Improving the durability of concrete by using inhibitors

Corrosion of steel in concrete is one of the major causes of premature deterioration of reinforced concrete structures, leading to structural failure. Various methods are being used to extend the service life of reinforced concrete structures, which include surface coatings to concrete surface, coatings to the reinforcement, cathodic protection, chloride removal and corrosion inhibitors. Of these methods, the use of corrosion inhibitors is found to be one of the effective methods to control rebar corrosion. An attempt has been made to study the performance of the anodic inhibitors (sodium nitrite and zinc oxide), cathodic inhibitors (mono ethanol amine, diethanol amine and tri ethanol amine) and mixed inhibitors to control rebar corrosion. Compressive strength test, tensile strength test, chloride diffusion test and macro cell corrosion test were conducted by varying the type of inhibitors and varying the concentration of inhibitors. The addition of inhibitors not only increased the compressive strength of the concrete but also improved the corrosion resistance properties.     

氯盐及亚硝酸盐对混凝土钢筋锈蚀的影响

针对在寒冷地区冬季施工中 ,仍然经常使用大量含有氯盐的早强剂和防冻剂这一现实 ,采用钢筋锈蚀快速试验法 ,研究了氯化钠和氯化钙对混凝土中钢筋锈蚀的影响以及亚硝酸盐的阻锈效果。实验结果表明在氯化钠和氯化钙掺量相同时 ,氯化钙对钢筋锈蚀的破坏比氯化钠的更严重。在向混凝土中掺加氯化钠的情况下 ,无论阻锈比 (亚硝酸钠与氯化钠的质量比 )为 1 .2还是 1 .5时 ,亚硝酸钠均有很好的阻锈作用     

钢筋混凝土结构腐蚀控制方法研究进展

阐述了钢筋混凝土结构腐蚀控制对提高结构耐久性的重大意义及结构腐蚀的机理。以腐蚀流程为基线,从混凝土防护和钢筋防护两大方面探讨了腐蚀控制的方法。重点介绍了混凝土涂层防护技术,特别是近几年发展起来的玻璃鳞片防腐蚀涂层、纳米复合防腐涂料涂层、互穿网格结构防腐涂料涂层和聚脲防护涂层技术;以及钢筋腐蚀防护中的迁移型阻锈剂、环氧/镀锌复合涂层、阴极保护及纤维塑料筋的应用。提出腐蚀防护中,结构自身性能是基础,附加措施是重点手段,混凝土防护涂层提供全面防护,针对环境进行钢筋保护的防腐思路。     

阻锈剂及硅粉、阻锈剂联合应用对防止钢筋锈蚀效果的研究

国内外阻锈剂的对比试验表明．国产HLC-VⅢ筋阻锈剂对混凝土抗氯离子渗透及阻止钢筋锈蚀的效果均优于进口的西卡901。硅粉与阻锈剂联合应用，对提高混凝土本身的密实性．提高混凝土抗氯离子渗透及防钢筋的腐蚀效果更加明显。国产的阻锈剂及硅粉不仅经济，而且其联合应用效果优于国外同类产品。     

电化学除盐后钢筋混凝土电化学性能的变化

研究了掺盐钢筋混凝土在不同水化龄期及经电化学除盐处理后的自腐蚀电位和腐蚀速率,并跟踪了断电后钢筋的自腐蚀电位和腐蚀速率随时间的变化.研究结果表明:经电化学除盐处理后,钢筋的自腐蚀电位负移、腐蚀电流增大.但随着时间的推移,腐蚀电位正移、腐蚀电流减小,抽芯后的试件由于其钢筋表面O2量充足,试件各个部位钢筋的自腐蚀电位在30d后就正移至-100mV以上,而未抽芯试件则需要大约60d,才能正移至-200mV以上.电化学除盐后,如果试件中各部位钢筋电位不均匀,将可能会加剧钢筋的电化学腐蚀,这是电化学除盐技术研究与应用中值得注意的一个问题.     

