Concrete retrofitting using metakaolin geopolymer mortars and CFRP

This paper presents results about the use of metakaolin based geopolymers mortars for retrofitting purposes. Two main situations are addressed, the use of geopolymeric mortars as a repairing layer or as a binding agent to insure the adhesion between CFRP sheets and the concrete substrate. Several compositions of metakaolin geopolymer mortars were executed by varying the percentage of sand/binder mass ratio and the concentration of sodium hydroxide. It was found that metakaolin geopolymer mortars show a high mechanical resistance and a relevant adhesion to the concrete substrate. Although their adhesion strength is lower than the one present by commercial pre-pack repair mortars, they are very cost-effective (5–10 times less expensive). On the other hand, the adhesion strength between CFRP and geopolymer mortars proved to be lower than expected which could be due to the fact that the composition of the geopolymeric mortars was not optimized and also to the fact that the CFRP used was not prone to this kind of application.     

偏高岭土对碱矿渣水泥砂浆干缩性能的影响

研究了偏高岭土对碱矿渣水泥砂浆干缩率的影响。研究表明,在10%~50%(占胶结材总量)范围内时,偏高岭土掺入能有效降低碱矿渣水泥砂浆的干缩率,降低幅度受水玻璃模数、Na2O当量的影响。     

Performance evaluation of cement mortars modified with metakaolin or ground brick

The work analyzes the performance of mortars prepared with two metakaolin samples and ground calcined-clay brick. Complete stress–strain deformation response under compression, porosity, sorptivity, pore size distribution and resistance to penetration of chloride ions have been determined for mortars with up to 40% cement replacement. Continuum damage mechanics analyzes using a scalar model allowed to extract information on the mode of deformation leading to failure of the mortars during compressive loading. It is shown that not only the ultimate strength, but also the pre-peak deformation response is influenced by calcined-clay addition. The ultimate strength of the mortar mixture depended on the type of calcined-clay added, but in all cases mortars with addition were marginally more compliant during the elastic deformation stage and more brittle as fracture approached.     

聚丙烯酸类分散剂对碱激发矿渣基胶凝材料的强度影响

研究了聚丙烯酸类分散剂对碱激发矿渣高岭土基地质聚合物胶凝材料的强化增韧性能,结果表明:聚丙烯酸钠可对碱激发矿渣高岭土基地质聚合物强化增韧,掺入聚内烯酸铵分散剂的碱激发矿渣高岭土基地质聚合物胶凝材料的抗折和抗压强度均没有提高,且抗折和抗压强度随聚丙烯酸铵掺量的增大而下降,XRD表明各组试样在3～28 d龄期内均没有形成新...     

Influence of aggregates grading and water/cement ratio in workability and hardened properties of mortars

Mortar is the material responsible for the distribution of stresses in masonry structures. The knowledge about the fresh and hardened properties of mortar is fundamental to ensure a good performance of masonry walls. Water/cement ratio and aggregates grading are among several variables that influence physical and mechanical behaviour of mortars. An experimental program is presented in order to evaluate the influence of aggregates grading and water/cement ratio in workability and hardened properties of mortars. Eighteen compositions of mortar are prepared using three relations cement:lime:sand, two types of sand and three water/cement ratios. Specimens are analyzed through flow table test, compressive and flexural strength tests. Results indicate that the increase of water/cement ratio reduces the values of hardened properties and increases the workability. Besides, sands grading has no influence in compressive strength. On the other hand, significant differences in deformation capacity of mortars were verified with the variation of the type of sand. Finally, some correlations are presented among hardened properties and the compressive strength.     

粉煤灰、矿粉掺合料对低强度等级混凝土的强度及和易性的影响

粉煤灰和矿粉是低强度等级混凝土中最主要的掺合料、在未加掺合料的C30混凝土基础上,将粉煤灰、矿粉在混凝土中单掺或双掺,并以若干组不同掺量的粉煤灰、矿粉对混凝土不同龄期的强度和和易性变化进行研究。试验结果表明:粉煤灰对提高预拌混凝土的和易性效果极好,但混凝土的早期、中期强度发展缓慢,矿粉相对粉煤灰对混凝土各龄期强度发展较快,但和易性差于粉煤灰,二者双掺混凝土后各龄期强度及拌合物和易性均较好,最佳比例为水泥质量的30%~40%。     

