Role of Structure and Acidic Nature on Catalytic Behavior of Nickel Supported H-mordenite,H-ZSM-5, and γ–alumina Catalysts

Abstract

Nickel metal was loaded in different percentages (7, 10, and 13% w/w) on different supports (H-mordenite, H-ZSM-5, and γ–alumina). The prepared catalyst samples were tested in cyclohexane conversion using microreactor pulse technique. Structure was followed up by XRD analysis. Chemisorption of tert-butylamine (TBA) was adopted for estimating the number of surface acid sites. It was found that all prepared samples displayed cracking activity, being mostly related to the fraction of acid sites remaining on the surface after coverage with supported Ni atoms. H-mordenite-supported samples exhibited mainly isomerization functionality by showing a larger portion of surface acid sites. H-ZSM-5-supported samples showed higher dehydrogenation activity. Agglomeration seemed to be responsible for lower activity of the sample of higher Ni content. The formed NiOOH phase was suggested to be responsible for increased dehydrogenation activity on H-ZSM-5 samples and increased cracking activity on γ–alumina-supported samples of higher Ni content.     

Influence of Polyalkylmethacrylate VIIs on Boundary Film Formation,Friction,Wear and Efficiency of Lubricants

Polyalkylmethacrylates (PAMAs) are well-known as viscosity index improvers and dispersant boosters. This paper shows that PAMAs are able to adsorb from oil solution on to metal surfaces, to produce thick, viscous boundary films.These films enhance lubricant film formation in slow speed and high temperature conditions and thus produce a significant reduction of friction. A systematic study of this phenomenon has made use of the highly flexible nature of PAMA chemistry. A range of dispersant and non-dispersant polymethacrylates has been synthesized. The influence of different functionalities, molecular weights and architectures on both boundary film formation and friction has been explored using optical interferometry and friction-speed charting. From the results, guidelines have been developed for designing PAMAs having optimal boundary lubricating properties.Through their ability to form boundary films PAMAs can significantly contribute to reduce wear in engine, gear and hydraulic lubrication. As a consequence of their viscometric and tribological performance PAMAs can furthermore improve fuel and energy efficiency in different, namely engine and hydraulic applications.Extensive work is currently conducted in the lubricant industry to develop engine oils with lower sulfur, phosphorus and metal content (low SAPS) and to optimize their frictional properties through the use of friction modifiers or synthetic base stocks. We have investigated the contribution of PAMA viscosity index improvers and boosters to improve fuel economy and to reduce wear levels. This paper reports our efforts to develop a new range of PAMAs that have been optimized in terms of composition, architecture, molecular weight and functionality and which can be used in low viscosity, low SAPS formulations to help meet the stringent requirements of modern engine oils.     

Influence of Polyalkylmethacrylate VII on Boundary Film Formation,Friction,Wear and Efficiency of Lubricants

1 Influence of PAMAon Boundary Fil mFormation and Friction1.1 Experi mental methodsUltra-thin optical interferometry has been used tostudy thinlubricating fil ms for more than a decade and theexperi mental details of this technique have been reportedpreviously[1].The principle of the test setup is shown inFigure1.A polished steel ball is loaded and rolled againstthe flat surface of a glass disc that is coated with a thinsemi-reflecting chromiumlayer and a silica spacer of about500nmthickne…     

The Prediction of Distribution of Temperature,Pressure, Density,and Velocity in High-Temperature–High-Pressure Gas Wells

Abstract

In this article, we present a coupled system model of differential equations concerning pressure, temperature, density, and velocity in high-temperature–high-pressure wells, according to mass, momentum, and energy balances. We present an algorithm solution model, along with the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method. The basic data of well X (high-temperature–high-pressure gas well), 7,100 m deep, in China, is used for case history calculations and a sensitivity analysis is made for the model. Gas pressure, temperature, velocity, and density curve graphs along the depth of the well are plotted with different outputs, intuitively reflecting the gas flow law and the characteristics of heat transfer along a formation. The results can provide technical reliability in the process of designing well tests in high-temperature–high-pressure gas wells and a dynamic analysis of production.     

