碳硫硅钙石的形成及其对混凝土性能的影响

研究了石灰石粉对混凝土抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能的影响．石灰石粉取代水泥用量为0,20％,40％．180d浸泡试验表明：石灰石粉掺量越高,侵蚀溶液温度越低,混凝土遭受硫酸盐侵蚀破坏的程度越严重;掺石灰石粉的混凝土在0～10℃的条件下可引起碳硫硅钙石类型的硫酸盐侵蚀破坏．     

Ca~(2+)促进碳硫硅钙石的形成

采用Struble法合成碳硫硅钙石,研究了CaCl2,CaO以及Na2SO4,Na2CO3对碳硫硅钙石形成的影响,并用红外光谱(FTIR)和X射线衍射(XRD)分析了不同龄期的生成产物.结果表明:CaCl2和CaO均能提高碳硫硅钙石形成的速率,且CaCl2的加速效果更明显;碳硫硅钙石的形成速率随Ca2+含量的增加而增大,提高Na2SO4和Na2CO3的含量并不能显著加速碳硫硅钙石的形成;硅酸盐中的硅氧四面体向碳硫硅钙石中的硅氧八面体的转变是碳硫硅钙石形成反应的速率控制步骤,Ca2+可提高碳硫硅钙石形成过程中硅氧八面体过渡态的稳定性并促进其形成,从而提高了碳硫硅钙石的生成速率.因此,可通过降低Ca2+含量来减缓碳硫硅钙石的生成.     

水泥基材料中碳硫硅钙石形成的热力学分析

针对水泥基材料中形成碳硫硅钙石的溶液直接反应机理和硅钙矾石转变机理,建立了热力学模型;由热力学模型得出的数据表明,碳硫硅钙石在0~25℃时可通过溶液直接反应来生成;5℃下钙矾石可与C-S-H凝胶、碳酸钙、石膏和水生成硅钙矾石固溶体,但不能生成碳硫硅钙石晶体,而且硅钙矾石固溶体的生成比碳硫硅钙石通过溶液直接反应生成更为容易.由溶液直接反应生成碳硫硅钙石的焓变数据表明其反应为吸热反应,平衡常数随温度的升高而降低;低温有利于碳硫硅钙石的形成.     

新疆永安坝混凝土的碳硫硅钙石型硫酸盐腐蚀

通过对新疆永安坝混凝土样品的扫描电镜、能谱分析和X射线衍射分析,结合永安坝所用原材料、所处地理环境和气候等特征,发现永安坝混凝土所遭受的腐蚀为碳硫硅钙石型硫酸盐腐蚀。这是在我国发现的首例碳硫硅钙石型硫酸盐腐蚀。文章还探讨了碳硫硅钙石的形成机理,提出了防止腐蚀的初步设想。     

水泥基材料在腐蚀环境中生成碳硫硅钙石的机理研究

为探索石灰石粉混凝土在低温硫酸盐环境下生成碳硫硅钙石的机理,将石灰石粉混凝土及采用硫铝酸盐水泥制备的水泥基胶凝材料分别浸泡于质量分数为10%的硫酸镁溶液和碳酸钠溶液中,进行抗压强度测试,并通过扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)及红外光谱等微观试验手段,研究并分析了碳硫硅钙石的形成原因.结果表明:低温硫酸镁溶液中的石灰石粉混凝土抗压强度随浸泡时间的延长呈现先增长后减小的趋势,表面出现膨胀剥落现象,生成大量的二水石膏,发生膨胀腐蚀;碳酸钠溶液中的硫铝酸盐水泥基胶凝材料发生了泥化现象,其抗压强度随浸泡时间延长逐渐降低,内部水化产物钙矾石随浸泡时间延长逐渐减少,发生异相结晶转换生成碳硫硅钙石.混凝土中掺加石灰石粉并不是造成碳硫硅钙石型硫酸盐腐蚀(TSA)的主要因素,水泥基胶凝材料硬化体中的钙矾石长期处于含CO2-3环境中才会生成大量烂泥状的碳硫硅钙石,造成胶凝材料破坏.     

