Green and up-scalable fabrication of superior anodes for lithium storage based on biomass bacterial cellulose

An extremely facile and up-scalable approach has been proposed to disperse ferric grains onto bacterial cellulose (BC) nanofibers. The BC-induced hydrolytic deposition can be performed at room temperature without using any organic solvents, toxic reagents, or complicated apparatuses, enabling a green pathway in realizing industrialization. After carbonization, the randomly oriented carbonized BC (CBC) nanofibers transmit the electrons throughout the electrode, while the inherited reticular morphology boosts the thorough penetration of electrolyte. Moreover, the sufficient space created by interconnected CBC nanofibers is able to accommodate the volume change of the nanosized Fe₃O₄ active materials during repeated Li⁺ intercalation and deintercalation. As a result, the as-prepared Fe₃O₄/CBC composites deliver the superior electrochemical performance as the free-standing anodes in Li-ion batteries (LIBs), including the impressive reversible capacity of 702 mAh g^?1 after 400 cycles at 400 mA g^?1, decent rate capability with capacity of 437 mAh g^?1 at 2000 mA g^?1, and a long cycling lifespan up to 1000 cycles at 800 mA g^?1. This work provides a scalable and green approach to fabricate high-performance LIBs anode with the natural sustainable biomass.     

一种细菌纤维素/姜黄素复合材料的制备及表征

采用原位吸附法,将细菌纤维素（Bacterial Cellulose,BC）浸渍在不同浓度的姜黄素乙醇溶液中,经超声震荡,使BC对姜黄素吸附饱和,获得不同浓度下的BC/姜黄素复合材料。采用SEM、FTIR、XRD及水接触角测量仪等对BC/姜黄素复合材料性能进行测试表征。测试结果表明,原位吸附法成功地将姜黄素固定在BC材料中,随着姜黄素乙醇溶液浓度的提高,BC中吸附姜黄素的量增加,同时将试样置于潮湿环境下,吸附姜黄素的试样具有抗霉变特性,是一种具有应用前景的包装材料或组织工程材料。     

Characterisation of ferroelectric lithium ammonium sulphate binary systems

This paper presents various thermo-electric studies on ferroelectric lithium ammonium sulphate (LAS) binary systems. LAS crystals were grown and characterized with powder X-ray diffraction technique. Different studies like dilotometry, electrostriction and phase transition temperatures were investigated. Dilotometry and dielectric studies confirmed the phase temperatures obtained from differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). It was interesting to note that the ferroelectric region was unaltered in all the binaries. Odd proportions of the binaries were more pronounced than their even counter parts as regards to the electrical and thermal properties.     

Hydroxyapatite/bacterial cellulose composites synthesized via a biomimetic route

In this work, biomimetic precipitation of hydroxyapatite (HA) from simulated body fluid (SBF) on bacterial cellulose (BC) was studied. BC was firstly chemically modified by soaking in 0.1 M CaCl₂ solution at 37 °C prior to biomimetic mineralization. The resulting HA/BC composites were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy and thin-film X-ray diffractometry (XRD). The results revealed that the HA minerals were homogeneously precipitated on the BC surface. Furthermore, the crystals were carbonate-containing apatites with low crystallite size and crystallinity.     

Biomimetic synthesis of hydroxyapatite/bacterial cellulose nanocomposites for biomedical applications

Hydroxyapatite (HAp) and bacterial cellulose (BC) are both excellent materials for use in biomaterial areas. The former has outstanding osteoconductivity and bioactivity and the latter is a high-strength nano-fibrous and extensively used biomaterial. In this work, the HAp/BC nanocomposites with a 3-dimensional (3-D) network were synthesized via a biological route by soaking both phosphorylated and unphosphorylated BCs in 1.5 simulated body fluid (SBF). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were employed to characterize the HAp/BC nanocomposites. SEM observations demonstrated that HAp crystals were uniformly formed on the phosphorylated BC fibers after soaking in 1.5 SBF whereas little HAp was observed on individual unphosphorylated BC fibers. Our experimental results suggested that the unphosphorylated BC did not induce HAp growth and that phosphorylation effectively triggered HAp formation on BC. Mechanisms were proposed for the explanation of the experimental observations. XRD and FTIR results revealed that the HAp crystals formed on the phosphorylated BC fibers were carbonate-containing with nano-sized crystallites and crystallinities less than 1%. These structural features were close to those of biological apatites.     

