基于锥形量热法的常见人造木质板材燃烧性能研究

在建筑内部的装修装饰中,人造木质板材的应用极其广泛,为了研究人造木质板材的燃烧性能,文章以密度板、刨花板、细木工板和胶合板四种常见板材为研究对象,采用锥形量热仪和傅里叶红外烟气分析仪等仪器从点燃时间(TTI)、热释放速率(HRR)、火灾性能指数(FPI)、有毒气体四个方面对人造木质板材的燃烧性能进行分析,研究结果表明:点燃时间由短到长依次为细木工板、胶合板、密度板、刨花板;四种人造木质板材均出现两个热释放速率峰值,而且两个峰值之间存在一个稳定的燃烧阶段,变化情况与点燃时间基本相符;胶合板最先发生轰燃,其次是细木工板、密度板、刨花板,FPI逐渐增大,轰燃威胁逐渐减弱;燃烧过程中有毒气体CO和NO含量的变化曲线都存在两个峰值,同一种类板材燃烧初期NO产量更多,燃烧中期CO、NO产量较少,燃烧后期,产生大量的CO更多;总体而言,细木工板和胶合板的火灾危险性接近最低,其次是密度板、刨花板。     

CS/h-BN/APP层层自组装涂层阻燃杨木的研究

为提高杨木的阻燃性能,利用带正电性的壳聚糖/六方氮化硼(CS/h-BN)聚电解质溶液,以及带负电性的聚磷酸铵(APP)溶液,基于层层自组装(LBL)技术,通过两聚电解质溶液之间的静电吸附作用,在木材表面成功制备出具有良好阻燃性能的CS/h-BN/APP薄膜涂层.结果表明:所制备的涂层均匀分布在木材表面,且具有良好的附着力;涂层阻燃木材试件的热释放速率、烟释放速率显著降低,第2放热峰出现时间晚于未处理木材试件,且在燃烧过程中的残余物质量始终高于未处理木材试件,完全燃尽时间则比未处理木材试件多出约100s,阻燃效果随着自组装涂层数的增加而逐渐增强;涂层阻燃木材试件的CO、CO_2气体生成量明显降低,表明阻燃涂层能有效降低木材烟气及毒性气体释放;涂层阻燃木材试件较未处理木材试件更好地保持了木材本身的结构,显示出了良好的抵抗火灾能力.     

Combustion characteristics of a DI diesel engine fuelled with blends of methyl ester of cotton seed oil

The combustion characteristics of a single-cylinder, four-stroke, air-cooled and direct injection (DI) diesel engine fuelled with methyl ester of cotton seed oil (MECSO) and its blends with neat diesel fuel were examined. The experiments were conducted at a constant speed under steady-state condition with a Kirloskar TAF 1 engine. Combustion characteristics such as cylinder pressure, heat release rate (HRR), cumulative heat release rate (CHRR), maximum cylinder pressure, rate of pressure rise, ignition delay, duration of injection and combustion duration of MECSO and its blends with diesel were evaluated and compared with those of diesel fuel. From the analysis, it was found that the peak cylinder pressure and HRR of diesel were higher when compared with those of MECSO blends. The ignition delay, duration of injection and combustion duration decreased for MECSO blends compared to those of diesel. However, the CHRR of MECSO and its blends were higher than that of diesel. Finally, the study showed that B25 (25% of MECSO and 75% of diesel) gave optimum combustion characteristics for all loads and could be used as a viable alternative fuel in a DI diesel engine without any engine modifications.     

Characterization of aerosols emissions from the combustion of dead shrub twigs and leaves using a cone calorimeter

This work is a contribution to the understanding of wildfire smoke emissions. It focuses on the characterization of aerosols emitted by the combustion of dead shrub leaves and twigs with different thickness (range of 0.75–20 mm). The experiments were carried out at bench scale with a cone calorimeter for the burning of Cistus monspeliensis leaves and twigs. Auto-ignition of the samples was obtained by heating their surface with a radiant heat flux of 50 kW/m². The smoke and aerosols emitted before ignition during pre-heating were analysed separately from the smoke and aerosols emitted during the flaming phase. Heat release rate (HRR) was also measured and we observed two different behaviours depending on the diameter of the twigs. Fuel samples with diameter smaller than 4 mm exhibit a single peak HRR whereas two peaks were observed for the twigs with larger diameters. The smoke production rate (SPR) was also measured and it showed that smoke was mainly emitted during the pre-heating phase. We also obtained a strong correlation between HRR and SPR during the flaming phase but no smoke was emitted during the glowing phase. Emission factors of aerosols were calculated depending on these combustion phases (pre-ignition and flaming) and for the range of thickness of the samples. The observations of the aerosols were performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The chemical composition of organic carbon (OC) aerosols, emitted during the pre-ignition phase, were analysed using gas chromatography (GC) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS). Some carcinogenic compounds were identified. The sizes of OC and black carbon (BC) aerosols emitted were measured with an optical device. Most of the BC were PM_0.3, which corresponds to the alveolar fraction of particles.     