碱激发高炉矿渣固化铅污染土酸缓能力、强度及微观特性研究

采用碱激发高炉矿渣对铅污染土进行固化稳定处理,并研究其固化稳定机理。结果表明:随着固化剂掺量提高,GGBS-MgO固化铅污染土酸缓能力的固化污染土酸缓冲系数β随之提高;铅能够抑制GGBS-MgO进行水化反应,致使GGBS-MgO固化铅污染土比表面积远低于同掺量的固化未污染土;GGBS-MgO固化铅污染土q_u均低于相同掺量下固化未污染土,且无侧限抗压强度与其比表面积间存在明显的线性关系;SEM和XRD结果显示,GGBS-MgO固化铅污染土和固化未污染土的试样,主要水化产物都为C-S-H与Ht;累积进汞量和孔径直径结果显示,GGBS-MgO固化未污染土累积进汞量高于固化铅污染土。     

Compressive strength, chloride diffusivity and pore structure of high performance metakaolin and silica fume concrete

This study is to relate the mechanical and durability properties of high performance metakaolin (MK) and silica fume concretes to their microstructure characteristics. The compressive strength and chloride penetrability of the control and the concretes incorporated with MK or silica fume (SF) at water-to-binder (w/b) ratios of 0.3 and 0.5 are determined. The pore size distribution and porosity of the concretes are also measured. The effect of MK and SF on the interfacial porosity is discussed based on test results. It is found that MK concrete has superior strength development and similar chloride resistance to SF concrete, and the MK concrete at a w/b of 0.3 has a lower porosity and smaller pore sizes than the control (plain) concrete. The resistance of the concretes to chloride ion penetration correlates better with the measured concrete porosity than with the paste porosity. The differences between the measured and calculated concrete porosity is smaller for MK and SF incorporated concrete than for the control concrete, indicating an improvement in the interfacial microstructure with the incorporation of the pozzolanas. This difference is found to be related to the strength and chloride penetrability of concrete to some degree.     

硅灰、偏高岭土对无机人造石材强度的影响

硅灰和偏高岭土作为无机粘结材料掺入无机人造石中,不仅能替代部分水泥,还能改善无机人造石的强度。本文研究了不同掺量硅灰和偏高岭土对人造石材工作性能和力学性能的影响趋势。结果表明,利用偏高岭土和硅灰制备无机人造石会降低其工作性能,且偏高岭土对混合料工作性能的影响较硅灰略大;随着掺量的增加,强度呈先增大后降低趋势,在掺量为3%时,弯曲强度和压缩强度达到最大。同时,偏高岭土和硅灰对人造石的压缩强度影响显著,其中偏高岭土对人造石早期压缩强度影响更显著,其在对早期强度要求较高的工程中有一定的优势。     

Strength properties and durability aspects of high strength concrete using Korean metakaolin

Metakaolin is a cementitious material used as admixture to produce high strength concrete. In Korea, the utilization of this material remained mainly limited to fireproof walls but began recently to find applications as a replacement for silica fume in the manufacture of high performance concrete.In order to evaluate and compare the mechanical properties and durability of concrete using metakaolin, the following tests were conducted on concrete specimens using various replacements of silica fume and metakaolin; mechanical tests such as compressive, tensile and flexural strength tests, durability tests like rapid chloride permeability test, immersion test in acid solution, repeated freezing and thawing test and accelerated carbonation test.Strength tests revealed that the most appropriate strength was obtained for a substitution rate of metakaolin to binder ranging between 10% and 15%. It was observed that the resistance to chloride ion penetration reduced significantly as the proportion of silica fume and metakaolin binders increased. The filler effect resulting from the fine powder of both binders was seen to ameliorate substantially the resistance to chemical attacks in comparison with ordinary concrete. Durability tests also verified that concrete using metakaolin bore most of the mechanical and durability characteristics exhibited by concrete using silica fume. The tests implemented in this study confirmed that metakaolin constitutes a promising material as a substitute for the cost prohibitive silica fume.     

