Usage of industrial by-products to produce plain concrete elements

This paper describes the results of research aimed at studying the possible usage of bottom ash (BA) and granulated blast-furnace slag (GBFS) in production of plain concrete elements. Sufficient number of briquettes, paving blocks and kerbs specimens containing GBFS and BA as fine aggregate replacement were produced in laboratory. Then, some of tests were conducted for investigating durability and mechanical properties of these specimens. Unit weight, compression strength and freeze–thaw tests were conducted for briquette specimens. Compression strength, freeze–thaw, water absorption and surface abrasion tests were conducted for paving blocks. Surface abrasion and flexural tensile strength tests were conducted for kerb specimens. While compression strength was decreased slightly, durability characteristics such as resistance of freeze–thaw and abrasion were improved. The results showed that usage of partially fine aggregate of these industrial by-products has more beneficial effects on durability characteristics of plain concrete elements.     

恶劣环境下机制砂混凝土的强度和耐久性能

在对原材料进行性能测试和混凝土配合比试验的基础上,对C30机制砂混凝土开展了高温和冻融循环试验.对比研究了冻融循环、冻融循环后酸侵蚀和碱侵蚀3种情况下机制砂混凝土强度、相对动弹模量的变化规律;对比研究了高温、高温后酸侵蚀和碱侵蚀3种情况下机制砂混凝土强度、相对动弹模量的变化规律.结果表明:在试验温度和冻融次数范围内,机制砂混凝土在高温和冻融循环后抗压强度、相对动弹模量显著降低,并随温度和冻融循环次数的增加其降低幅度有增大趋势;机制砂混凝土在高温和冻融循环后,耐酸、碱侵蚀性能明显降低,温度越高、经受的冻融循环次数越多,其耐酸、碱侵蚀能力越低,且以耐酸侵蚀能力为最低.     

冻融循环下透水再生混凝土力学性能损伤分析

为研究冻融循环作用对透水再生混凝土力学性能的影响,采用快冻法进行了不同再生粗骨料取代率下的透水再生混凝土冻融试验,并测试相应阶段的动弹性模量、抗折强度和立方体抗压强度.试验结果表明:透水再生混凝土的相对动弹性模量、相对抗折强度和相对立方体抗压强度均随冻融循环次数或再生粗骨料取代率的增大而下降,衰减速率从大到小依次为:相对抗折强度、相对立方体抗压强度和相对动弹性模量.以动弹性模量为损伤变量,通过数据拟合发现,透水再生混凝土的相对抗折强度、相对立方体抗压强度与损伤度均可用指数函数表示,且相关性较好.     

Effect of limestone fines content in manufactured sand on durability of low- and high-strength concretes

This paper investigates the effect of limestone fines content in manufactured sand (MS) on compressive strength, chloride ion permeability and freeze–thaw resistance of both low- and high-strength concretes. The abrasion resistance of concretes and sulfate attack of mortars were also tested. The results show that for low-strength concretes, the increment of limestone fines from 0% to 20% improved the resistance to chloride ion penetration, but decreased the resistance to freezing. For high-strength concretes, the increment of limestone fines from 0% to 15% did not affect the chloride ion permeability and freeze–thaw resistance. Furthermore, the sulfate resistance was increased by the increment of limestone fines, and the amount of 7% and 10% fines resulted in the highest abrasion resistance. It can be concluded that the durable concretes can be made from MS with at least 10% limestone fines.     

Durability of lightweight concretes with lightweight fly ash aggregates

This paper presents the effects of aggregate properties such as strength, porosity, water absorption, bulk density and specific gravity on the strength and durability of lightweight fly ash aggregate concrete (LWAC). The influence of properties of four aggregates (sintered lightweight fly ash aggregates, cold-bonded lightweight fly ash aggregate and normalweight aggregate) on mechanical and durability properties of concrete is discussed. Experimental results revealed that durable high-strength air-entrained lightweight concretes could be produced using sintered or cold-bonded lightweight fly ash aggregates, having comparable performance with the normalweight concretes. The use of lightweight aggregates (LWA) instead of normalweight aggregates in concrete production decreased the strength and stiffness due to the higher porosity and lower strength of the aggregate included in the concrete. However, permeability of sintered fly ash aggregate lightweight concretes was comparable and slightly lower than normalweight concrete whereas permeability of cold-bonded fly ash lightweight concrete was greater than the others. All concretes had a durability factor greater than 85, which met the requirements by showing quite perfect resistance to freeze–thaw.     

