常规与非常规油气聚集类型、特征、机理及展望——以中国致密油和致密气为例

油气勘探开发领域从常规油气向非常规油气跨越,是石油工业发展的必然趋势,二者在油气类型、地质特征及聚集机理等方面明显不同。常规油气研究的灵魂是成藏,目标是回答圈闭是否有油气;非常规油气研究的灵魂是储层,目标是回答储集有多少油气。非常规油气主要表现在连续分布、无自然工业产量。目前,常规油气面临非常规的问题,非常规需要发展成新的"常规"。伴随技术的进步,非常规可向常规转化。常规油气聚集包括构造油气藏、岩性-地层油气藏,油气以孤立的单体式或较大范围的集群式展布,圈闭界限明显,储集体发育毫米级—微米级孔喉系统,浮力成藏。非常规油气聚集包括致密砂岩油和气、致密碳酸盐岩油和气、页岩油和气等,一般源储共生,大面积连续或准连续分布于盆地斜坡或中心,圈闭界限不明显,页岩系统储集体广泛发育纳米级孔喉,浮力作用受限,油气以原位滞留或短距离运移为主。以中国重点盆地致密油和致密气为例,系统分析了其地质特征与勘探潜力。非常规油气储集空间主体为纳米级孔喉系统,局部发育微米—毫米级孔隙,其中页岩气储层孔径为5～200nm,致密灰岩油储层孔径为40～500nm,致密砂岩油储层孔径为50～900nm,致密砂岩气储层孔径为40～700nm。针对全球石油工业和纳米等技术的快速发展,提出了"纳米油气"的概念,指出"纳米油气"是未来石油工业的发展方向,需要发展纳米油气透视观测镜、纳米油气驱替剂、纳米油气开采机器人等换代技术,油气智能化时代将随之到来。     

Changes in the properties of conventional crude oil before and after CO2 flooding

Abstract

In order to enhance oil recovery of a conventional oil reservoir by CO₂ flooding, the changes in the properties of the crude oil before and after CO₂ flooding are systematically investigated by on-site sampling and experimental testing. The results show that, after CO₂ flooding, the light hydrocarbons of the produced crude oil is increased and the heavy hydrocarbons of the produced crude oil is decreased due to the deposition of resins and asphaltenes in the pores of the formation. In addition, the produced fluid (a mixture of oil and water) has a high water separation rate, the oil- water interface has a high tension value, and the crude oil has a high acid value and a low viscosity. The conclusions can provide a certain guidance for high-efficiency development of a conventional oil reservoir by CO₂ flooding.     

准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷风城组常规-非常规油气有序共生与全油气系统成藏模式

基于地质、地震及钻测井新资料,对准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷下二叠统风城组全油气系统形成的基本条件、常规-非常规油藏有序共生特征以及成藏模式进行系统研究。结果表明,受风城组碱湖优质烃源岩热演化及其生排烃过程、多类型(砾岩、砂岩、白云岩、泥页岩)储集层特征的控制,形成了常规构造-岩性油藏及受源储结构控制的致密油和页岩油。平面上,自玛湖凹陷周缘斜坡区向凹陷区,呈现成熟常规油藏—中高成熟致密油—中高成熟页岩油的有序共生特征。基于风城组常规-非常规油藏有序共生特征,明确风城组油气具有大面积连续聚集的特点,存在源储一体、源储紧邻、源储分离3类成藏模式,3类成藏模式在源储结构、储集层岩性及其空间分布、烃类运移特征、油气类型等方面存在差异。明确了准噶尔盆地应加快统筹常规-非常规油气整体布控与一体化推进,实现全油气系统的整体突破。进一步丰富陆相含油气盆地油气富集地质理论,以期为其他富烃凹陷的勘探研究做类比参考。     

从常规与非常规油气成藏的正相关性角度预测有利区——以孤岛1号凹隆域低部位为例

前人对于如何通过已发现常规油气藏预测未发现非常规油气藏的研究不足。根据常规油气藏与烃源岩层系的非常规油气藏的成藏正相关性,结合凹隆域分布、断层活动性、砂体展布、油气来源及运移路径研究,提出基于相关性油气藏范围的非常规油气藏有利区预测方法。首先,对某一区域从凹隆域岩层的组合构造、烃源岩层系砂体展布、油气来源及运移路径4个方面进行相关性基础研究;然后,将已发现油气藏分布、油气来源研究结果与基础研究结果结合,综合判断相关性油气藏范围;最后,对范围中未发现油气藏的区域进行有利区预测,其中烃源岩发育且存在有利砂岩、砂泥互层、裂缝性泥页岩储层的区域均为有利区。在有利区存在叠置或相邻的烃源岩层系油气藏、有利区紧邻断层且上覆层系发育油气来自断层的油气藏这2种情况下的油气成藏条件最为有利。     

