Fault diagnosis in power transformers using multi-class logical analysis of data

This paper presents the implementation of a novel multi-class diagnostic technique for the detection and identification of faults based on an approach called logical analysis of data (LAD). LAD is a data mining, artificial intelligence approach that is based on pattern recognition. In the context of condition based maintenance (CBM), historical data containing condition indices and the state of the machine are the inputs to LAD. After training and testing phases, LAD generates patterns that characterize the faulty states according to the type of fault, and differentiate between these states and the normal state. These patterns are found by solving a mixed 0–1 integer linear programming problem. They are then used to detect and to identify a future unknown state of equipment. The diagnostic technique has already been tested on several known machine learning datasets. The results proved that the performance of this technique is comparable to other conventional approaches, such as neural network and support vector machine, with the added advantage of the clear interpretability of the generated patterns, which are rules characterizing the faults’ types. To demonstrate its merit in fault diagnosis, the technique is used in the detection and identification of faults in power transformers using dissolved gas analysis data. The paper reaches the conclusion that the multi-class LAD based fault detection and identification is a promising diagnostic approach in CBM.     

A statistically based fault detection and diagnosis approach for non-residential building water distribution systems

Large non-residential buildings can contain complex and often inefficient water distribution systems. As requirements for water increase due to water scarcity and industrialization, it has become increasingly important to effectively detect and diagnose faults in water distribution systems in large buildings. In many cases, if water supply is not impacted, faults in water distribution systems can go unnoticed. This can lead to unnecessary increases in water usage and associated energy due to pumping, treating, and heating water. The majority of fault detection and diagnosis studies in the water sector are limited to municipal water supply and leakage detection. The application of detection and diagnosis for faults in building water networks remains largely unexplored and the ability to identify and distinguish between routine and non-routine water usage at this scale remains a challenge. This study using case-study data, presents the application of principal component analysis and a multi-class support vector machine to detect and classify faults for non-residential building water networks. In the absence of a process model (which is typical for such water distribution systems), principal component analysis is proposed as a data-driven fault detection technique for building water distribution systems for the first time herein. Hotelling T²-statistics and Q-statistics were employed to detect abnormality within incoming data, and a multi-class support vector machine was trained for fault classification. Despite the relatively limited training data available from the case-study (which would reflect the situation in many buildings), meaningful faults were detected, and the technique proved successful in discriminating between various types of faults in the water distribution system. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is compared to a univariate threshold technique by comparison of their respective performance in the detection of faults that occurred in the case-study site. The results demonstrate the promising capabilities of the proposed fault detection and diagnosis approach. Such a strategy could provide a robust methodology that can be applied to buildings to reduce inefficient water use, reducing their life-cycle carbon footprint.     

Fault detection and diagnosis in process data using one-class support vector machines

In this paper, a new approach for fault detection and diagnosis based on One-Class Support Vector Machines (1-class SVM) has been proposed. The approach is based on a non-linear distance metric measured in a feature space. Just as in principal components analysis (PCA) and dynamic principal components analysis (DPCA), appropriate distance metrics and thresholds have been developed for fault detection. Fault diagnosis is then carried out using the SVM-recursive feature elimination (SVM-RFE) feature selection method. The efficacy of this method is demonstrated by applying it on the benchmark Tennessee Eastman problem and on an industrial real-time Semiconductor etch process dataset. The algorithm has been compared with conventional techniques such as PCA and DPCA in terms of performance measures such as false alarm rates, detection latency and fault detection rates. It is shown that the proposed algorithm outperformed PCA and DPCA both in terms of detection and diagnosis of faults.     