Comparison of FDS predictions by different combustion models with measured data for enclosure fires

The performance of mixture fraction models FDS4 and FDS5 is investigated under different global equivalence ratios (GER). Predictions of heat release rate (HRR), upper-layer temperature, and CO yield are compared with measurements considering their sensitivities to the lower limit of fuel, mixing time scale, and turbulence model constants. When using FDS4, the inclusion of an extinction model can result in significant variations in both total and volumetric HRR prediction. When using FDS5, the mixing model constant has significant effects on volumetric HRR prediction. At low GER (<0.23), the prediction of upper-layer temperature shows dependency on both the lower fuel limit and the mixing model constant, but the predicted temperature is always lower than measured temperature, with deviations in excess of 30%. At higher GER (0.53<GER<0.81), the upper-layer temperature prediction shows significant dependency on the mixing model constant but can be over-predicted, with deviations up to 24%. The variations of CO yield prediction with lower fuel limit or with the mixing model constant show an opposite trend to that of upper-layer temperature. Furthermore, the prediction of CO yield shows a much greater dependency on the Smagorinsky constant and on the turbulent Schmidt number than do those of HRR and upper-layer temperature.     

三聚氰胺浸渍纸层压阻燃地板的燃烧性能

在纤维拌胶的同时加入阻燃剂,并优化生产工艺,生产阻燃高密度纤维板作为地板基材,开发三聚氰胺浸渍纸层压阻燃地板。根据GB/T 17657-1999《人造板及饰面人造板理化性能试验方法》规定的方法,检测所生产强化地板的密度、含水率、吸水厚度膨胀率、内结合强度、静曲强度和甲醛释放量,并采用锥形量热仪测试和对比地板的燃烧性能。结果表明:生产的阻燃地板符合GB/T 18102-2007《浸渍纸层压木质地板》中规定要求,与普通强化木地板相比阻燃地板点燃时间延长了8 s,pkHRR下降了62%,Av-HRR下降了31.7%,EHC下降了11.5%,THR值下降了21.8,阻燃效果明显。     

Combustion analysis of Jatropha methyl esters and Pongamia methyl esters with the addition of ethanol as fuel in a diesel engine

The aim of our project is to experimentally access the practical applications of ethanol and blending it with some lubricating oils in a direct injection compression ignition engine. This replacement of conventional diesel with ethanol requires some of the properties of ethanol to be altered. In order to increase the lubricating property of ethanol, it is blended with some lubricating oils. Some of the preferred lubricating oils are methyl esters of Jatropha oil, Pongamia oil, etc. Ethanol is blended with these lubricating oils to reduce the corrosive property of ethanol. The different fuel blends [Pongamia–ethanol (50–50) and Jatropha–ethanol (50–50)] are used in the direct injection CI engine, the combustion characteristics are calculated and they are compared with diesel and a perfect blend is analysed. The engine combustion parameters such as peak pressure, heat release rate (HRR) and cumulative heat release rate were computed. The combustion analysis revealed that the early rate of pressure rise causes the cylinder pressure to rise early in the case of alternate fuels with a resulting lower rate of pressure rise and peak pressure. However, HRR and cumulative HRR show a maximum for Pongamia–ethanol (50–50) when compared with the neat diesel fuel.     

木质人造板材料对居室环境的影响综述

本文介绍了木质人造板的一些重要特性，其中包括调湿、调温，隔音，隔热及其视觉与触觉特性等，并指出了各项特性对居室环境的影响。阐述了木质人造板材料与家居环境的具体关系，为更好地利用这种材料，改善我国的生活环境提供借鉴。     

超高海拔隧道火灾燃烧与烟气温度现场模型试验研究

随着我国川藏铁路和高原公路的不断修建,超高海拔地区“三低”环境特征将对高原隧道火灾燃烧和烟气扩散特性产生严重影响。文章采用移动模型隧道火灾试验平台对成都平原、海拔3544m、4103m超高海拔山区在相同油盘尺寸和燃料体积条件下,火灾燃烧和烟气温度分布进行现场试验研究。研究结果表明：随着海拔高度的增加,火灾热释放率和火源区拱顶温度不断下降,燃烧时间明显增长;与平原地区相同火灾规模相比,超高海拔隧道火源区拱顶温度略有下降;超高海拔地区拱顶纵向温度衰减速率显著低于平原地区,火灾高温烟气热浮升力效应在超高海拔隧道内更突出。     

