天然胶乳与丁苯胶乳并用胶乳的性能研究

研究了停放时间、并用比对天然胶乳与丁苯胶乳并用胶乳胶体性能的影响,并测试了天然胶乳与丁苯胶乳共混胶乳胶膜的物理机械性能;用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)和热重分析(TG-DTG)法,分析表征并用胶乳的热性能.结果表明:随着停放时间的延长,并用胶乳的黏度显著下降,表面张力下降幅度不明显;随着天然胶乳在并用胶乳中比重的增加,表面张力随之增加;随天然胶乳用量的增加,并用胶乳胶膜力学性能逐步提高.     

Biocompatibility studies of natural rubber latex from different tree clones and collection methods

Natural rubber latex (NRL) has several features that make it an excellent biomaterial to promote the growth and repair of tissues, skin and bones. Most of the research with NRL membranes uses a mixture of different clones and chemical preservatives in the collection process. In this study, we compared five clones that produce NRL, seeking to identify their differences in biocompatibility. The clones studied were RRIM 600, PB 235, GT1, PR 255 and IAN 873 commonly found in plantations in Brazil. We did also study the effect of ammonia used during latex collection. NRL membranes were prepared aseptically and sterilized. In the in vitro tests, the membranes remained in direct contact with mouse fibroblasts cells for three periods, 24, 48 and 72 h. In the in vivo tests, the membranes were implanted subcutaneously in rabbits. The results indicated the biocompatibility of the membranes obtained from all clones. Membranes from the clones RRIM 600 and IAN 873 induced greater cell proliferation, suggesting greater bioactivity. It was found that the membranes made from latex that was in contact with ammonia during collection, showed cytotoxic and genotoxic effects in cultures, as well as necrosis, and increased inflammatory cells in the rabbit’s tissues close to the implant.     

月桂酸钠对天然胶乳与丁苯胶乳并用胶乳性能的影响

研究了月桂酸钠的不同用量对天然胶乳与丁苯胶乳并用胶乳胶体性能与胶膜的物理机械性能的影响.结果表明:随着月桂酸钠在并用胶乳中用量的增加,并用胶乳的黏度下降,表面张力的变化不大;月桂酸钠在并用胶乳中的用量为0.2％,NRL/SBRL为90/10时,并用胶乳胶膜的物理机械性能最好.     

氧化壳聚糖-丝胶共价复合物在天然乳胶改性中的应用

采用高碘酸钾氧化壳聚糖的方法制备了一种水溶性氧化壳聚糖(OCS),将OCS与丝胶(SS)反应获得多糖-蛋白共价复合物,进一步将所得复合物和OCS分别与天然乳胶共混成膜,并对膜材料的力学性能、老化性能、耐溶剂性、抗菌性、表面形貌及水溶性蛋白含量(WSP)等进行了对比研究.结果表明:天然乳胶通过复合物改性成膜可导致诸多性能的改善,如抗菌性,膜表面更致密且平整,水溶性蛋白含量大幅下降.这些性能的改善使其作为医用薄膜材料具有更加广阔的应用前景.     

有机硅对天然乳胶的改性研究

采用复合阳离子型乳液聚合制备出一种带正电荷的有机硅乳液,通过杂凝聚共混和接枝两种不同的改性方法对带负电荷的天然乳胶进行改性,并比较了两种改性方法对胶膜力学性能、耐溶剂性、耐水性、表面形貌等的改性效果。结果表明,与纯天然乳胶膜相比,改性后胶膜的断裂伸长率均有提高,在石油醚中的增重率降低,表面水接触角增大,改性后胶膜的表面更加平整致密,其中共混改性对水接触角影响较大,接枝改性对力学性能、耐溶剂性、表面形貌的改性效果更为显著。其在工业生产医疗制品,如医用胶管、医用手套及避孕套等领域具有广泛的应用前景。     

过氧化物预硫化天然胶乳硫化反应的交联度及其医用胶乳制品热氧降解的研究

使用溶胀指数的测定方法研究叔丁基过氧化物预硫化天然胶乳(PPVL)胶膜硫化交联度,并采用热重分析法(TGA)研究空气状态下胶管试样热氧降解反应过程及其反应动力学.结果显示,过氧化物预硫化天然胶乳反应在70℃温度下硫化3.5h到达正硫点,此时胶膜溶胀指数为5.9.第一步热氧降解反应前,试样出现明显的吸氧增重现象,其最大热氧降解率Cp、最终热氧降解率Cf、反应活化能E和频率因子A均随β的增加而增大,表观活化能E0=107.5kJ/mol.     