电场及低温环境下不同镁盐和硫酸盐组合对水泥基材料碳硫硅钙石侵蚀的影响

为研究在电场和低温共同作用下镁盐及硫酸盐对水泥基材料的侵蚀行为,利用外观破坏等级、抗压强度比以及SEM/EDS,FTIR和XRD等手段分析了其侵蚀机理.结果表明:在电场作用下,阴极Na2SO_4溶液-阳极MgSO_4溶液电极组合在侵蚀120d时的侵蚀效果最明显,其次是阴极MgSO_4溶液-阳极MgSO_4溶液电极组合和阴极MgSO_4溶液-阳极MgCl2溶液电极组合;在阴阳极均存在镁盐时,水泥基材料的侵蚀劣化程度反而不及阳极单独存在镁盐时严重;当阴极存在镁盐时,由于阴极附近的水在电场作用下被电解而使阴极区域聚集了更多的OH-与镁盐生成沉淀Mg(OH)2,Mg(OH)2在侵蚀初期会堵塞试件表面从而延缓SO2-4的迁入,随着侵蚀龄期的增加,积累的镁盐开始腐蚀C-S-H凝胶并造成试件开裂,继而加速试件侵蚀.     

Effect of some parameters on the formation of chloroform during chloramination of aqueous solutions of resorcinol

The effects of various factors (N/Cl ratio used to prepare monochloramine, monochloramine doses, pH and contact time) on the monochloramine demand and on the chloroform yield during chloramination of resorcinol have been investigated. Chloramination experiments were carried out at 24 ± 1 °C, at pH values ranging from 6.5 to 12 using a bicarbonate/carbonate buffer and preformed monochloramine solutions prepared at pH 8.5 with N/Cl ratios ([NH₄Cl]₀/[Total free Cl₂]₀ ranging from 1.0 to 150 mol/mol). Kinetic experiments ([Resorcinol]₀ = 5 or 100 μM, [NH₂Cl]₀/[Resorcinol]₀ = 20 mol/mol, pH = 8.5 ± 0.1) showed a slow increase of the monochloramine consumption with reaction time. The monochloramine demands after reaction times of 7 days ([Resorcinol]₀ = 100 μM) and 14 days ([Resorcinol]₀ = 5 μM) were equal to 8.5 mol of NH₂Cl/mole of resorcinol and were higher than the chlorine demands (≈7.3 mol/mol). Chloroform yields from monochloramination of resorcinol were lower than 8% (<80 mmol of CHCl₃/mole of resorcinol) and were less than the yields obtained by chlorination (0.9-0.95 mol/mol). Chloroform productions increased with increasing monochloramine dose and reaction time and decreased with increasing pH values within the pH range 6.5-10. Chloroform formation markedly decreased when the N/Cl ratio increased from 1 to 1.5 mol/mol and was suppressed at N/Cl > 100 mol/mol. The data obtained in the present work suggest that free chlorine released from monochloramine hydrolysis plays a significant role on the formation of chloroform during chloramination of resorcinol at N/Cl ratios close to unity (1.0 < N/Cl < 1.5).     

Effect of temperature on the formation of indophenol blue in a spectrophotometric method for the determination of ammonia

Temperature was found to be an important factor in a modified Berthelot reaction used for the spectrophotometric determination of ammonia in freshwaters. The effect of temperature on the reaction was investigated over the range 4.5–55°C and it was shown that the rate of colour formation increased with increasing temperature but associated with this was a significant decrease in the sensitivity of the method.The initial temperature of the reaction, on mixing of reagents, was shown to determine the final absorbance of the solution and any further increase in temperature only decreased the time to reach maximum absorbance.     

Impact of temperature on the initial emittable concentration of formaldehyde in building materials: experimental observation

The initial emittable concentration of volatile organic compounds (VOC) is a key parameter not only in evaluating the 'green' degree of building materials but also in modeling their emission characteristics. Although the impact of temperature on initial emittable concentration is important, it has not been reported in the literature. Using the multi-emission/flush regression method we developed, the impact of temperature on the initial emittable concentration of formaldehyde in medium density board has been experimentally studied. It is observed that the initial emittable concentration increases significantly with increasing temperature. When the temperature rises by 25.4°C, it increases by about 507%. However, the initial emittable concentration at room temperature is far less than the value measured by the perforator method recommended by the Chinese National Standard GB/T 17657-1999, which measures the total concentration of formaldehyde in medium density board. This means most of formaldehyde in the building material cannot emit out at room temperature. The results will be very helpful in estimating the emission characteristics of building materials at different temperatures as well as for developing green building materials. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Knowledge of initial emittable concentration is important for VOC emission prediction. According to our experimental study, the initial emittable concentration is heavily dependent on temperature, and this factor should be considered in dealing with heating or cooling process of building materials. The significant difference between the initial emittable concentration and total concentration suggests that the total concentration seems not appropriate for judging the pollution level of building materials.     