矿渣粉对混凝土和易性及强度影响的研究

试验研究和分析了矿渣粉掺量对低水胶比混凝土的和易性及强度的影响。结果表明,除了减水剂掺量对新拌混凝土和易性有显著影响外,矿渣粉掺量对混凝土拌合物的和易性有明显改善。水胶比是影响混凝土强度的主要因素,而矿渣粉掺量对混凝土强度的影响也较为明显。矿渣粉的细度小于水泥的细度,可作为细集料用于混凝土中,以改善混凝土拌合物的和易性,降低施工成本。     

High performance concrete with Czech metakaolin: Experimental analysis of strength,toughness and durability characteristics

Although the capability of metakaolin as pozzolanic material to improve mechanical and durability properties of concrete if used as partial replacement of Portland cement is well noted in concrete science, its utilization in building industry was limited to date, mainly due to its high price dictated by the low production amounts. However, with the current shortage of silica fume and high-quality slag in some countries the attitude of concrete producers to metakaolin may change in the near future. This change of mind can be facilitated by providing a more comprehensive view of the properties of composite materials with metakaolin, thus contributing to wider realization of the benefits of metakaolin in concrete. In this paper, an extensive set of parameters of high performance concrete (HPC) with metakaolin including basic physical characteristics, mechanical and fracture-mechanical properties, durability characteristics, hydric and thermal properties and chloride binding characteristics is measured. The experimental results show that the replacement of Portland cement by 10% of metakaolin as an optimal amount leads in most cases either to improvements or at least does not significantly impair substantial properties of the analyzed HPC. Basic physical properties and heat transport and storage properties are very similar to common HPC, mechanical and fracture-mechanical properties after 28 days are slightly worse but later improved, water- and water vapor transport parameters are substantially reduced, frost resistance is better, resistance against de-icing salts is slightly worse but still meets very well the required criteria. The chemical resistance of concrete with 10% of metakaolin instead of Portland cement in distilled water and HCl is found better than for Portland cement concrete, in MgCl₂ it is slightly worse, and in NH₄Cl, Na₂SO₄ and CO₂ almost the same, carbonation is reduced, and chloride binding capacity is increased.     

浅议混凝土间歇时间对和易性及抗压强度的影响

混凝土从搅拌站生产出来后,需经过一段间歇时间(运输时间、等候时间、浇筑时间)后,才能浇筑到工程结构部位。如果是浇筑墙体,间歇时间可能会达到4～5 h,间歇时间的延长可能会影响混凝土的使用性能。通过对不同强度等级混凝土试验,研究间歇时间对混凝土工作性及抗压强度的影响。结果表明在使用聚羧酸外加剂时,为保证混凝土拌合物的工作性,外加剂的二次加入量随着间歇时间的延长而增加,混凝土强度等级提高,外加剂的二次加入量随之增大;成型时间在4～5 h以内时,各强度等级混凝土的抗压强度无明显下降;混凝土加水调整前,各时间段成型的混凝土抗压强度变化不明显,加水调整后,混凝土各龄期抗压强度明显下降。     

Influence of activator on the strength and drying shrinkage of alkali-activated slag mortar

The development of new binders, as an alternative to traditional cement, by the alkaline activation of industrial by-products (i.e. ground granulated slag and fly ash) is an ongoing research topic in the scientific community [Puertas F, Amat T, Jimenez AF, Vazquez T. Mechanical and durable behaviour of alkaline cement mortars reinforced with polypropylene fibres. Cem Concr Res 2003;33(12): 2031–6]. The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of using and alkaline activated ground Turkish slag to produce a mortar without Portland cement (PC).Following the characterization of the slag, mortar specimens made with alkali-activated slag were prepared. Three different activators were used: liquid sodium silicate (LSS), sodium hydroxide (SH) and sodium carbonate (SC) at different sodium concentrations. Compressive and flexural tensile strength of alkali-activated slag mortar was measured at 7-days, 28-days and 3-months. Drying shrinkage of the mortar was measured up to 6-months. Setting times of the alkali-activated slag paste and PC paste were also measured.Setting times of LSS and SH activated slag pastes were found to be much slower than the setting time of PC paste. However, slag paste activated with SC showed similar setting properties to PC paste.LSS, SH and SC activated slag mortar developed 81, 29, and 36 MPa maximum compressive strengths, and 6.8, 3.8, and 5.3 MPa maximum flexural tensile strengths at 28-days. PC mortar developed 33 MPa compressive strength and 5.2 MPa flexural tensile strength. LSS and SH activated slag mortars were found to be more brittle than SC activated slag and PC mortars.Slag mortar made with LSS had a high drying shrinkage, up to six times that of PC mortar. Similarly, slag mortar made with SH had a shrinkage up to three times that of PC mortar. However, SC activated slag mortar had a lower or comparable shrinkage to PC mortar. Therefore, the use of SC as an activator for slag mortar is recommended, since it results in adequate strength, similar setting times to PC mortar and comparable or lower shrinkage.     