Investigation of the effect of tunnel ventilation on crib fires through small-scale experiments

This paper adopts a series of 1:20 scale tunnel experiments based on a series of large-scale tunnel experiments to study the influence of forced ventilation on fires. The small-scale tunnel has dimensions of 0.365 m (W)×0.26 m (H)×11.9 m (L). Cribs using a wood-based material provide the fuel source and forced ventilation velocities from 0.23 to 1.90 m/s are used. From the study of the measured heat release rate (HRR) and mass loss rate data it is found that the forced air velocity affects the fire spread rate and burning efficiency and further affects peak HRR values at different air velocities. A simple model to describe these influences is proposed. This model is used to reproduce the enhancement of peak HRR for cribs with different porosity factors noted by Ingason [1] and to assess the effects of using different length of cribs on peak HRR. The results from these analyses suggest that different porosity fuels result different involvement of burning surface area and result different changes in peak HRR. However, no significant difference to the enhancement on fire size is found when the burning surface area is similar. It is also found that the trend in the enhancement on fire size by using sufficiently long crib and available ventilation conditions matches the predictions of Carvel and Beard [2] for two-lane tunnel heavy goods vehicle fires.     

无醛板与净醛板在实际房间中的环保性能

市场上的无醛板和净醛板两种板材均以实验室检测报告为依据，称甲醛散发较低，且后者还称可净化室内空气中的甲醛。本研究选取实际房间作为研究场所，测试无醛板和净醛板的甲醛散发量及净醛板的甲醛净化能力。结果显示，两种板材散发的甲醛均较少，但未检测到净醛板在实际房间中的甲醛净化效果。     

典型变压器油燃烧特性及烟气危害性研究

利用锥形量热仪及傅里叶变换红外光谱仪,测试了典型变压器油在3种不同外加热辐射通量下的燃烧特性和烟气危害性。重点对比了凝固点不同的KI25X和KI50X变压器油的燃烧过程和火灾危险性。结果表明,外加热辐射通量和变压器油的类型均会对燃烧特性和火灾危险性产生影响。随着外加热辐射通量的增加,两种变压器油的点燃时间均缩短,HRR、生烟率及CO的浓度峰值随之增加。当外加热辐射通量提高至35 kW/m²时,KI50X变压器油火灾的蔓延速度更快,释放出的毒性气体浓度更大,此时其火灾热危险性和烟气危害性相较更大。     

Examination of WFDS in Modeling Spreading Fires in a Furniture Calorimeter

Validation of physics-based models of fire behavior requires comparing systematically and objectively simulated results and experimental observations in different scenarios, conditions and scales. Heat Release Rate (HRR) is a key parameter for understanding combustion processes in vegetation fires and a main output data of physics-based models. This paper addresses the validation of the Wildland-urban interface Fire Dynamics Simulator (WFDS) through the comparison of predicted and measured values of HRR from spreading fires in a furniture calorimeter. Experimental fuel beds were made up of Pinus pinaster needles and three different fuel loadings (i.e. 0.6, 0.9 and 1.2 kg/m²) were tested under no-slope and up-slope conditions (20°). An Arrhenius type model for solid-phase degradation including char oxidation was implemented in WFDS. To ensure the same experimental and numerical conditions, sensitivity analyses were carried out in order to determine the grid resolution to capture the flow dynamics within the hood of the experimental device and to assess the grid resolution’s influence on the outputs of the model. The comparison of experimental and predicted HRR values showed that WFDS calculates accurately the mean HRR values during the steady-state of fire propagation. It also reproduces correctly the duration of the flaming combustion phase, which is directly tied to the fire rate of spread.     

Heat release rate measurements of thin samples in the OSU apparatus and the cone calorimeter

The Ohio State University (OSU) apparatus and the cone calorimeter are two devices commonly used to measure the heat release rate (HRR) of materials and products in forced flaming combustion. Each operates on a different principle but is calibrated in the same way. However, HRR results from these two test methods do not agree in most cases. For the present study, the OSU was modified to measure oxygen consumption and sensible enthalpy (temperature rise) of the apparatus in addition to the usual sensible enthalpy of the exhaust gases during the test. After calibration, total sensible heat (exhaust gases+apparatus) and oxygen consumption methods gave similar results for thin samples in the OSU. However, OSU results for thin samples did not agree with results from the cone calorimeter (ASTM 1354/ISO 1556) unless the HRR history in the cone calorimeter was corrected for smearing that results from dilution of the combustion gases with air in the sample chamber, exhaust duct, and scrubbers and the response time of the oxygen analyzer.     