An approach to fault diagnosis of reciprocating compressor valves using Teager–Kaiser energy operator and deep belief networks

This paper presents an approach to implement vibration, pressure, and current signals for fault diagnosis of the valves in reciprocating compressors. Due to the complexity of structure and motion of such compressor, the acquired vibration signal normally involves transient impacts and noise. This causes the useful information to be corrupted and difficulty in accurately diagnosing the faults with traditional methods. To reveal the fault patterns contained in this signal, the Teager–Kaiser energy operation (TKEO) is proposed to estimate the amplitude envelopes. In case of pressure and current, the random noise is removed by using a denoising method based on wavelet transform. Subsequently, statistical measures are extracted from all signals to represent the characteristics of the valve conditions. In order to classify the faults of compressor valves, a new type of learning architecture for deep generative model called deep belief networks (DBNs) is applied. DBN employs a hierarchical structure with multiple stacked restricted Boltzmann machines (RBMs) and works through a greedy layer-by-layer learning algorithm. In pattern recognition research areas, DBN has proved to be very effective and provided with high performance for binary values. However, for implementing DBN to fault diagnosis where most of signals are real-valued, RBM with Bernoulli hidden units and Gaussian visible units is considered in this study. The proposed approach is validated with the signals from a two-stage reciprocating air compressor under different valve conditions. To confirm the superiority of DBN in fault classification, its performance is compared with that of relevant vector machine and back propagation neuron networks. The achieved accuracy indicates that the proposed approach is highly reliable and applicable in fault diagnosis of industrial reciprocating machinery.     

Variable reconstruction and sensor fault identification using canonical variate analysis

The detection and identification of faults in dynamic continuous processes has received considerable recent attention from researchers in academia and industry. In this paper, a canonical variate analysis (CVA)-based sensor fault detection and identification method via variable reconstruction is described. Several previous studies have shown that CVA-based monitoring techniques can effectively detect faults in dynamic processes. Here we define two monitoring indices in the state and noise spaces for fault detection and, for sensor fault identification, we propose three variable reconstruction algorithms based on the proposed monitoring indices. The variable reconstruction algorithms are based on the concepts of conditional mean replacement and object function minimization. The proposed approach is applied to a simulated continuous stirred tank reactor and the results are compared to those obtained using the traditional dynamic monitoring technique, dynamic principal component analysis (PCA). The results indicate that the proposed methodology is quite effective for monitoring dynamic processes in terms of sensor fault detection and identification.     

基于主成分分析和奇偶向量的动态检测方法

导航系统中冗余IMU传统故障检测方法由于数学模型过于复杂,计算量大,存在较大延时,难以实现实时故障检测,而主成分分析法仅仅应用于静态情况下的故障检测与隔离,针对主成分分析法无法在动态情况下对冗余IMU进行故障检测的缺点,提出了一种基于奇偶空间法改进主成分分析的故障检测算法,该方法利用奇偶向量隔离车辆的动态变量,以消除动态变量对故障检测的影响,再用PCA方法检测数据以实现对车辆传感器信息的实时检测,通过将原始数据集转置到特征平面来形成图案,实现了IMU传感器正常与故障模式的准确分离,提高了冗余IMU故障检测的结果精确性和可靠性。实验结果表明,该方法能够较好检测动态状态下冗余IMU的故障,提高了主成分分析的故障检测性能,可有效消除导航系统运动的负面影响。     

基于支持向量机的电路故障诊断模型

提出了一种基于遗传编程和支持向量机的故障诊断模型。通过遗传编程对时域指标进行特征选择和提取，得到更能反映信号本质的特征信号，该特征信号可作为识别特征输入多类支持向量机，实现对模拟电路不同类型软故障的识别。实验结果表明，同传统时域指标相比，经过遗传选择和提取的特征对模拟电路的软故障具有更好的识别能力，进而提高了多类支持向量机的分类准确性。     

Fault detection and isolation in transient states using principal component analysis

This paper proposes the use of principal component analysis (PCA) for process monitoring and fault detection and isolation in processes with several operation modes and long transient states and start-ups. The principal aspects of the PCA approach and the necessary transformations for dealing with this type of processes are presented. In this paper a classical PCA model is used for each steady state of the process and a modification of a batch PCA approach is applied to the transient states of the continuous process. So, in this last case, the PCA model is performed over a three way matrix arranged with the values of the measured variables of several past transitions with a nominal behaviour. This approach presents some problems, such as the unfolding, alignment and imputation. The methods proposed to deal with these problems are explained in detail and compared in order to design a fault detection and isolation method. Two examples are considered to perform the tasks explained. In both cases good results are obtained.     