新型阻锈剂对钢筋混凝土阻锈作用的研究(I)--对电化学阻抗特性的影响

以电化学阻抗谱研究了新型多官能阻锈剂--二乙烯三胺-硫脲缩合物(DETA-TU)对钢筋混凝土结构中钢筋锈蚀的抑制作用及其对混凝土性能变化规律的影响.发现加入这些阻锈剂后,混凝土的孔隙电阻和钢筋表面的电荷转移电阻同时得到提高,表明它既能切断水泥水化产物中的部分毛细管,又能在钢筋表面形成缓蚀膜,对钢筋具有双重保护作用.长期浸泡的结果表明,该阻锈剂具有良好的耐水性,与常用的亚硝酸盐相比,其阻锈机理不同.     

Ion chromatographic analysis of corrosion inhibitors in concrete

A method employing ion chromatography for identifying and quantifying ions present in the aqueous phase of concrete after surface treatment with corrosion inhibitors is reported in this paper. With this technique, a broad range of ions including ethanolamine, nitrite and monofluorophosphate, present in the inhibitors tested, could be identified in solution. When ethanolamine and nitrite were applied to the surface of concrete, they were readily detected in samples into which they had penetrated. In the case of monofluorophosphate-treated concrete, only the hydrolysis products, fluoride and phosphate were detected and not the monofluorophosphate ion itself. Furthermore, concentrations of other important ions, such as chloride, were also quantifiable by this technique. One of the main advantages of ion chromatography for this type of application is its ability to analyse a wide range of ions in a given sample.     

新型阻锈剂对钢筋混凝土阻锈作用的研究（Ⅰ）——对电化学阻抗特性的影响

以电化学阻抗谱研究了新型多官能阻锈剂——二乙烯三胺一硫脲缩合物(DETATU)对钢筋混凝土结构中钢筋锈蚀的抑制作用及其对混凝土性能变化规律的影响．发现加入这些阻锈剂后,混凝土的孔隙电阻和钢筋表面的电荷转移电阻同时得到提高,表明它既能切断水泥水化产物中的部分毛细管,又能在钢筋表面形成缓蚀膜,对钢筋具有双重保护作用,长期浸泡的结果表明,该阻锈剂具有良好的耐水性,与常用的亚硝酸盐相比,其阻锈机理不同。     

Effect of rebar coating on corrosion resistance and bond strength of reinforced concrete

The objective of this study is to assess the corrosion resistance of zinc-coated and coating effect on the bond strength between concrete and reinforcing steel. Potentiodynamic polarization method was utilized to determine the corrosion rates of carbon steel and zinc in both pH 12 solution and 3.5 wt% NaCl solution. In addition, cylindrical specimens were cast and exposed to 3.5% NaCl solution and a direct current density (0.5 mA/cm²) was applied to accelerate the corrosion process. Open circuit potential (OCP), direct current polarization resistance were obtained to evaluate the rebar corrosion.Potentiodynamic polarization curves show that the corrosion rate of zinc is higher than carbon steel in pH 12 solution but lower in 3.5% NaCl solution. The bond strength of uncoated rebar is 5–10% less than zinc-coated rebar before aqueous immersion test. The bond strength decreases with an increase in corrosion rate for uncoated rebar and zinc-coated rebar. After 14-days accelerating corrosion process, the reduction ratio of bond strength for zinc-coated rebar is less than uncoated rebar.     

纤维混凝土护筋性能试验研究

混凝土中钢筋的腐蚀是一个电化学过程,而半电池电位是判断钢筋状态的重要依据。为此,在纤维混凝土护筋性能试验中,对有关问题进行了研究,并用半电池电位判断纤维混凝土中钢筋的状态,比较其护筋性能的优劣。结果表明：与普通硅酸盐水泥混凝土相比,钢纤维混凝土护筋性能较好,而碳纤维对混凝土开裂和提高混凝土渗透性无明显作用。     