Reduction of uranium oxides with lithium in a lithium chloride melt

A series of experiments were performed on reduction of uranium oxides to metal with lithium in a LiCl melt, with the aim to develop a process for thermal reactor SNF management. Experiments were performed on an enlarged scale on an installation with the uranium amount charged in one portion of up to 5 kg. A significant influence exerted on the reduction kinetics by the time for which uranium oxides were kept in the melt before adding Li was revealed.     

仿生矿化法制备可降解羟基磷灰石/氧化细菌纤维素复合材料

细菌纤维素是具有天然纳米网状结构的支架材料,对其进行氧化改性后可获得可调控的降解性能。通过仿生矿化氧化改性的细菌纤维素支架,制备了可降解羟基磷灰石/氧化细菌纤维素复合骨组织工程支架材料。观察并分析了仿生矿化过程氧化细菌纤维素的降解和羟基磷灰石的形成,并通过SEM、EDS、XRD对羟基磷灰石在可降解氧化细菌纤维素支架上沉积进行了表征,矿化7天的羟基磷灰石/氧化细菌纤维素复合材料表面和内部均有磷灰石形成,测得磷灰石的钙磷比为1.75,主要为羟基磷灰石,伴有少量碳羟磷灰石。结果表明,使用仿生矿化法成功获得了一种新型可降解羟基磷灰石/氧化纤维素复合材料支架。     

表面沉积铜纳米颗粒的细菌纤维素/壳聚糖交联复合膜的制备及其抗菌性能研究

通过戊二醛交联制备了细菌纤维素/壳聚糖复合材料,并采用磁控溅射技术在交联复合膜表面沉积铜(Cu)纳米颗粒。利用扫描电子显微镜观察纳米纤维膜表面形貌,采用傅里叶红外光谱仪、热重分析仪和X射线衍射仪比较交联复合前后以及镀铜前后复合膜基本化学结构、热稳定性和晶面结构的变化。通过能量色散X射线光谱对壳聚糖和铜在复合膜表面的分布情况进行表征。同时借助抗菌实验探究复合膜对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌的抗菌能力。结果表明:壳聚糖与细菌纤维素发生了有效交联,改变了细菌纤维素的基本形貌、化学结构、晶体形态以及热学性能,并且镀铜后交联复合膜的抗菌性能得到了明显的提升(膜与细菌接触20min,对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌的抗菌效果均达到了99.999%)。     

接枝细菌纤维素改性聚乳酸复合材料的制备与性能

聚乳酸(PLA)作为新型的绿色友好材料有非常广阔的应用前景。为有效解决PLA韧性差、结晶速率低等问题,本文提出了以纤维素改性PLA的方法。首先以细菌纤维素(BC)为底物,使L-丙交酯(LLA)在其表面进行原位开环聚合,得到了BC-g-PLA接枝产物;然后将该接枝产物作为增韧剂添加到PLA中,采用溶液浇筑的方法制备得到复合薄膜材料。结果表明：溶液接枝法的反应效率比熔融接枝法更高,接枝率可达到76.60%;通过FTIR、核磁共振波谱仪与XRD对接枝产物进行结构测试,证实了PLA成功接枝到BC表面;通过偏光显微镜观察复合薄膜材料晶体形貌发现BC-g-PLA作为异相成核剂,添加量为0.6%时,对球晶的均匀细化程度最高;通过力学性能测试发现,PLA薄膜增韧改性后断裂伸长率可提高175%,拉伸强度可提高22.7%;通过差示扫描量热仪测试复合薄膜材料的结晶性能,结晶度从未改性的2.53%提高到13.26%,结晶速率也有所增加。     