矿渣混凝土的长期强度和抗冻融耐久性研究

通过试验研究,探讨了不同强度等级的矿渣混凝土和普通混凝土在７ ｄ,２８ ｄ,９０ ｄ,１８０ｄ,３６５ ｄ 龄期的抗压强度,研究了矿渣混凝土的抗冻融耐久性．试验表明,强度等级、养护条件、矿渣掺量等因素对矿渣混凝土的强度、抗冻融耐久性有着显著的影响;矿渣混凝土的抗冻融耐久性明显优于同等级的普通混凝土;矿渣掺量愈大,矿渣混凝土的抗冻融耐久性愈差     

冻融循环对再生混凝土砖砌体抗压性能的影响

基于国内人工气候模拟实验室,对24个再生混凝土砖砌体试件进行不同循环次数的冻融模拟试验,进而进行轴心抗压试验,研究了冻融循环次数对再生混凝土砖砌体抗压性能的影响.对比分析了砌体试件破坏形态、抗压强度、应力-应变关系随冻融循环次数增加的变化规律;建立了砌体试件抗压强度均值随冻融循环次数退化的关系式;通过对砌体试件实测应力-应变数据的拟合,得到了不同冻融循环次数下砌体试件的抗压本构关系曲线.所得结果可为冻融循环下在役砌体结构耐久性研究以及抗震性能评估提供理论基础.     

引气粉煤灰混凝土抗冻融耐久性的研究

通过试验研究,探讨了强度等级、引气量水平、水灰比等因素对普通混凝土和粉煤灰混凝土抗冻融耐久性的影响．研究指出,混凝土的引气量和强度是影响普通混凝土和粉煤灰混凝土抗冻性的决定因素．满足抗冻性要求的引气量取决于相应的混凝土强度等级．美国标准ＡＣＩ３１８—８３ 中对抗冻混凝土最小引气量、最大水灰比的限制,以及鲍尔氏（Ｐｏｗ ｅｒｓ）推荐的气泡间距指数（０．２５ ｍ ｍ ）都过于保守．给出了相应参数的推荐数值．     

多尺寸纤维透水混凝土性能试验研究

采用尺寸分别为6 mm、12 mm、20 mm的玄武岩纤维和聚丙烯纤维对粗骨料粒径为5~10 mm和10~20 mm的透水混凝土的透水系数、孔隙率、抗压强度、抗折强度以及冻融耐久性变化规律进行了分析,并与普通透水混凝土进行了对比。结果表明,纤维的掺入以及纤维尺寸的递增能够提升透水混凝土的力学性能和冻融耐久性;透水混凝土的透水性能、力学性能和冻融耐久性均随着骨料粒径的增大而增加;玄武岩纤维在增强透水混凝土性能方面优于聚丙烯纤维;尺寸为12 mm的玄武岩纤维和粒径为10~20 mm的骨料更适用于改善透水混凝土的性能。     

Long-term performance of recycled PET fibre-reinforced cement composites

This study investigated the long-term durability performance of recycled polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fibre-reinforced cement composites. Specifically, chloride permeability, repeated freeze–thaw, and various chemical environment tests were conducted. Five types of chemical environments were considered, alkaline, salt, CaCl₂, sulfuric acid, and sodium sulfate. Recycled PET fibre-reinforced cement composite was not different from plain concrete in terms of chloride permeability. The repeated freeze–thaw test results showed excellent endurance characteristics of recycled PET fibre-reinforced cement composite. Recycled PET fibre-reinforced cement composites showed reduced compressive strength in alkaline and sulfuric acid environments. However, recycled PET fibres and recycled PET fibre-reinforced cement composites were largely unaffected by salt, CaCl₂, and sodium sulfate environments.     