Sedimentary Characteristics and Evolution of Asri Basin,Indonesia,in Early Tertiary

1.Introduction The Asri basin is oval in shape,covering about2500km2from north to south.The maximum thickness at the depocenter is around18,000feet(5,500m).It is adjacent to the Hera basin in the west and to the Sunda basin in the southwest(Fig.1).Now it is under the Java sea.The basement consists of granites,granodiorites,marbles,schists and quartzites(Tonkin and Himawan,1999).In the early Tertiary,the eastern side of the basin was a steep slope controlled by syn-rifting,and the western s…     

Mild Hydrocracking—A Review of the Process,Catalysts, Reactions,Kinetics, and Advantages

Abstract

The demand for high quality middle distillates is increasing world wide while the demand for residue and fuel oil is decreasing. Hydrocracking is the major conversion process that meets the twin objectives of producing more middle distillates of very high quality. Since hydrocracking is a capital-intensive process, many refiners consider the option of converting their existing vacuum gas oil hydrotreating units into mild hydrocracking units. The use of mild hydrocracker bottom as FCC feedstock can improve the quality of FCC products. In view of the advantages of mild hydrocracking process, it is essential to understand the process, catalysts used, reactions, kinetics, and advantages. This article reviews recent literature on MHC process, various catalysts used, reactions involved and advantages of mild hydrocracking process in terms of improved product qualities and increased distillates. The kinetics of the mild hydrocracking process and kinetic challenges with respect to aromatic saturation have been summarized. The limitations of the process and future scope of work in this area are also discussed briefly.     

Consumers’ perception toward quality and safety of fishery products,Beijing, China

Consumers around the world increased consumption of fish and fish products in recent years due to recognition of their nutritional value. Frequent occurrences of food safety scares heightened public awareness causing significant reduction in the consumption of the affected products. Many countries, including China, implemented a traceability system to increase vertical coordination and guarantee safety in fish products. This paper aims to provide information on consumers’ awareness to quality and safety of fish products, purchasing behavior, and willingness to pay (WTP) for safe fish products in Beijing, China, based on a survey of consumers. The results show a shortage of safety knowledge among customers concerning fish products, including processing, storage, and the traceability system. The age of consumers, educational level, the perception safety and the average price, are the main determinants of Beijing consumer’s WTP for the traceable products. On average, consumers are willing to pay a 6% premium for safe, traceable fish products over the price of non-traced products of uncertain safety.     

Practising,Creating,Pioneering and Developing——An On-the-Spot Report of Changqing Exploration and Development Research Institute

The discovery of large gas fields lying in the middle of Shan-Gan-Ning Basin has attracted thewide concerns at home and abroad, which not only has made the oil-gas exploration and developmentinto a new stage at which oil-gas can be coordinately developed but also has been of far-reaching sig-nificance to the gas industry development and the economic construction in North and Northwest Chi-na. Changqing Exploration and Development Research Institute has been playing an important role asa main science research unit in the historic change period. Referring to the prospecting materials, the institute has been continously searching for the laws of     

Research on reservoir bed heterogeneity, interlayers and seal layers and controlling factors of 2＋3 sands of upper second member, Shahejie Formation, in the west of the Pucheng Oilfield

Terminal fans have formed the sedimentary system of the 2＋3 sands of the upper second member, Shahejie formation in the west of the Pucheng Oilfield, Bohai Bay Basin, East China. Based on well logging data and physical properties of the reservoir beds, the 2＋3 sands were divided into 16 sublayers. The heterogeneity of reservoir beds and distribution of interlayers and seal layers in the 2＋3 sands were investigated. The intra-layer heterogeneity and inter-layer heterogeneity primarily belong to the severely heterogeneous classification. The spatial differentiation of sedimentary microfacies resulted in a change of reservoir bed heterogeneity, strong in the middle and southern parts, weak in the northern part. Spatial distribution of interlayers and seal layers is dominated by sedimentary microfacies, and they are thick in north-eastern and middle parts, thin in the south-western part.     