海洋环境对软质聚氨酯泡沫材料燃烧特性影响的实验研究

对常见软垫家具填充物软质聚氨酯泡沫(FPUF)的燃烧特性及其燃烧烟气中窒息性气体组分生成量的变化特性展开实验研究,并采用有效剂量分数FED模型对烟气毒性进行评价.结果表明:无论是在强制点火模式抑或是非强制点火模式中,不同盐湿度雾滴沉降作用下FPUF热释放速率(HRR)曲线的发展规律基本相似.FPUF的着火时间在无强制点...     

分离刚度法测试杨木单板层积材木梁剪切模量的试验研究

目前中国杨木人造板以非结构为主,而在机电包装行业中使用大量实木作为包装材料,从经济成本、资源利用和环境保护等诸多方面都迫切需要以结构人造板替代实木作为机电包装材料。针对厚型单板层积材面内剪切模量测试,从理论上给予推导,并从实践上利用理论指导实际测试,以期为单板层积材的结构设计、性能测试以及使用提供技术基础。     

低辐射强度下古建筑木构件材料的燃烧特性

为研究古建筑木构件材料在火灾下的燃烧特性,使用锥型量热仪对古木材试样的点燃时间、临界辐射强度、热释放速率、燃烧气体中CO2体积分数等燃烧特性进行试验研究。试验发现3种不同厚度试样的临界辐射强度分别为8.81,9.40,10.55 kW/m2。试样厚度增加会使古木材点燃时间延长,临界辐射强度增大,材料的热释放速率所形成的双峰值曲线的峰值降低。燃烧气体中CO2体积分数曲线与热释放速率所绘制出的曲线的形态一致,同一厚度的试样在不同辐射强度下其燃烧特性呈现出显著区别。与新木材相关燃烧特性参数对比,劣化后的古木材临界热辐射强度降低、点燃时间减小,5 min内平均热释放速率较高。研究表明,古建筑木构件材料燃烧特性有显著变化,可为古建筑火灾研究提供参考。     

Effects of nanoclay and fire retardants on fire retardancy of a polymer blend of EVA and LDPE

The effects of nanoclay (organoclay) and fire retardants (aluminium tri-hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide) on the fire retardancy of a polymer blend of ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) were assessed using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and the cone calorimeter. TGA measurements were conducted in nitrogen and air atmospheres at different heating rates (1–20 °C/min), whilst in the cone calorimeter square samples were tested under various external heat fluxes (15–60 kW/m²). The TGA results indicate that the nanoclay (NC) alone has little effect on the degradation of the polymer blend, whereas aluminium tri-hydroxide (ATH) and magnesium hydroxide (MH), used as fire retardants (FRs), generally decrease the onset degradation temperature and also reduce the peak mass loss rate. However, it was found in the cone calorimeter that, though having negligible effect on ignition, the nanoclay reduces the heat release rate (HRR), and increases smoke and CO yields. In comparison, FRs (ATH or MH) were found to delay ignition owing to loss of water at lower temperatures, reduce the HRR, and have similar smoke and CO yields compared to the polymer blend. The reduced HRRs for both the nanoclay and FRs can be attributed to the formation of a surface layer (a nano layer for nanoclay and a ceramic-like layer of Al₂O₃/MgO for FRs), which acts as mass and heat barriers to the unpyrolysed material underneath. The global effect of the surface layer for the polymer blend nanocomposite was examined using a previously developed numerical model, and a methodology for predicting the mass loss rate was subsequently developed and validated.     

Characterization of thermal properties and analysis of combustion behavior of PMMA in a cone calorimeter

This paper deals with the thermal degradation of a black poly(methyl)methacrylate (PMMA) in a cone calorimeter (CC) in air with a piloted ignition. The influence of several heat fluxes (11 kW m⁻² and 12 kW m⁻², and ten values from 15 to 60 kW m⁻² in steps of 5 kW m⁻²) on PMMA sample degradation and the decomposition chemistry has been studied. Thus, thermal properties have been deduced and calculated from ignition time and mass loss rate (MLR) curves. During our experiments, among compounds quantified simultaneously by a Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) or gas analyzer, five main species (CO₂, CO, H₂O, NO and O₂) have been encountered, regardless of the external heat flux considered. The main product concentrations allow calculation of the corresponding emission yields. Thus, mass balances of C and H atoms contained in these exhaust gases were able to be compared with those included in the initial PMMA sample. Using the standard oxygen consumption method, heat release rate (HRR), total heat release (THR) and effective heat of combustion (EHC) have been calculated for each irradiance level. Therefore, these different results (thermal properties, emission yields, HRR, THR and EHC) are in quite good accordance (same order of magnitude) with those found in previous studies.