Thaumasite form of sulfate attack in limestone cement mortars: A study on long term efficiency of mineral admixtures

Concrete and mortar made from limestone cement may exhibit a lack of durability due to the formation of thaumasite. The addition of minerals that improve the concrete durability is expected to slow down the formation of thaumasite. In this work the effect of natural pozzolana, fly ash, ground granulated blastfurnace slag and metakaolin on the thaumasite formation in limestone cement mortar is examined. A limestone cement, containing 15% w/w limestone, was used. Mortar specimens were prepared by replacing a part of limestone cement with the above minerals. The specimens were immersed in a 1.8% MgSO₄ solution and cured at 5 and 25 °C. The status of the samples after a storage period of 5 years was reported based on visual inspection, compressive strength, mass measurements, ultrasonic pulse velocity measurements and analytical techniques. It is concluded that the use of specific minerals, as partial replacement of cement, inhibits thaumasite formation in limestone cement mortar.     

钙矾石和碳硫硅钙石引起灰土地基鼓胀病害机理初探

为了进一步探明灰土地基鼓胀的原因及其发生机理,对场地内采取的素土和灰土土样进行检测、分析,在灰土中发现了膨胀能力极强的钙矾石和碳硫硅钙石。论文对钙矾石和碳硫硅钙石的生成过程和生成条件作了进一步探究,揭示了钙矾石和碳硫硅钙石生成的化学反应过程及诱发化学反应的条件,并对钙矾石和碳硫硅钙石引起灰土地基鼓胀病害的抑制措施进行了初步尝试。     

Influence of the concentration of deuterium on structural changes of aqueous solutions

Using vacuum ultraviolet radiation, methods of dynamic and electroforethic light scattering had been studied the influence of the concentration of deuterium on structural changes of water. Experimentally it was established the sizes of optical heterogeneities of studied waters at different concentrations of deuterium. It is shown that concentration dependencies have a non-linear nature with extreme points at D/H = 200; 40000 and 90000 ppm, which may be conidered as critical characteristic of self-organizing systems. In these points the dynamics of the system undergoes qualitative restructuring going from one structural state to the other.     

Waste activated sludge fermentation: Effect of solids retention time and biomass concentration

Laboratory scale, room temperature, semi-continuous reactors were set-up to investigate the effect of solids retention time (SRT, equal to HRT hydraulic retention time) and biomass concentration on generation of volatile fatty acids (VFA) from the non-methanogenic fermentation of waste activated sludge (WAS) originating from an enhanced biological phosphorus removal process. It was found that VFA yields increased with SRT. At the longest SRT (10 d), improved biomass degradation resulted in the highest soluble to total COD ratio and the highest VFA yield from the influent COD (0.14 g VFA-COD/g TCOD). It was also observed that under the same SRT, VFA yields increased when the biomass concentration decreased. At a 10 d SRT the VFA yield increased by 46%, when the biomass concentration decreased from 13 g/L to 4.8 g/L. Relatively high nutrient release was observed during fermentation. The average phosphorus release was 17.3 mg PO₄-P/g TCOD and nitrogen release was 25.8 mg NH₄-N/g TCOD.     

温度控制与污染物浓度控制相独立的通风空调系统

为解决传统通风空调系统温度控制与污染物浓度控制需求风量不匹配的问题,提出了一种温度控制与污染物浓度控制相独立的通风空调系统结构和控制方法。通过室内负荷计算及PM2.5浓度计算,对比分析了北京、上海、深圳地区在保证室内温湿度需求时典型办公室内的PM2.5浓度水平。结果表明,该通风空调系统可以同时满足室内温度和PM2.5浓度的控制要求,尤其在室外气候温和且大气污染较重时期对室内环境的保障效果更为明显。以北京地区2018年为例计算,在室内温度相同情况下,采用该通风空调系统室内PM2.5浓度全面达标,而采用传统通风空调系统则有10.3%的时间超标。     