Synthesis, characterization and catalytic properties of Y-β zeolite composites

Y-β zeolite composites were hydrothermally synthesized by using high silica Y zeolite as the precursor and characterized by XRD,N2 adsorption,SEM and IR spectra of pyridine.The result showed that the N2 adsorption-desorption isotherm of the zeolite composites had a distinct hysteresis loop,and the SEM result showed that the zeolite composites had a different morphology from Y,β and the corresponding physical zeolite mixture.The acid catalytic performance of the zeolite composite catalysts was investigated in the hydrocracking and hydroisomerization of n-octane,and the results showed that the composite materials exhibited an excellent hydrocracking activity and good hydroisomerization performance.The yield of i-C4 over the zeolite composite catalyst was 4.45% higher than that on the corresponding zeolite mixture in the n-octane hydrocracking process at 553 K.The isomerization ability of n-octane over the composite catalyst was 3.6 fold that of the corresponding mixture at 503 K.     

Synthesis and Characterization of Homo Polymer of Acrylate of Mixed Alcohols (Decyl,Dodecyl, and Myristyl Alcohol)—A Potential Pour Point Depressant for Lubricating Oils

Polymer of the acrylate of a mixture of three different alcohols, decyl alcohol, dodecyl alcohol, and myristyl alcohol, and the respective homopolymers, poly(decylacrylate), poly(dodecylacrylate), and poly(myristylacrylate), were synthesized, characterized, and evaluated for their performances (oil thickening and pour point depression property) as lube oil additive. The viscosity measurements of the synthesized polymers in the toluene solution at 313 K were performed and compared.     

Prediction of the Dryness Fraction of Gas,Pressure, and Temperature in High Temperature–High Pressure Injection Wells

Abstract

The authors give a coupled system model of differential equations concerning dryness fraction of gas, pressure, and temperature in high temperature–high pressure steam injection wells according to mass, momentum, and energy balances. They present an algorithm solution model, along with the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method. The basic data from a high temperature–high pressure gas wells (7,100 m deep) in China were used for a case history calculation and a sensitivity analysis was also carried out. The gas flow law and the characteristic of heat transfer in formation were intuitively reflected in the algorithm and simulation. The results provide some technical insight in the process of designing well testing in high temperature–high pressure gas wells and the dynamic analysis of injection.     

The Friction-Reducing, Antiwear and Antioxidation Properties of an Organo-Molybdenum Lube Additive without Sulfur and Phosphorus

The engine oil specifications of ILSAC GF - 4 （ implemented 2004 ） and GF - 5 （ expected 2010 ） have in common three important OEM needs： （1） improved fuel economy and its retention, （2） emissions system compatibility （related to phosphorus and sulfur content）, and （3） improved oil robustness for extended oil life capability （e. g., reduced high temperature deposits and engine sludge, improved oxidative stability, and better valve train wear protec- tion）. For emission systems compatibility, there is a trend towards lower phosphorus and sulfur content in engine oils while maintaining high anti - oxidation and anti - wear performances. In this paper, the friction - reducing, antiwear and antioxidant properties of a sulfurfree and phosphorusfree molybdate ester compound as lubricant additive are discussed. The investigation showed that the molybdate ester enables good frictionreducing ability of the lubricant, and maintains low friction coefficients even after period of severe oil oxidation, which indicates the potential for excellent fuel economy retention in passenger car vehicles. For other organomolybdenum additives, the investigation showed their frictionreducing ability decreased greatly after oxidation of the oil, although the performance appeared to be very good with the fresh oil before aging. In addition, the molybdate ester demonstrated a synergistic effect in anti - wear protection with zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate （ZDDP）, a well- known commonly used additive in engine oils; this suggests that excellent wear protection is possible for an engine oil with reduced sulfur and phosphorus content. Moreover, the molybdate ester is also a strong synergist with arylamine antioxidants, which can retard its depletion in oxidized oil, extend its oxidative induction time, and reduce its high temperature deposit - forming tendency. Thus, this type of sulfur - free and phosphorus - free organo- molybdenum lubricant additive truly provides multifunctional performances, reducing friction, wear, and oxidation of an engine oil when combined with other suitable additives. Due to its phosphorus - free, sulfur- free and multifunctional properties, the molybdate ester compound can be extremely useful in formulat- ing modem engine oils with low phosphorus and sulfur content.     