纳米细菌纤维素柱层析分离

以海南特有的椰子水为原料,通过木醋杆菌合成细菌纤维素(bacterial cellulose,简称BC)。通过膜分离将大分子凝胶和菌种以及破碎细胞除去,采用等电点法和Sevage法除蛋白、乙醚除脂肪、离子交换树脂除盐、DEAE-32柱进行柱层析得到中性纳米细菌纤维素,经过Sephadex-G100柱层析精制得到重均分子量(Mw)为9598,分子量分布指数约为1.1的纳米细菌纤维素。用透射电镜测试了其形貌,证明其颗粒近似球形,直径约20nm。     

细菌纤维素纳米棒阵列的制备

室温下,以细菌纤维素为基础材料,在其二甲基乙酰胺和溴化锂混合溶剂中,用溶剂挥发法,制得细菌纤维素纳米棒阵列。探讨了基底对形成细菌纤维素纳米棒阵列的影响。初步研究了细菌纤维素纳米棒阵列的形成机理。     

活化细菌纤维素的结构与性能

分别采用乙二胺和NaOH对BC进行活化,以改善BC在离子液体中的溶解性能,通过正交实验优化了其活化工艺,并研究了活化前后BC的红外光谱、结晶结构、结晶度、聚合度和热分解性能,以及在离子液体[BMIM]Cl中的溶解性能。结果表明,乙二胺活化的最佳工艺为浓度14%,温度60℃,时间90min,氢氧化钠活化的最佳工艺为浓度10%,温度40℃,时间480min。活化后BC分子结构中的氢键作用力减弱,结晶结构发生不完全的转变,结晶度和聚合度下降,热稳定性提高,化学试剂的可及度增加,在离子液体中的溶解时间显著缩短。     

Biomimetic design of a bacterial cellulose/hydroxyapatite nanocomposite for bone healing applications

This study describes the design and synthesis of bacterial cellulose/hydroxyapatite nanocomposites for bone healing applications using a biomimetic approach. Bacterial cellulose (BC) with various surface morphologies (pellicles and tubes) was negatively charged by the adsorption of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) to initiate nucleation of calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite (cdHAp). The cdHAp was grown in vitro via dynamic simulated body fluid (SBF) treatments over a one week period. Characterization of the mineralized samples was done with X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS). The amount of cdHAp observed varied among different samples. XPS demonstrated that the atomic presence of calcium and phosphorus ranged from 0.44 at.% to 7.71 at.% Ca and 0.27 at.% to 11.18 at.% P. The Ca/P overall ratio ranged from 1.22 to 1.92. FESEM images showed that the cdHAp crystal size increased with increasing nanocellulose fibril density. To determine the viability of the scaffolds in vitro, the morphology and differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells was analyzed using fluorescence microscopy and alkaline phosphatase gene expression. The presence of cdHAp crystals on BC surfaces resulted in increased cell attachment.     

Morphology and pore characteristics of bacterial cellulose/multiwalled carbon nanotube composite cryogels

Bacterial cellulose/multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) composite cryogels were prepared via sol-gel chemistry using epichlorohydrin as a crosslinker. Their morphology and pore characteristics were examined under various conditions. The bacterial cellulose/MWCNT composite cryogels had a macroporous structure that contained mesopores and micropores due to the MWCNTs that were homogeneously incorporated in the macroporous network structure.     

氯化锂对聚乙烯醇／聚醚砜膜透湿性能的影响

把LiCl当作添加剂加入到聚乙烯醇(PVA)铸膜液中,以聚醚砜膜(PES)作为支撑层,制备PVA/PES复合膜.测试了复合膜的透湿性能.结果表明:由X射线衍射图得LiCl的加入降低了PVA膜的结晶度.PVA/PES复合膜与水的接触角随着LiCl含量的增加而逐渐减少,即随着LiCl含量的增加,复合膜的亲水性增强,这是由于LiCl具有强吸湿性.在保持铸膜液中PVA含量为8%,交联剂(苹果酸)、催化剂(乙酸)浓度不变的情况下,改变LiCl的含量,膜的水蒸气总传质系数、渗透速率和湿交换效率随着LiCl含量的增加呈上升趋势,数据趋势与X射线衍射图、接触角等现象相符合.添加LiCl所制的复合膜不仅不能透过CO2,而且还具有良好的水蒸气渗透性能.     