Plant-wide detection and diagnosis using correspondence analysis

This paper presents an approach based on the correspondence analysis (CA) for the task of fault detection and diagnosis. Unlike other data-based monitoring tools, such as principal components analysis/dynamic PCA (PCA/DPCA), the CA algorithm has been shown to use a different metric to represent the information content in the data matrix X. Decomposition of the information represented in the metric is shown here to yield superior performance from the viewpoints of data compression, discrimination and classification, as well as early detection and diagnosis of faults. Metrics similar to the contribution plots and threshold statistics that have been developed and used for PCA are also proposed in this paper for detection and diagnosis using the CA algorithm. Further, using the benchmark Tennessee Eastman problem as a case study, significant performance improvements are demonstrated in monitoring and diagnosis (in terms of shorter detection delays, smaller false alarm rates, reduced missed detection rates and clearer diagnosis) using the CA algorithm over those achievable using the PCA and DPCA algorithms.     

基于神经网络技术的机器人并发故障自动诊断方法

为了提高柔性负载抓握机器人的故障检测能力,提出基于神经网络技术的机器人并发故障自动诊断方法.运用高分辨的智能传感器信息识别技术,结合刚度和强度等机械结构特征分析,构建柔性负载抓握机器人的故障信息采集模型,采用变刚度原理,提取柔性负载抓握机器人的振荡信息特征,通过谱特征检测和动态信息融合进行柔性负载抓握机器人的故障信息的...     

基于主元分析的桥梁挠度传感器故障诊断研究

主元分析(PCA)是一种典型的数据降维的多元统计方法,已被越来越多地用于故障诊断。将PCA应用在桥梁挠度传感器故障诊断。介绍了PCA的理论,研究了基于PCA的故障检测方法和基于贡献率的故障诊断方法。计算平方预测误差(SPE)和Hoteling T2统计,当统计量超过阈值时,判断系统出现了传感器故障,然后通过SPE贡献图判断故障源。通过仿真验证了PCA在故障诊断的实用性,但结果也表明:PCA对小故障不是很敏感。     

A possibilistic clustering approach to novel fault detection and isolation

In this paper, a new approach for fault detection and isolation that is based on the possibilistic clustering algorithm is proposed. Fault detection and isolation (FDI) is shown here to be a pattern classification problem, which can be solved using clustering and classification techniques. A possibilistic clustering based approach is proposed here to address some of the shortcomings of the fuzzy c-means (FCM) algorithm. The probabilistic constraint imposed on the membership value in the FCM algorithm is relaxed in the possibilistic clustering algorithm. Because of this relaxation, the possibilistic approach is shown in this paper to give more consistent results in the context of the FDI tasks. The possibilistic clustering approach has also been used to detect novel fault scenarios, for which the data was not available while training. Fault signatures that change as a function of the fault intensities are represented as fault lines, which have been shown to be useful to classify faults that can manifest with different intensities. The proposed approach has been validated here through simulations involving a benchmark quadruple tank process and also through experimental case studies on the same setup. For large scale systems, it is proposed to use the possibilistic clustering based approach in the lower dimensional approximations generated by algorithms such as PCA. Towards this end, finally, we also demonstrate the key merits of the algorithm for plant wide monitoring study using a simulation of the benchmark Tennessee Eastman problem.     