High performance natural rubber/thermally reduced graphite oxide nanocomposites by latex technology

The latex technology is an innovative alternative for the preparation of composites of natural rubber (NR) and thermally reduced graphite oxide (TRGO). To achieve an improvement of material properties is indispensable to prepare stable suspensions of TRGO. In this work the influence of two surfactants, such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), as ionic, and Pluronic F 127 as non-ionic surfactant, on the dispersion of TRGO in NR latex and the mechanical and physical properties of the composites were studied. The results showed that the SDS surfactant is ideal for preparing latex NR/TRGO nanocomposite. An optimum dispersion of the nanoparticles in the polymer matrix was achieved in the presence of SDS, as reflected in a considerable improvement of the physical and mechanical properties of the material. Thus, the nanocomposites with 3 phr of TRGO exhibited an improvement of nearly 400% in the maximum strength and an electrical percolation threshold with values around 10⁻⁶ S/cm, above the static limit.     

改性天然胶乳/壳聚糖/明胶三元复合材料制备研究

采用正交试验方法,考察了原料的配比、交联剂的用量及交联温度等对复合材料性能的影响。较佳的制备工艺条件分别为改性天然胶乳/壳聚糖/明胶配比60/20/20,交联剂用量0.004%,交联温度60℃。随改性天然胶乳的加入,复合膜柔韧性增强,力学性能下降;壳聚糖对复合膜的力学性能贡献大于明胶。     

The use of natural rubber latex as a renewable and sustainable modifier of asphalt binder

Natural rubber (NR) powder as a bio-modifier of asphalt binder has been shown to have some beneficial effects. However, there is limited research into the use of the liquid form of NR, i.e. concentrated NR latex, as an asphalt binder modifier. Compared to NR powder, NR latex is cheaper and more accessible in some countries, and potentially creates viscosity-reducing foams in the modified binder during mixture production. In this research, asphalt binders modified with different amount of NR latex were systematically studied, including the rotational viscosities, rutting resistance, fatigue resistance, low-temperature behaviour and temperature sensitivity. The dispersion of the NR latex in the modified binders was examined using fluorescence microscope and atomic force microscope. Test results indicate that the addition of NR latex increases the viscosity and elastic recovery of the modified binders and potentially enhances asphalt pavements’ resistance to rutting, thermal cracking and fatigue damage. The NR latex also reduces the temperature sensitivity of the modified binders. The optimum NR latex content was found to be 7% of the total mass of the modified binder. A network of extensive microstructures mixed with bubbles was identified in the modified binders under heat. As a renewable and sustainable material, NR latex has the potential to be used as an effective asphalt modifier.     

全氟辛基季胺碘化物改性碳纳米管对天然橡胶胶乳性能的影响

用水溶性的阳离子表面活性剂全氟辛基季胺碘化物FC-134对碳纳米管进行非共价键改性,并用液相法制备改性碳纳米管/天然橡胶复合材料,研究了改性碳纳米管对天然橡胶复合材料的影响。结果表明,改性碳纳米管在水介质中具有很好的稳定性。佩恩效应表明,碳纳米管经过表面修饰增强了与橡胶的相互作用,降低了碳纳米管之间的相互作用。橡胶加工分析仪的结果表明,碳纳米管均匀地分散到复合材料中。与未改性碳纳米管/天然橡胶胶乳复合材料相比,改性碳纳米管/天然橡胶胶乳复合材料硫化胶的撕裂强度提高了65%,拉伸强度提高了29%。     

膨胀型阻燃剂对硫化天然胶乳胶膜力学性能和阻燃性能的影响

以聚磷酸铵(APP)、季戊四醇(PER)和三聚氰铵(MEL)组成膨胀型阻燃体系(IFR),考察阻燃剂配比及用量对硫化天然胶乳力学性能和阻燃性能的影响,并通过热重分析仪分析其热稳定性、扫描电镜(SEM)分析阻燃剂在胶乳中的分散效果。结果表明,添加PER和MEL的硫化胶膜力学性能很好,但阻燃性能较差;添加APP和IFR的硫化胶膜力学性能较差,但是阻燃性能很好;SEM观察发现APP与橡胶相容性差;热失重分析可知,改性的硫化胶膜比未改性的硫化胶膜的阻燃性好,且IFR改性硫化胶膜的阻燃效果是最好。     

Infrared spectroscopic studies of the interaction between natural rubber and chlorinated natural rubber

Abstracts are not published in this journal This revised version was published online in November 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effect of chitosan content on gel content of epoxized natural rubber grafted with chitosan in latex form

The epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) latex-g-chitosan (ENR-g-chitosan) was prepared in latex form using potassium persulphate as an initiator. Firstly, the reduction in molecular weight of chitosan was subjected to the addition of K₂S₂O₈ at 70 °C for 15 min. The structure of the modified chitosan was characterized by ATR-FTIR. Secondarily, the influence of chitosan contents, reaction time, and temperature and K₂S₂O₈ concentrations on the gel content of the modified ENR was investigated. The chemical structure of the ENR-g-chitosan was confirmed by ¹H-NMR and ATR-FTIR. The ether linkage of the ENR-g-chitosan was conformed at 1154 an 1089 cm^? 1 by ATR-FTIR and 3.60 ppm by ¹H-NMR. The gel content of ENR-g-chitosan at 5% chitosan showed the highest value compared with other samples. But when chitosan increased from 5% to 10% or 20%, the gel content of ENR-g-chitosan dramatically decreased. The ENR-g-chitosan showed good thermal resistance due to incorporation of chitosan. The morphology of ENR-g-chitosan particle showed the core-shell structure observed by TEM. The optimum condition of grafting ENR with chitosan was found at 65 °C for 3 h of reaction time, ratio of ENR/chitosan at 9:1.     