基于概率分析的锈蚀钢筋力学性能研究

研究了锈蚀钢筋几何参数(包括蚀坑形状、蚀坑位置、最大蚀坑深度、最大蚀坑个数、钢筋直径等)对钢筋力学性能影响的灵敏性;利用随机有限元的分析方法研究了锈蚀钢筋的应力分布情况.结果表明:对于相同直径的锈蚀钢筋,其力学性能主要取决于锈蚀钢筋表面的最大蚀坑深度;对于不同直径的锈蚀钢筋,可用锈蚀坑相对深度(蚀坑深度与钢筋直径之比)来反映钢筋的锈蚀程度,并建立了锈蚀钢筋的屈服荷载随锈蚀坑相对深度变化的规律;基于最大蚀坑深度的概率统计特性,得到了锈蚀钢筋最大应力分布的概率分布规律.     

锈蚀钢筋与混凝土的环向粘结试验研究

研究锈蚀钢筋与混凝土的环向粘结性能,对预测钢筋混凝土内裂时刻具有重要意义。考虑混凝土强度与钢筋类型两种影响因素进行钢筋混凝土扭转试件设计,利用恒电流通电法对试件进行加速锈蚀,采用扭矩扳手加载,并用倾角仪记录钢筋与混凝土之间的相对转角。试验结果表明：光圆钢筋试块的极限抗扭承载力和抗扭刚度均小于变形钢筋;对于变形钢筋,较小...     

混凝土中钢筋加速锈蚀试验适用性研究

钢筋锈蚀导致其屈服强度降低、力学行为改变,影响钢筋与混凝土之间的粘结性能,钢筋锈蚀量影响钢筋混凝土的失效模式。为研究锈蚀钢筋混凝土结构的相关性能,需要在较短时间内得到所需的锈蚀构件。通过对4种不同工况下混凝土中钢筋电化学加速锈蚀方法进行对比试验,得到了锈蚀后钢筋表面形态特征,分析了模拟自然环境条件下钢筋锈蚀的适用性。试验表明：全浸泡外加电流加速锈蚀方法使钢筋纵向、径向表面形成均匀锈蚀,而自然环境锈蚀钢筋表面锈蚀相对不均匀,坑蚀更明显,两者差异显著;利用全浸泡外加电流加速锈蚀方法进行锈蚀钢筋与混凝土粘结-滑移本构关系和锈蚀钢筋混凝土构件承载能力等研究不合适;半浸泡和贴面外加电流加速锈蚀方法能较好模拟自然环境锈蚀;加速锈蚀试验方法的理论锈蚀质量高于试验锈蚀质量。图12表1参7     

Enhancement of bond strength for epoxy-coated rebar using river sand

In this paper, improvement of bond strength for epoxy-coated rebars is studied. Although the epoxy-coated rebar is well accepted as an alternative corrosion prevention method in engineering practice, it still suffers from its poor bond performance, which requires modification of design parameters such as development length and splice length. Following our previous study [Proceedings of the Third Structure Engineering Conference (1996) 651–659], it is proposed to mix the river sand in the epoxy to improve the bond strength of epoxy-coated rebar. Specimens of several sizes of river sand and sand/epoxy weight ratios were studied. The single-rebar pullout test was performed to examine the bond strength. The open circuit potential method and the linear DC polarization method were conducted for corrosion rate measurements to ensure for keeping the merit of epoxy-coated rebar, i.e. the ability of corrosion. Experimental results show that the proposed method is very promising.     

Corrosion resistant performance of a chemical quenched rebar in concrete

The corrosion resistance performance of the rebar quenched by a new chemical reagent FM in concrete containing chloride ions was evaluated comparing with bare rebar, water-cooled rebar and air-cooled rebar using electrochemical methods. Two different accelerated corrosion tests (14 cycles of dry/wet alternated corrosion tests and long-term immersion tests) were carried out to accelerate the corrosion process. EIS results of both accelerated corrosion tests showed the corrosion resistance performance of different rebar specimens could be sequenced from high to low as FM-cooled rebar, bare rebar, air-cooled rebar, and water-cooled rebar. It was observed that, after 14 cycles of accelerated corrosion tests, the corrosion degree of FM-cooled rebar is the slightest and most of the initial scale remains undamaged. This result proves that the corrosion resistance of the FM-cooled rebar is much better than the other three kinds of rebar. By using FM-cooling process, the corrosion resistance performance of rebar in concrete has been improved by optimizing the quality of the scale.     

