法将平稳随机载荷转化为虚拟简谐载荷。在一阶剪切变形理论框架下,采用以简洁三角函数为内核的谱几何法来描述圆环板结构的位移容许函数。基于Rayleigh-Ritz法推导了平稳随机激励作用下功能梯度圆环板的动力学分析模型。通过与有限元法结果对比分析,验证了文中构建的分析模型的有效性和准确性。分析了梯度指数、厚度参数、边界条件等因素对功能梯度圆环板平稳随机振动响应特性的影响规律。     

Nonlinear oscillations of a bubble under various boundary conditions

The method of many scales is used to examine the nonlinear oscillations of a spherical gas bubble that occur under the action of a periodically changing external pressure in a spherical volume of inviscid, incompressible liquid and in a liquid flow. The influence of the finite dimensions of the volume and liquid flow velocity on the conditions for the existence of certain types of the equilibrium state of an oscillating bubble is analyzed. Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 70, No. 2, pp. 211–215, March–April, 1997.     

Homology design of vibration mode shape under uncertain boundary conditions

A methodology is proposed for homology design to realize such a vibration mode shape that satisfies a certain geometrical relation before and during vibration. The formulation is based on the finite element eigenvalue and sensitivity analyses so that a governing equation for the design variables is derived under the condition that the homology constraint holds while the eigenvalue problem is satisfied. The nonlinear effect of uncertain boundary conditions on the homologous mode shape is examined through convex model of the uncertainties. The worst case of the disturbed mode shape due to the uncertainties is estimated employing the Lagrange multiplier method. The numerical example of out-of-plane vibration of a planar lattice frame displays the validity of the proposed method for homology design. The worst case of the disturbed mode shape is discussed when rotational stiffness of the boundary fluctuates.     

Vibration analysis of circular cylindrical shells made of metal foams under various boundary conditions

International Journal of Mechanics and Materials in Design - This study investigates the free vibration of metal foam circular cylindrical shells under various boundary conditions. The elasticity...     

Vibrational analysis of single-layered graphene sheets

A molecular structural mechanics method has been implemented to investigate the vibrational behavior of single-layered graphene sheets. By adopting this approach, mode shapes and natural frequencies are obtained. Vibrational analysis is performed with different chirality and boundary conditions. Numerical results from the atomistic modeling are employed to develop predictive equations via a statistical nonlinear regression model. With the proposed equations, fundamental frequencies of single-layered graphene sheets with considered boundary conditions can be predicted within 3% difference with respect to the atomistic simulation.     

A study on large amplitude vibration of multilayered graphene sheets

In the present article, large amplitude vibration analysis of multilayered graphene sheets is presented and the effect of small length scale is investigated. Using the Hamilton’s principle, the coupled nonlinear partial differential equations of motion are obtained based on the von Karman geometrical model and Eringen theory of nonlocal continuum. The solutions of free nonlinear vibration, based on the harmonic balance method, are found for graphene sheets with three different boundary conditions. For numerical results single, double and triple layered graphene sheets with both armchair and zigzag geometries are considered. The results obtained herein are compared with those available in the literature for linear vibration of multilayered graphene sheets and an excellent agreement is seen. Also, the effects of number of layers, geometric properties and small scale parameter on nonlinear behavior of graphene sheet are discussed in details.     

不同边界条件下波纹夹芯板的自由振动特性

波纹夹芯板作为一种特殊的复合材料结构,边界条件对其振动特性有重要影响。根据不同剪切方式下的剪切变形理论和基尔霍夫经典板理论(CLPT),利用Hamilton原理建立波纹夹芯板的动力学方程。其中,波纹芯层等效成各向异性均质体。根据四边简支、四边固支、对边简支和固支、一边固支三边简支的边界条件,推导出位移形式的偏微分动力学方程。求解得到波纹夹芯板在不同边界条件下自由振动的固有频率,与有限元仿真结果进行对比,验证了理论结果的正确性。在此基础上,基于指数剪切变形理论(ESDT),分析了不同边界条件下波纹夹芯板的基频随材料参数和结构几何参数的变化规律。结果表明,材料和几何参数对不同边界条件下波纹夹芯板的振动特性有重要影响。相关研究结果将对波纹夹芯板在工程应用中的减振设计及优化分析提供一定的理论依据。      

Static response and free vibration of two-dimensional functionally graded metal/ceramic open cylindrical shells under various boundary conditions