Freeze–thaw cycle test and damage mechanics models of alkali-activated slag concrete

Alkali-activated slag concrete (ASC) was prepared by using slag and Na₂SiO₃, NaOH complex activator. Freeze–thaw resistance, microstructure, performance mechanism, inner freeze–thaw damage distribution and mechanics models of ASC were investigated by freeze–thaw cycle, SEM and EDS tests. The experimental results show that ASC has excellent freeze–thaw resistance with frost-resisting grade of F300 at lowest; hydration products of ASC are mostly C–S–H(I) with low Ca/Si, alkaline aluminosilicate and zeolite mineral, it does not have Ca(OH)₂ and transition strip, compact degree and uniformity of structure are better, and its high compressive strength (90 MPa) also makes high freeze–thaw resistance, therefore, ASC has excellent freeze–thaw durability; freeze–thaw damage mechanics models of ASC were established by using relative dynamic elasticity modulus, dynamic elasticity modulus attenuation model is superior to accumulative freeze–thaw damage model, power function model is superior to exponential function model with better precision and relativity, and the models can reflect freeze–thaw damage rule and degree accurately.     

基于孔结构的单面冻后混凝土抗压强度模型研究

通过单面冻融试验,研究了介质和冻融循环次数对混凝土抗冻性能和微观孔结构的影响规律.使用盒维数建立了混凝土单面冻融循环后的孔径分布分形模型,分析了分形维数与抗压强度的关系,建立了基于复合孔参数、分形维数的多因素抗压强度模型.结果表明：在不同冻融介质条件下,混凝土表观形貌、质量损失、相对动弹性模量、抗压强度、抗冻耐久性系数和孔参数随着冻融循环次数的增加逐渐劣化,盐冻对混凝土损伤程度大于水冻;混凝土孔径分布分形维数随着冻融循环次数的增加逐渐减小;在单面冻融循环过程中,混凝土孔参数演化分为初期、中期、后期3个阶段,中、后期对冻融循环作用较敏感的孔参数分别为气孔平均弦长和气孔比表面积、含气量和气孔间距系数;多因素抗压强度模型与复合孔参数、分形维数之间的回归效果显著,可以准确地描述水、盐单面冻融循环前后混凝土抗压强度与孔结构的定量关系.     

Influence of physical and geometrical properties of granite and limestone aggregates on the durability of a C20/25 strength class concrete

This paper presents an experimental study to evaluate the influence of physical and geometrical properties of granite and limestone aggregates on the durability of a C20/25 strength class concrete. Different granite and limestone aggregates were collected from seven quarries. Physical, geometrical and mechanical properties of aggregates as well as the rock weathering state were quantify by several tests such as, abrasion, surface hardness, uniaxial compressive strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity, water absorption by capillarity, vacuum water absorption and oxygen permeability.

Using aggregates from each quarry, several C20/25 strength class concrete mixes have been produced, with the same workability and volume proportions. Concrete specimens have been cured under water for 90 days; after that time concrete durability parameters were obtained through tests such as, vacuum water absorption, capillarity water absorption, water permeability and oxygen permeability.

Relevant statistical correlations have been obtained between absorption and permeability test of rock material and rock deterioration state (weathering). Valid statistic correlation was also obtained between durability parameters as well as among aggregates geometrical properties and concrete durability parameters.     

Study on microstructure and mechanical property of interfacial transition zone between limestone aggregate and Sialite paste

The hydrating products as well as the microstructure at the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) between limestone aggregate and Sialite paste have been studied using XRD, SEM and EDAX methods. The inductive coupled plasma emission spectrometer (ICP) has been employed to investigate the solution phenomena of limestone by three kinds of different liquids. This paper reports the bonding strength of ITZ and the durability of Sialite concrete including water penetrability, chloride penetration, carbonated depth and freeze–thaw durability. It was found that Ca(OH)₂ crystals were not observed in the Sialite hydrating products at 28 days and at the ITZ. The interfacial bonding strength of Sialite was significantly stronger than that of ordinary Portland cement (OPC). The presence of rock-forming liquid comprising a variety of minerals was also effective in improving the interfacial bonding strengths between limestone aggregates and Sialite paste.     