Diagenesis and Its Effect on Reservoir Quality of Silurian Sandstones,Tabei Area,Tarim Basin,China

The diagenetic processes of the Tabei sandstones in the Tarim Basin include compaction, cementation (quartz overgrowths, calcite, clay minerals and a minor amount of pyrite), and dissolution of the feldspar and calcite cement. Porosity was reduced by compaction from an assumed original 40% to about 22.1%. Cementation reduced porosity to 26.6%. The Tabei sandstones lost a little more porosity by compaction than by cementation. Quartz cementation, especially syntaxial quartz overgrowth, is a major cause of porosity-loss in many reservoirs in moderately to deeply buried sandstone. Calcite cementation played a key role in the porosity evolution of sandstones. At the early stage of burial, the early calcite cement occupied most of the pore spaces resulting in significant porosity. On the other hand, some primary porosity has been preserved due to incomplete filling or the presence of scattered patches of calcite cement. In addition to calcite, several clay minerals, including illite and chlorite occurred as pore-filling and pore-lining cements. The pore-lining chlorite may have helped in retaining the porosity by preventing the precipitation of syntaxial quartz overgrowths. Illite, which largely occurred as hair-like rims around the grains and bridges on the pore throats, caused a substantial deterioration of penetrability of the reservoir. Calcite cement dissolution was extensive and contributed significantly to the development of secondary porosity.     

Significance of Coal Seam in Recognition of Sequence Boundaries and Systems Tract of the Jurassic in East Fukang Slope, Junggar Basin, China

1. Introduction The East Fukang Slope is located in the east of the Changji Sag and on the junction of the middle-south of the Zhangbei Fault-fold Zone and the Baijiahai Salient in the northeast of the Junggar Basin, Northwest China, with an area of about 5,000 square kilometres (Fig. 1). When the Jurassic was deposited, a huge slope with a north-south dip was formed, which consisted of the Wucaiwan Sag, front of the Kelameili Mountain piedmont, the Baijiahai Salient and the East Fuka…     

Investigation of the synergistic effect of alumina nanofluids and surfactant on oil recovery – Interfacial tension,emulsion stability and viscosity reduction of heavy oil

In order to understand the synergistic effect of surfactants and nanofluids on enhancing recovery, hydrophilic and hydrophobic alumina nanomaterials were prepared for alumina nanofluids with surfactants. Oil-water interfacial tension and emulsion stability were investigated. The experimental results showed that nanofluids cooperated with surfactants could reduce oil-water interfacial tension in the proper concentration range, Nanoparticles decreased the average size of droplets, and restrained creaming and coalescence, therefore stabilizing the emulsion. The effect of nanofluids on the viscosity of heavy oil was also tested. The results indicated that the viscosity of heavy oil with surfactants was reduced by 42.8% when nanofluids were added at the shear rate of 10 s^?1.     

Sulfidation of Ni, Mo-Containing Y Zeolites and Reactivity for Thiophene Hydrodesulfurization

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Formation and Accumulation of Hydrocarbons in the Central Uplift,Dongying Depression

1. Introduction The Central Uplift discussed is located in the center of the Dongying Depression, Bohai Bay Basin, which is one of the most important petroliferous areas in China. It borders the Lijin Sag in the west and south, and is bounded by the Niuzhuang and Minfeng sags in the east and northeast respectively. There are multiple source rocks providing oils for the Uplift, with different types of hydrocarbon genesis due to the special geological background (Liu, et al., 2004). The Up…     

Organic richness,kerogen types and maturity in the shales of the Dakhla and Duwi formations in Abu Tartur area,Western Desert,Egypt: Implication of Rock–Eval pyrolysis

The objective of this study is to assess the organic material for petroleum potential and characterize the relationships between organic material, thermal maturity, and the depositional environments. This is done using “14” samples from the shales of the Dakhla and Duwi formations in Abu Tartur area. The samples have been analyzed using the geochemical method of Rock–Eval pyrolysis. The analysis shows that the total organic carbon content lies between 0.56 and 1.96 wt%. It also shows that kerogen is a mixture of type II and III that is dominant, and is deposited in the shallow and restricted marine environment under prevailing reducing conditions. This type of kerogen is prone to oil and oil/gas production. The geochemical diagrams show that all the studied samples have good thermal maturation. The Dakhla and Duwi formations which have been divided into all zones are mature (have T_max over 435 °C), and have organic carbon content located at the oil window (T_max between 435 and 443 °C).