利用主元方法进行传感器故障检测的行为分析

主元分析方法(PCA)是基于多元统计分析的过程监测和故障诊断手段。在假设过程只存在传感器故障的情况下，系统地分析了PCA方法在传感器典型故障下的检测行为。首先导出了Hoteuing T^2和Q两个检测统计量在传感器不同故障下的变化关系和规律，然后从理论上给出了每个传感器故障的可检测性条件。最后通过火电厂锅炉过程中传感器故障检测实例验证了所得到的结论。     

Statistical process monitoring using improved PCA with optimized sensor locations

The emphasis of most PCA process monitoring approaches is mainly on procedures to perform fault detection and diagnosis given a set of sensors. Little attention is paid to the actual sensor locations to efficiently perform these tasks. In this paper, graph-based techniques are used to optimize sensor locations to ensure the observability of faults, as well as the fault resolution to a maximum possible extent. Meanwhile, an improved PCA that uses two new statistics of PVR and CVR to replace the Q index in conventional PCA is introduced. The improved PCA can efficiently detect weak process changes, and give an insight to the root cause about the process malfunction. Simulation results of a CSTR process show that the improved PCA with optimized sensor locations is superior to conventional methods in fault resolution and sensibility.     

Fault detection and isolation for nonlinear systems via high‐order‐sliding‐mode multiple‐observer

In this paper, fault detection and isolation problems are studied for a certain class of nonlinear systems. Under some structural conditions, multiple high‐order sliding‐mode observers are proposed. The value of the equivalent output injection is used for detecting faults and the multiple‐model approach for isolating particular faults in the system. The proposed method provides fast detection and isolation of actuator and plant faults. Simulation results support the proposed approach. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

示功图与模糊神经网络结合的抽油机故障诊断

随着石油工业的发展,采油工艺的提高,抽油机故障诊断在生产环节中尤为重要,对分析传统示功图对抽油机故障诊断不足进行了分析,其不足主要集中在诊断分析方式属于定性分析,并且诊断维度过于单一.首先对抽油机的故障进行了总结,并引入模糊神经网络,并在模糊神经网络中引入黄金分割法的变步长BP算法实现推理过程,通过模糊神经网络与示功图特征综合评判其故障生成诊断方案用来实现从不同维度解决抽油机故障方面的问题,同时本文通过仿真实验验证了该理论的可行性.     

基于费舍尔判别分析法的故障诊断

在化工流程故障诊断中,主元分析法(PCA)是最常见的降维技术.尽管PCA具有一定的优化性能,并在故障诊断中被广泛使用,却不是故障诊断的最佳方案.理论上,费舍尔判别分析法(FDA)在故障诊断分类方面更具优势.对现实化工厂故障数据进行了研究,得出在低维状态下选择FDA方法可以获得更好的处理效果.     

A geometric approach to nonlinear fault detection and isolation in a hybrid three-cell converter

In this paper, the problem of fault detection and isolation in a three-cell converter is investigated using a nonlinear geometric approach. This powerful method based on the unobservability distribution is used to detect and isolate the faulty cell in the three-cell converter. First, a model describing the faults in the cells is presented. The geometric approach is then applied on this faulty model to generate residual signals based on a sliding-mode observer that allows the detection of faults in the three-cell converter. Numerical results show the effectiveness of the proposed sliding-mode residual generators for fault detection and isolation in the three-cell converter.     

基于小波包分析的航空发动机故障诊断

航空发动机是一种复杂的旋转机械,故障种类多面且难以辨别。为了保定飞行安全,对航空发动机的故障进行正确、快速地检测,在分析航空发动机故障特征的基础上,利用发动机振动信号的时域指标判断发动机工作是否正常,再对存在故障的发动机振动信号进行小波包分解,作出频带能量图来进一步识别故障。按上述方法对某型涡轮风扇发动机在飞行中空中停车的振动信号作了分析,准确地识别出了故障。结果表明,小波包分解方法进行航空发动机故障诊断具有简单、直观的实际应用价值。     

对传过程神经元网络在油井故障诊断中的应用

为更好解决抽油机井示功图模式诊断问题,依据示功图绘制原理,将示功图识别看作动态系统连续曲线（位移-时间曲线和载荷-时间曲线）的模式识别问题。利用过程神经元能同时处理时、空二维信息,可自动抽取时变函数样本的过程模式特征,在机制上对时变信号的分类问题具有较好的适应性,提出一种基于对传过程神经元网络诊断模型及其学习算法。以油井实测数据对模型进行训练和故障识别,取得了较好的应用效果。