白云石石屑混凝土试验研究

通过对比试验 ,研究了石屑混凝土的力学性能和耐久性。结果表明 :石屑混凝土的强度比普通混凝土高 ,弹性模量略大于普通混凝土 ;石屑混凝土的抗渗性和抗冻性明显要好于普通混凝土 ,碳化和钢筋锈蚀性能与普通混凝土相当。通过SEM分析认为 ,主要原因是石屑改善了混凝土的界面和孔结构 ,提高了混凝土的密实性 ,且碳酸钙细颗粒的晶核效应加速了C3S水化并避免了晶体的定向生长     

混凝土抗水冻融和抗盐冻融循环作用的相关性

以相对动弹性模量作为冻融损伤的评价指标,对比分析了人工砂混凝土试件在水和质量分数为3.5%的NaCl溶液2种冻融循环下的损伤程度,研究了混凝土抗水冻融与抗盐冻融循环作用之间的相关性,并基于渗透压理论,对其相关性进行了理论阐释.结果表明:抗水冻融和抗盐冻融循环次数之间具有线性相关性,且该线性相关性与混凝土的强度等级及石粉含量无关;进一步结合天然砂混凝土抗水冻融与抗盐冻融试验数据的分析,验证了该定量关系的普适性,即混凝土抗水冻融循环次数约为其抗盐冻融循环次数的2.8倍.     

Laboratory evaluation of permeability and strength of polymer-modified pervious concrete

Pervious concrete has been increasingly used to reduce the amount of runoff water and improve the water quality near pavements and parking lots. However, due to the significantly reduced strength associated with the high porosity, pervious concrete mixtures currently cannot be used in highway pavement structures. A laboratory experiment was conducted in this study to improve the strength properties of pervious concrete through the incorporation of latex polymer. This study focused on the balance between permeability and strength properties of polymer-modified pervious concrete (PMPC). In addition to latex, natural sand and fiber were included to enhance the strength properties of pervious concrete. The test results indicate that it was possible to produce pervious concrete mixture with acceptable permeability and strength through the combination of latex and sand.     

Properties of steel fiber reinforced fly ash concrete

This paper reports on a comprehensive study on the properties of concrete containing fly ash and steel fibers. Properties studied include unit weight and workability of fresh concrete, and compressive strength, flexural tensile strength, splitting tensile strength, elasticity modulus, sorptivity coefficient, drying shrinkage and freeze–thaw resistance of hardened concrete. Fly ash content used was 0%, 15% and 30% in mass basis, and fiber volume fraction was 0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% in volume basis. The laboratory results showed that steel fiber addition, either into Portland cement concrete or fly ash concrete, improve the tensile strength properties, drying shrinkage and freeze–thaw resistance. However, it reduced workability and increase sorptivity coefficient. Although fly ash replacement reduce strength properties, it improves workability, reduces drying shrinkage and increases freeze–thaw resistance of steel fiber reinforced concrete. The performed experiments show that the behaviour of fly ash concrete is similar to that of Portland cement concrete when fly ash is added.     

Deicer salt-scaling resistance of non-air-entrained roller-compacted concrete pavements

This paper investigates the effects of various pozzolans on the fresh and hardened performance of non-air-entraining, roller-compacted concrete pavement. Deicer salt-scaling resistance of the specimens was evaluated for freeze–thaw cycle conditions with either a long or a short freezing period. Water–cement ratios were 0.36 and 0.43. Natural pozzolan, fly ash and silica fume were used as partial replacements for the cement, by 8%, 20%, and 20%, respectively. The results showed that the pozzolans generally improved the consistency of the mixtures compared with reference samples. Introducing silica fume improved compressive strength and, particularly, salt-scaling resistance of the specimens. Salt scaling decreased as the duration of the freeze period in the freeze–thaw cycle decreased.     

混杂纤维增强混凝土耐久性试验研究

研究由碳（Ｃ）纤维与聚丙烯（Ｐ）纤维，钢（Ｓ）纤维与聚丙烯（Ｐ）纤维混杂增强砼（Ｃ－ＰＨＦＲＣ、Ｓ－ＰＨＦＲＣ）的耐久性能。试验结果证明，Ｃ－ＰＨＦＲＣ和Ｓ－ＰＨＦＲＣ抗渗性、抗冻性均明显高于基准砼，且在一定范围内随纤维体积率的增加，ＨＦＲＣ耐久性得到进一步的改善。