乳液共混法制备纳米SiO2/BIIR复合材料及其性能研究

采用溶液乳化法制备出了溴化丁基胶乳,并通过乳液共混法制备纳米SiO2/溴化丁基橡胶(BIIR)复合材料。结果表明,改性的纳米SiO2可以很好的分散在溴化丁基橡胶胶乳(BIIRL)中;通过涂布成型硫化后,纳米SiO2/BIIR复合材料具有良好的物理性能,其断裂伸长率、拉伸强度和拉伸断裂应力都得到了较大提高;在SiO2用量很少的情况下,气密性得到了显著的提高。     

Properties of GRC modified by styrene-butadiene rubber latex

The properties of cement composites made from alkali-resistant Cem-FIL glass fibres and Portland cement modified by styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) latex and kept in three different environments for up to 15 years are described. It is shown that the long-term weatherability of GRC composites is improved by the addition of SBR, the embrittlement of the material taking place at a slower rate in the presence of the polymer. In air storage SBR-modified GRC has remained strong and tough up to the period of study but in continuously wet environments the polymer did not reduce the extent of long-term strength loss in GRC in any significant way. A proportion of the cement in GRC modified by SBR can be replaced by pulverized fuel ash without sacrificing the improvements in the long-term weathered strength of the composite brought about by polymer addition.     

Elemental mapping in natural rubber latex films by electron energy loss spectroscopy associated with transmission electron microscopy

Element distribution maps from Hevea brasiliensis natural rubber latex thin films were obtained, by electron energy-loss spectroscopic imaging in a low-energy (80 kV) transmission electron microscope. C, N, O, P, Na, Ca, Mg, Al, Si, and S maps are presented for latex fractionated by centrifugation, either followed by dialysis or not. Most elements forming non-carbon compounds are concentrated in small, electron-dense spots surrounded by a carbon-rich matrix of polymer, thus showing that the rubber is filled with small particles compatible with the polyisoprene matrix. Ca distribution is unique, since it closely parallels the C distribution, evidencing an important role for -COO(-)-Ca2+-COO- ionic bridges in the structure of natural rubber.     

溶液乳化法制备溴化丁基胶乳的工艺研究

通过溶液乳化法制备了溴化丁基胶乳,使用激光粒度仪测试了不同工艺阶段胶乳的平均粒径,结果表明所制得的固含量约为50%的离心浓缩胶乳的平均粒径为0.645μm.并进一步研究了乳化剂用量和橡胶溶液浓度对胶乳产率的影响,从而确定了溴化丁基胶乳制备的最佳工艺条件.     

On the shrinking and hardening of EPDM rubber membranes in water sanitation filtration tanks

A water reclamation plant (WRP) uses a fine bubble-diffuser system to treat biological sewage waste. The process involves pumping air through slits in rubber membranes to feed bacteria in the waste stream. This case study deals with problems encountered with shrinking and hardening of the EPDM rubber membranes. Several factors affecting the performance of the rubber were investigated, including “leaching” of plasticizers, accelerated cross-linking due to the effects of temperature, and vulcanization effects on rubber flexibility. Different rubber materials were evaluated (i.e. silicone, Hypalon, Viton, neoprene, and a different formulation of the EPDM rubber). The investigation found that EPDM compound 7195 provided superior performance and met the required parameters for the wastewater treatment application. Additional investigations revolved around improving pumping losses in membrane through optimized perforation sizes and the inclusion of a cooling system (water misting or heat-exchanger) to cool the air before it reaches the membrane.     

环氧化天然橡胶改性石墨烯-炭黑/天然橡胶复合材料的制备及性能

以环氧化天然橡胶(ENR)为界面改性剂,制备了石墨烯-炭黑/天然橡胶-ENR(GR-CB/NR-ENR)复合材料,研究了ENR用量对GR-CB/NR-ENR复合材料的加工性能、力学性能和动态力学性能的影响。结果表明,ENR的加入可以改善GR-CB/NR-ENR复合材料的加工性能及CB粒子在天然橡胶基体中的分散性,增加GR与NR的相容性,增强填料与NR基体间的界面相容性,同时改善GR-CB/NR-ENR硫化胶的动态力学性能、物理性能和耐老化性能。当ENR添加量为6 wt%时,GR-CB/NR-ENR复合材料撕裂强度和拉伸强度最高,硫化胶耐老化性最好。随着ENR含量的增加,GR-CB/NR-ENR复合材料的压缩疲劳温度先升高后降低;随着应变的不断增大,GR-CB/NR-ENR复合材料的储能模量G'不断减小,损耗因子tanδ先增大后减小;动态模量随着应变的增加急剧下降。