物理法采油中振动频率与地质条件的关系研究

物理法采油技术研究大都偏重于现场试验,对其机理及规律性的认识仍停留在感性认识与定性解释的水平上,其工艺设计仅凭经验,导致了现场应用在一定程度上的盲目性,影响应用效果。为此,通过模拟试验装置模拟现场工况,分析测试结果后知,不同频率的振动对渗透率的影响不同,在模拟的频率段内,50 Hz的处理效果最好,20 Hz的处理效果最差;低频振动解堵的适应范围较宽,中高渗透层因颗粒堵塞较严重的井,解堵效果理想,而且解堵半径在30cm;各种频率的有效解堵时间25 min,考虑实际工况较复杂,可以适当延长处理时间。     

Degradation of benzothiophene in diesel oil by LaZnAl layered double hydroxide: photocatalytic performance and mechanism

A new type of photocatalytic La~(3+)–Zn~(2+)–Al~(3+)–MoO_4~(2-) layered double hydroxide(LDH) material(molar ratio, La/Zn/Al = 1:7:2) was prepared by a complexing agent-assisted homogeneous precipitation technique. The structure of the prepared LDH material was systematically studied. Under UV irradiation, the desulfurization efficiency of the LDH material was 87% in 2 h. For La~(3+)–Zn~(2+)–Al~(3+)–MoO_4~(2-) LDH material, the introduction of MoO_4~(2-) increased the interlayer space for promoting the adsorption of benzothiophene(BT), and MoO_4~(2-) might provide active sites for the oxidation of BT, resulting in the high desulfurization efficiency.     

浅薄层特、超稠油注蒸汽吞吐后剩余油分布研究

河南油田的浅薄层特、超稠油油藏注蒸汽吞吐后,,采收率只有15％～18％,要进一步提高资源利用程度,关键是查明蒸汽吞吐后浅薄层稠油剩余油分布规律。蒸汽吞吐后水淹层岩心和电性特征变化明显,根据岩电关系的研究,建立了一套快速、直观的声液时差深侧向电阻率图版水淹层测井解释方法,有效结合矿场测试、动态分析、油藏数值模拟技术和地质综合分析方法,揭示了剩余油分布特征。超稠油油层纵向有3种水淹模式：中厚层均匀韵律油层顶部水淹,薄互层复合韵律油层中部水淹,薄互层正韵律油层底部水淹;平面上剩余油富集区有4种类型：低井网控制程度的剩余油富集区,低采出程度的剩余油富集区,不同微相控制的剩余油富集区,地层倾角影响造成的剩余油富集区。图3表1参6     

Effect of UV-C treatment on the microbial population of white and red wines,as revealed by conventional plating and PMA-qPCR methods

Ultraviolet C (UV-C) irradiation is one of the emerging techniques for the inactivation of microorganisms in liquid food products, and it holds considerable promise also for treatment of wine. This application can be of particular interest to reduce or even eliminate the use of sulphur dioxide as a preservative in winemaking, given its potential health risks.In this study, UV-C light treatment was applied to ten different white and red wines during winemaking, for the first time at industrial scale, using a commercial turbulent flow system. The effect of 1.0 kJ/l dosage treatment on the viability of the natural microbial population, i.e., total yeasts, lactic acid bacteria and acetic acid bacteria, was investigated both with conventional plating and optimized specific propidium monoazide (PMA)-qPCR. Results of the two methods were mainly concordant for control and UV-C treated samples, and, in some cases, PMA-qPCR was able to detect small amounts of viable cells, probably in the VBNC state. Remarkably, PMA-qPCR allowed to obtain reliable results much faster than conventional plating methods.Data indicated that the UV-C irradiation was effective in reducing microbial counts for up to five log CFU/ml, depending on the wine (white or red) and on the microbial load of the sample. The treatment was much more effective in white wines: a statistically significant decrease was observed for putative spoilage-related bacteria, besides the most pronounced effect on yeast cells.Outcomes strongly support the applicability of UV-C treatment for white wine production, thanks to its efficacy towards all the microbial groups considered.     

Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) for simultaneous detection of DNA from sunflower,poppy, flaxseed,sesame and soy allergenic ingredients in commercial food products

This work describes a multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) technique for the simultaneous detection of five food allergens: sunflower, poppy, flaxseed, sesame and soy. Species-specific MLPA half-probes were designed to detect the DNA from the targeted species. Ligated probes were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and amplicons were detected using capillary electrophoresis. The specificity of the MLPA system was assessed against DNA from more than 50 plant and animal species. The limit of detection (LOD) of the assay was determined to be 10 mg kg⁻¹in a model cookie experimentally spiked with different concentrations of the target species. The applicability of the MLPA was demonstrated through the analysis of 56 different commercial products (breads, pastries, cereals, chocolates, drinks, etc.), evidencing the presence of one or more undeclared allergenic ingredients in some of the tested samples. Real-time PCR assays were also performed to confirm and complement MLPA results. The MLPA technique has proved as a qualified screening tool for determining the presence of low amounts of sunflower, poppy, flaxseed, sesame and soy in processed foods.     

＂动静结合法＂在剩余油定量分布中的应用研究

在微构造、沉积微相、水淹测井解释综合研究的基础上,应用先进的三维地质建模、数值模拟软件系统对文79断块异常高压低渗透油藏高含水期剩余油分布进行了深入研究,实现了储层建模数值模拟静动态剩余油定量分布研究一体化,确定了剩余油分布位置和数量,提出了针对性的剩余油挖潜措施。实施结果符合程度较高,进一步证明油藏在开发后期采用储层建模——数值模拟静动态结合法进行剩余油分布定量研究的有效性和重要性。     

Feasibility study on application of the recent enhanced heavy oil recovery methods (VAPEX,SAGD, CAGD and THAI) in an Iranian heavy oil reservoir

Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods assisted by gravity drainage mechanism and application of sophisticated horizontal wells bring new hope for heavy oil extraction. Variety of thermal and non-thermal EOR techniques inject an external source of energy and materials such as steam, solvent vapor, or gas through a horizontal well at the top of the reservoir to reduce in-situ heavy oil viscosity. So, the diluted oil becomes mobile and flows downwards by gravity drainage to a horizontal producer located at the bottom of the reservoir.

In this paper, a sector model of an Iranian fractured carbonate heavy oil reservoir was provided to simulate and evaluate capability of some EOR techniques such as Vapor Extraction (VAPEX), Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD), Combustion Assisted Gravity Drainage (CAGD), and Toe to Heel Air Injection (THAI) at its reservoir conditions and fluid properties. The simulation results demonstrated that wet CAGD in comparison with other nominated methods could improve heavy oil recovery factor to around 19% much more than each of SAGD, THAI, and VAPEX techniques. It could also reduce the total energy to produced oil ratio index up to 82% with respect to SAGD process in a year.

Although lower oil recovery has been gained by VAPEX process, but using a proper vaporized solvent could produce a kind of de-asphalted and upgraded oil with increased API gravity up to 29°API with no considerable solvent loss.     