The free vibration and static response of a two-dimensional functionally graded (2-D FGM) metal/ceramic open cylindrical shell are analyzed using 2-D generalized differential quadrature method. The open cylindrical shell is assumed to be simply supported at one pair of opposite edges and arbitrary boundary conditions at the other edges such that trigonometric functions expansion can be used to satisfy the boundary conditions precisely at simply supported edges. This paper presents a novel 2-D power-law distribution for ceramic volume fraction of 2-D FGM that gives designers a powerful tool for flexible designing of structures under multifunctional requirements. Various material profiles in two radial and axial directions are illustrated using the 2-D power-law distribution. The effective material properties at a point are determined in terms of the local volume fractions and the material properties by the Mori–Tanaka scheme. The 2-D generalized differential quadrature method as an efficient and accurate numerical tool is used to discretize the governing equations and to implement the boundary conditions. The convergence of the method is demonstrated, and to validate the results, comparisons are made with the available solutions for FGM cylindrical shells. The interesting results indicate that a graded ceramic volume fraction in two directions has a higher capability to reduce the mechanical stresses and natural frequency than conventional 1-D FGM. The achieved results confirm that natural frequency and mechanical stress distribution can be modified to a required manner by selecting an appropriate volume fraction profile in two directions.     

任意边界条件弹性杆结构扭转振动特性分析

采用改进傅里叶级数方法建立了任意边界条件弹性杆扭转振动特性预报模型。针对传统傅里叶级数在扭振边界处存在的位移导数不连续问题,通过改进傅里叶级数的方法改善解的收敛性和准确性。弹性杆结构扭振微分方程与任意边界条件方程进行联合求解,得到弹性杆扭振问题的特征矩阵方程。数值算例分析结果充分验证了本文模型的可行性与正确性。     

Free vibration analysis for single-layered graphene sheets in an elastic matrix via modified couple stress theory

Free vibration of single-layered graphene sheet (SLGS) resting on an elastic matrix as Pasternak foundation model is investigated by using the modified couple stress theory. Governing equation of motion for SLGS is obtained via thin plate theory in conjunction with Hamilton’s principle. All edges simply supported boundary condition is considered. Analytical solution of the resulting equation is obtained via Fourier series approach. Effects of the material length scale parameter and elastic matrix parameters on vibration frequencies of SLGS are investigated. The influence of the mode numbers on frequencies for two-different matrix parameters and aspect ratio of graphene sheet are also studied. Numerical results reveal that the frequency values increase significantly with the increase of the material length scale parameter. It has been shown that scale effects are quite significant on frequencies especially when length and width of the SLGS is smaller and in higher modes of vibration and need to be included in the mechanical modeling of SLGS.     

Nonlinear membrane model for large amplitude vibration of single layer graphene sheets

The nonlinear vibrational properties of single layer graphene sheets (SLGSs) are investigated using a membrane model. The nonlinear equation of motion is considered for the SLGSs by including the effects of stretching due to large amplitudes. The equation of motion is numerically solved utilizing the finite difference method for SLGSs with different initial and boundary conditions, sizes and pretensions. It is concluded that the nonlinear fundamental frequency of SLGSs increases by increasing the pretension and initial velocity. In addition, it is observed that an increase in the pretension weakens the effects of the initial velocity on the fundamental frequency, such that the fundamental frequency approximately becomes independent of the initial velocity. This is an important feature of the vibrating systems consisting of SLGSs which are used in the nano-electromechanical systems (NEMS), where resonators with a specific fundamental frequency and independent of the initial velocity are of interest.     

Vibration analysis of FGM truncated and complete conical shells resting on elastic foundations under various boundary conditions

This article deals with vibration analysis of clamped (C?CC) and freely supported (Fs?CFs), truncated and complete conical shells on elastic foundations with continuously graded volume fraction. The functionally graded material (FGM) properties are assumed to vary continuously through the thickness of the conical shell. First, the basic relations, i.e., the dynamic stability and compatibility equations, of FGM truncated conical shells on the Pasternak-type elastic foundation are obtained. The displacement and Airy stress function are sought depending on a new parameter ??. The parameter ?? depends on the geometry of the shell and the loading and boundary conditions. By applying the Galerkin method to the foregoing equations, the dimensionless frequency parameters of FGM conical shells on the Pasternak-type elastic foundation for two boundary conditions are obtained. Furthermore, the parameter ?? which is included in the formulae is obtained from the minimization of the dimensionless frequency parameters. Finally, the effects of the stiffness of the foundation, boundary conditions, variations of the conical shell characteristics, and composition profiles on the values of the dimensionless frequency parameters are studied. The results are validated through comparison of obtained values with those in the literature.