温度对碳化引起的钢筋混凝土腐蚀影响研究

通过分析碳化引起的钢筋混凝土构件中钢筋腐蚀的机理及主要影响因素 ,并通过对不同文献中温度对碳化引起的钢筋腐蚀影响的研究进行对比和分析 ,建立了考虑温度对碳化引起的钢筋腐蚀的近似计算公式 ,为预测由碳化引起的钢筋混凝土构件中钢筋的腐蚀提供了依据     

纤维增强塑料筋在土木工程中的应用

纤维塑料增强筋（Fiber Rcinforced Polymerrcbar,简称FRP筋）在土木工程中的应用,是国内外土木工程界的前沿课题之一。FRP筋的高强、轻质、耐腐蚀、抗疲劳、抗磁性、电绝缘性、徐变小、比重小、低弹性模量等性质,奠定了其在土木工程中应用的基础。文章在综合国内外相关资料的基础上,综述了FRP筋的物理力学性能,介绍了FRP筋在桥梁工程、海洋工程、岩土工程等领域的应用,并提出了展望和需进一步研究的问题。     

钢筋非均匀锈蚀引发的混凝土保护层开裂细观数值研究

混凝土保护层锈裂严重影响钢筋混凝土结构的耐久性。为了研究混凝土保护层的锈裂行为,考虑到混凝土细观结构的非均质性以及钢筋锈蚀的非均匀性,将完好混凝土视为由骨料、砂浆和界面过渡区组成的三相复合材料,建立了细观随机骨料模型。在模型中,钢筋的非均匀锈蚀行为以施加非均匀径向位移的方式模拟,骨料的力学行为假定为弹性,砂浆和界面过渡区的力学特性采用塑性损伤模型来描述。在此基础上进行了中部钢筋非均匀锈蚀引发的混凝土保护层开裂行为的细观数值模拟;分析结果与已有文献中的试验结果吻合良好。另外,对比了均质模型和非均质模型中钢筋均匀锈蚀和非均匀锈蚀导致的保护层开裂模式;并探讨分析了保护层厚度和钢筋直径对保护层开裂模式、钢筋锈胀压力及保护层开裂时钢筋锈蚀率的影响。     

国外混凝土钢筋锈蚀破坏的修复和保护技术

钢筋混凝土是世界上应用范围最广的建筑材料之一。目前有大量的钢筋混凝土结构遭到由钢筋锈蚀导致的破坏，使其服务寿命低于设计值或预期值。近年国外（主要是巩固）用于修补和修复由钢筋锈蚀破坏的建筑结构的技术方法包括常规的打补和涂层修补方法、阴级保护、电化学氯化物萃取（电化学除盐）、再碱化和使用阻锈剂等。     

锈蚀钢筋再生混凝土黏结滑移梁式试验研究

通过再生混凝土梁式试验,得到了不同钢筋锈蚀率下再生混凝土与钢筋的平均黏结应力 滑移曲线,分析了钢筋锈蚀率对不同直径钢筋与再生混凝土之间黏结滑移性能的影响。研究结果表明：钢筋锈蚀率为0%和1%时,试验梁发生劈裂破坏;锈蚀率为9%时,发生钢筋拔出破坏;锈蚀率为3%和6%时,试件钢筋拔出和混凝土劈裂破坏共同发生;锈蚀钢筋与再生混凝土间黏结应力随钢筋锈蚀率的增加而先增大后减小,锈蚀率为1%时黏结应力为最大;锈蚀率为0%和1%时,黏结应力峰值集中在加载端附近,随锈蚀率增大,黏结应力峰值靠近自由端;随锈蚀率的增加,滑移增幅变大;依据试验结果,拟合了黏结应力沿锚固区分布规律的位置函数,结合平均黏结应力 滑移本构方程,建立了可反映不同位置锈蚀钢筋再生混凝土黏结滑移的本构方程。