鄂尔多斯盆地三叠系延长组8段非常规油藏成因与成藏模式——以盆地东南部甘泉西区为例

鄂尔多斯盆地延长组8段（长8段）剩余油资源量约为21.5×10⁸t,页岩油、致密油复合成藏控因与分布规律等研究较为薄弱,制约着盆地非常规油藏的勘探与发现。通过鄂尔多斯盆地东南部甘泉西区岩心、测井、烃源岩评价、实验模拟等测试资料,深化了生-储-盖组合、输导体系与成藏机理等研究。甘泉西区烃源岩总排烃量为14.1×10⁸t,构造演化控制了多套烃源岩与多类型砂岩储层的交互分布。发育长8段源内砂岩薄夹层型、长8段-长7段源内砂岩薄夹层型、长8₂小层源储近邻型与长8₁小层源储近邻型4种有利生-储-盖组合,其中页岩油藏以"源储一体式"Ⅰ、Ⅱ型配置为主,致密油藏以"源储近邻式"Ⅲ、Ⅳ型配置为主。储层品质与原油充注程度控制着地质储量及可采储量规模,是形成非常规油藏地质"甜点"的关键。建立了非常规油藏多源多储有序复合成藏模式,即"多源生烃增压,驱动多向供烃,裂隙网络联合输导,多储差异充注"。页岩油主要以游离态聚集于烃源岩层系储集性能优良的滩坝砂岩薄夹层,属烃源岩层系内一次运聚成藏;少量页岩油以吸附态滞留于源内粉砂质纹层或以游离态赋存于页理缝孔隙中,属原位成藏。致密油以游离态聚集于烃源岩层系外储-盖配置优越的砂体中,属近源短距离二次运聚成藏。页岩油与致密油时空有序运聚、连续复式成藏,呈局部"甜点"富集、垂向叠置发育、区域集群分布。在有序复合成藏模式的指导下,发现了甘泉西区亿吨级大油田,表明鄂尔多斯盆地长8段非常规石油潜力巨大。陆相坳陷型湖盆沉降中心周缘的三角洲前缘水下分流河道砂岩与湖相泥页岩及滩坝砂岩交互沉积区是页岩油、致密油的有利发育区带。     

辽东湾凹陷石油运聚成藏过程中运载层残留油量计算关键参数的求取

以辽东湾凹陷为例,针对古近系沙河街组一、二段储层,通过地质统计方法及储层残留烃量与储层物性等数据的地质分析,根据油气在烃源灶内和灶外的残留特征,结合运载层油柱浮力与孔隙毛管压力的关系,确定残留油柱高度,并对运载层残留油量进行了计算.结果表明,辽东湾凹陷沙河街组一、二段运载层残留油量在1.84×10⁸～2.59×10⁸t,约占排烃量的7.4%～10.4%.储层滞留烃是油气二次运移过程中的主要损耗方式,残留油量计算模型关键参数的获得对于预测结果的准确性具有重要的影响.     

Degradation of AFB1 in aqueous medium by electron beam irradiation: Kinetics,pathway and toxicology

The degradation study of aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) in aqueous medium was performed under electron beam irradiation (EBI) at various AFB₁ initial concentrations. It has been proven that the degradation of AFB₁ in the selected ranges of concentrations follows pseudo first-order reaction kinetics well (R² > 0.95). Five degradation products of AFB₁ in aqueous solution were identified by UPLC-Q-TOF/MS, and the possible degradation pathway was proposed. The Ames and cytotoxicity tests were employed to evaluate the toxicity of the AFB₁ degradation products in aqueous solution, and the results indicated that the mutagenicity and cytotoxicity of EBI treated samples decreased significantly compared with that of untreated samples, but were not completely disappeared. The study provided clues involving the application of EBI methods in AFB₁ decontamination.     

Inhibition of food poisoning and pathogenic bacteria by Lactobacillus plantarum strain 2.9 isolated from ben saalga, both in a culture medium and in food

The bacteriocinogenic strain Lactobacillus plantarum 2.9 isolated from the traditional pearl millet-based African fermented food ben saalga was tested for inhibition of food poisoning and pathogenic bacteria in MRS broth and in a malted millet flour slurry. In MRS broth, strain 2.9 completely eliminated Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica cells within 48 h incubation at 22–30 °C. A much lower inhibition was observed at 15 °C. The inhibitory effect of strain 2.9 on the above-mentioned target bacteria was corroborated in the malted millet flour slurry, reducing viable cell counts below detection levels after 8 h storage for B. cereus or after 24 h for S. enterica and 48 h for E. coli. An Enterobacter aerogenes strain was only moderately inhibited in the slurry. Results from the present study suggest that strain 2.9 could be used as starter culture to improve the microbiological safety of fermented ben saalga.     

垦71地区转换波油气检测技术研究

利用常规纵波地震检测油气多解性较大,而转换波地震资料中随方位角变化的横波分裂现象与地层孔隙压力变化密切相关。对垦71地区转换横波分裂产生的时移、振幅特性及时差谱与油水关系的分析表明,利用多波多分量地震资料能提高油气藏预测的可靠性。     

微波消解原子吸收光谱法测定催化裂化原料油中铁、铜、镍、钒

采用微波消解技术处理催化裂化原料油,制备水相样品溶液,用原子吸收光谱法测定样品中的铁、铜、镍、钒。试验采用加镧抑制剂的方法消除了测定过程中共存元素的干扰。各元素的回收率均在96%～105%之间,相对标准偏差均小于5%。