矿渣浆状掺合料混凝土强度及工作性

采用湿磨处理工艺制备一种矿渣浆状掺合料,对矿渣浆状掺合料混凝土强度及工作性进行研究。结果表明,湿磨处理的矿渣浆状掺合料制备的混凝土强度均略高于干磨处理同等细度矿渣混凝土强度。细度增加对提高大掺量矿渣浆状掺合料混凝土强度更为有效。湿磨处理使矿渣对混凝土工作性的改善作用不明显,但通过加大胶结材0.1%～0.2%的外加剂掺量,仍可保证混凝土具有较好的工作性。     

碱激发钒尾矿-矿渣基地聚合物的研究

以钒尾矿为硅铝质原料、以矿渣为促硬剂、以硅灰和氢氧化钠复合作为碱激发剂制备地聚合物。研究活化钒尾矿和矿渣的比例、激发剂中SiO2和Na2O的比例以及养护温度对地聚合物早期性能的影响。结果表明,在合适的碱性条件下,加入适量的矿渣后,由矿渣中活性Ca形成的水化硅酸钙(CSH)可在地聚合物结构中起到微集料填充的作用,从而提高地聚合物的早期强度。当活化钒尾矿和矿渣的质量比为60∶40,激发剂中SiO2和Na2O的摩尔比为2.0时,在65℃下养护24 h,再在室温条件下放置3 d后地聚合物样品的抗压强度可达到35.1 MPa。随着矿渣所占比例的增大,凝结时间先缩短后延长;随着激发剂中SiO2和Na2O比例的减小,凝结时间先缩短后延长。     

化学物质对碱-矿渣水泥凝结时间和强度性能的影响

研究了几种化学物质对碱-矿渣水泥凝结时间的延缓效果和对强度发展的影响。结果表明:几种可溶性锌盐(硝酸锌、硫酸锌和氯化锌)和硝酸钡对碱-矿渣水泥的凝结具有显著的延缓作用,并且对其强度发展副作用较小,0.5%掺量时对水泥强度发展甚至有促进作用;明矾、硫酸铵、磷酸、丙三醇和醋酸钠对碱-矿渣水泥也有一定的缓凝作用,但对水泥强度有较大副作用,掺量越大副作用也越大;磷酸钠、氯化铁、氧化锌和草酸钾、三乙醇胺、乳酸对碱-矿渣水泥缓凝作用甚微,甚至还出现促凝效果;碱-矿渣水泥水化体系中引入可溶性锌盐物质和硝酸钡可能在水化初期于激发剂组分或矿渣解离释放出的OH-离子或[SiO4]4-离子反应形成尺寸细小的难溶性沉淀物质并覆盖于矿渣粉颗粒的表面,阻碍激发剂组分与矿渣表面的进一步反应,从而导致浆体凝结延缓。     

基于工作性的湿喷射混凝土配合比设计

针对湿喷射混凝土的工作性存在可压送性与可喷性难于协调统一的特点,借鉴Chapdelain提出的可压送混凝土的最少胶浆理论,按照计算法与简易试验法确定了合成集料紧装堆积状态下的空隙体积,依据润滑层相对胶浆体积量公式计算了润滑层胶浆量,提出了基于工作性的湿喷射混凝土配合比设计方法,在隧道斜井应用中表明该方法可行。     

凝聚态硅灰对低工作性混凝土强度发展历程的影响

在不同的水胶比条件下,考察了凝聚态硅灰对低工作性混凝土强度发展历程的影响.试验结果表明:在研究的水胶比范围内,凝聚态硅灰对低工作性混凝土强度的贡献主要是在后期,且随着水胶比的降低,其增强能力的发挥进一步推迟.     

MgO激发剂对碱矿渣抗压强度、水化产物及孔结构的影响

运用XRD、SEM、核磁共振等测试方法研究了MgO碱当量对碱矿渣材料的抗压强度、水化产物及孔结构的影响.结果表明,在试验给定碱当量范围内(3％～11％),碱矿渣砂浆的抗压强度与MgO碱当量近似呈现线性关系.MgO激发矿渣材料的水化产物主要是水滑石、托贝莫来石等C-S-H和方解石,随着龄期增长,水滑石、托贝莫来石型C-S-H结晶程度逐渐提高.随着MgO碱当量增大,碱矿渣砂浆28 d孔结构不断粗化,孔隙率不断降低,最小孔径均大于10 nm.研究结果可为MgO基碱矿渣材料的理论研究提供参考.