Relationship between intensity, concentration, and temperature for drinking water odorants

Odor analyses experiments indicated that, for the concentrations and temperatures tested, odor intensity was a function of both aqueous concentration and water temperature for water containing 1-butanol, free available chlorine, geosmin, n-hexanal, 2-methylisoborneol, and trans-2, cis-6 nonadienal. At weak odorant concentrations (approximately 4 on the flavor profile rating scale) the perceived odor intensity of these six chemicals was greater when the temperature was 45 degrees C than was 25 degrees C. Both of these temperatures are commonly encountered by consumers when they use tap water. Odor response to water containing isobutanal was affected by concentration but not water temperature. Experiments also revealed that reduction in aqueous concentration did not consistently reduce odor intensity; for some aqueous concentrations and chemicals an increase in odor intensity occurred at lower concentrations.     

Particle formation and growth in dilute aluminum(III) solutions : Characterization of particle size distributions at pH 5.5

Particle formation and growth over the 1–40 μm size range in dilute aluminum solutions (approx. 2 × 10⁻⁴ M) have been studied using an electronic particle counter. Sulfate, fulvate and hydroxide ion accelerate the rate of particle formation and changes of the particle size distribution over time. Increasing ionic strength (inert electrolyte) produces similar but less dramatic effects. Combinations of sulfate and fulvic acid or sulfate and inert electrolyte further accelerate the rate of particle formation. Aluminum chloride solutions at moderate ionic strength are devoid of supramicron particles after several days. A conceptual pathway model is developed which suggests that two different solids are formed when aluminum is added to fulvic acid solutions: an aluminum-fulvate precipitate and Al(OH)₂(s). The first solid dominates in fulvic acid solutions at pH 5.5.     

Effect of chloride concentration in soil on reinforcement corrosion

This paper presents results of a study conducted to evaluate the effect of chloride concentration in soil on corrosion of reinforcing steel in concrete. Concrete specimens prepared with Type I, Type V and silica fume cements were exposed to soil with a chloride concentration of up to 3%. The effect of chloride concentration in soil on corrosion of reinforcing steel was evaluated by measuring corrosion potentials and corrosion current density. After 18 months of exposure, the concrete specimens were broken and the extent of corrosion of the reinforcing steel was examined and the gravimetric weight loss due to corrosion was assessed. As expected, the degree of corrosion increased with the chloride concentration in the soil. The type of cement also influenced the extent of reinforcement corrosion. For a particular chloride concentration, least reinforcement corrosion was noted in the silica fume cement concrete followed by Type I and Type V cement concrete. Based on the data developed in this study chloride threshold values in soil for the three types of cements investigated are suggested.     

Long-term immersion corrosion of steel subject to large annual variations in seawater temperature and nutrient concentration

The corrosion of steel in open seawater is influenced mainly by water temperature. If nutrients critical for bacterial activity are available, it also may be influenced by microbiological activity. The combined effect is investigated here for the case of large variations both in the seawater temperature and in concentration of dissolved nutrients. A theoretical analysis is given for these effects acting in conjunction, with or without time-dependent differences. Field observations of corrosion losses for steel sheet piling exposed at three different locations at sea sites near Vladivostok, Russia, are used in conjunction with local temperature and nutrient concentration data to obtain trends for longer term corrosion. The main objective of the paper is to build a new long-term predictive model of corrosion which may be effectively used in conditions with large variable seasonal in water temperature and in nutrient availability.     

Effect of biodiesel fuel properties and formation of NOx emissions: a review

Biodiesel is revealed as an environmentally friendly alternative fuel for a CI engine and it can palliate regulated and unregulated emissions. Biodiesel is substantially found to reduce the emissions of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and particulate matter, but increasing (10–15%) oxides of nitrogen (NO_x) emissions compared with conventional diesel fuel. The accurate cause for NO_x emission is still vague. This paper reviews the effect of biodiesel properties and formation of NO_x emissions and it is classified in three sections. The first section bestows the NO_x formation mechanisms. The second edition deals with the influence of formation and biodiesel properties on NO_x emissions. Finally, a few prevailing conclusions are epitomised, and more researches are pointed out.