Biotemplated preparation of CdS nanoparticles/bacterial cellulose hybrid nanofibers for photocatalysis application

In this work, we describe a novel facile and effective strategy to prepare micrometer-long hybrid nanofibers by deposition of CdS nanoparticles onto the substrate of hydrated bacterial cellulose nanofibers (BCF). Hexagonal phase CdS nanocrystals were achieved via a simple hydrothermal reaction between CdCl(2) and thiourea at relatively low temperature. The prepared pristine BCF and the CdS/BCF hybrid nanofibers were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), UV-vis absorption spectroscopy (UV-vis), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results reveal that the CdS nanoparticles were homogeneously deposited on the BCF surface and stabilized via coordination effect. The CdS/BCF hybrid nanofibers demonstrated high-efficiency photocatalysis with 82% methyl orange (MO) degradation after 90 min irradiation and good recyclability. The results indicate that the CdS/BCF hybrid nanofibers are promising candidate as robust visible light responsive photocatalysts.     

细菌纤维素/聚乳酸互穿网络复合材料的结晶与熔融

为了研究细菌纤维素(BC)网络结构对聚乳酸(PLA)结晶与熔融过程的影响,以PLA为基体,BC为增强体,通过PLA-三氯甲烷溶液与BC-无水乙醇分散液的共混扩散制备了具有互穿网络结构的BC/PLA生物复合材料。采用SEM、偏光显微镜(POM)、DSC和莫志深(MO)模型研究了复合材料的微观形态、球晶形貌、非等温结晶动力学和熔融行为。结果表明:采用溶液共混扩散法可得到以BC为骨架、PLA缠绕其表面的互穿网络结构的复合材料。随降温速率增加,BC/PLA复合材料的结晶温度、熔融温度和相对结晶度均下降。BC可作为异相成核剂,适量添加可同时提高BC/PLA复合材料的结晶速率和相对结晶度,细化球晶尺寸。MO模型可较好地描述BC/PLA复合材料的非等温结晶动力学行为。     

天然细菌纤维素增强不饱和聚酯树脂复合材料的制备及性能

将天然纤维-细菌纤维素（BC）作为增强材料加入不饱和聚酯树脂（UPR）基体中,采用RTM工艺制备BC/UPR复合材料,并对其力学性能、吸湿性能进行了研究。通过紫外辐照方法探讨了BC/UPR复合材料的降解性能。研究结果表明:通过对细菌纤维素的表面改性,在亲水性的天然纤维和疏水性的高聚物基体之间形成了化学键结合,提高了BC/UPR复合材料的力学性能;BC纤维体积分数的增加也有助于提高力学性能, 当纤维体积分数为20%时,该复合材料拉伸强度最高可达152.9MPa; BC/UPR复合材料的吸湿过程符合Fick定律,吸湿可导致力学性能下降; BC/UPR复合材料吸收光能后,表面含氧官能团数量增加,发生一定程度的光降解。      

The purification and crystal growth of lithium chloride

A four-step procedure for the purification of LiCl is described embodying: (1) solvent extraction, (2) vacuum dehydration, (3) halogen treatment of the molten salt, and (4) horizontal zone melting. Zone refining, by itself, does not yield salt of high purity since several contaminating cations are found to have effective segregation coefficients (k1) greater than or close to unity. Fe, Co, Ni and Ca have k1 values of 2.0, 1.9, 2.6 and 0.9 respectively. Preliminary purification by solvent extraction reduces Fe and Ni to < 0.1 μg/g and Ca to < 1.0 μg/g. Treatment of the melt with Cl₂ and HCl reduces the initial 50 μg/g Br^? contamination to < 0.1 μg/g. Final purification by zone melting results in an impurity level of ～ 0.5 μg/g for Na and < 0.1 μg/g for the remaining alkali metals. Oscillator strengths for Fe and Ni impurity-absorption bands in LiCl are also presented.