Effect of copper slag as a fine aggregate on the properties of cement mortars and concrete

An experimental investigation was conducted to study the effect of using copper slag as a fine aggregate on the properties of cement mortars and concrete. Various mortar and concrete mixtures were prepared with different proportions of copper slag ranging from 0% (for the control mixture) to 100% as fine aggregates replacement. Cement mortar mixtures were evaluated for compressive strength, whereas concrete mixtures were evaluated for workability, density, compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength and durability. The results obtained for cement mortars revealed that all mixtures with different copper slag proportions yielded comparable or higher compressive strength than that of the control mixture. Also, there was more than 70% improvement in the compressive strength of mortars with 50% copper slag substitution in comparison with the control mixture. The results obtained for concrete indicated that there is a slight increase in density of nearly 5% as copper slag content increases, whereas the workability increased significantly as copper slag percentage increased compared with the control mixture. A substitution of up to 40–50% copper slag as a sand replacement yielded comparable strength to that of the control mixture. However, addition of more copper slag resulted in strength reduction due to the increase in the free water content in the mix. Also, the results demonstrated that surface water absorption decreased as copper slag content increases up to 50% replacement. Beyond that, the absorption rate increased rapidly and the percentage volume of the permeable voids was comparable to the control mixture. Therefore, it is recommended that up to 40–50% (by weight of sand) of copper slag can be used as a replacement for fine aggregates in order to obtain a concrete with good strength and durability requirements.     

PB-g-PS胶乳改性水泥砂浆的性能

利用氧化还原引发体系,采用半连续乳液接枝共聚的方法合成了聚丁二烯接枝聚苯乙烯(PB-g-PS)接枝共聚胶乳,其中聚丁二烯(PB)与聚苯乙烯(PS)的质量比为70/30,50/50和30/70.在固定流动度为(175±5)mm,且在20℃水中养护6 d,然后在20℃,相对湿度为65%的空气中养护21 d的混合养护条件下,考察了聚灰比、聚丁二烯与聚苯乙烯的质量比对PB-g-PS胶乳改性水泥砂浆的水灰比、流动度、保水率、抗压和抗折强度以及吸水量的影响,并与羧基丁苯胶乳改性水泥砂浆进行了性能对比试验.结果表明:在一定掺量范围内,胶乳都具有良好的减水作用,能有效提高砂浆的保水性能,显著降低聚合物改性砂浆的毛细孔吸水率;加入聚合物对砂浆力学性能有重要影响,使其抗压强度总体降低,抗折强度部分提高,因此,PB-g-PS胶乳可以作为水泥改性剂使用.     

Properties of cement mortars containing clinoptilolite as a supplementary cementitious material

This paper presents a study of the properties and behavior of cement mortar with clinoptilolite which is one of the most common zeolite minerals found in nature. Six mortar mixtures were prepared by replacing the Portland cement with 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 30% clinoptilolite by weight. Test results showed that water demand, soundness and setting times of the cement pastes increased with the increase of clinoptilolite content. Compressive and flexural strength of the mortars containing clinoptilolite were higher than the control mixture. Dry unit weight of the mortars with clinoptilolite was lower than the control mortar. Clinoptilolite replacement decreased water absorption and porosity of the mortars. The control mortar showed less durability to carbonation compared to the mortars made with clinoptilolite at the end of carbonation tests. Freeze–thaw resistance of the mortars containing 5% clinoptilolite was higher than control mortar. The effect of clinoptilolite incorporation on high-temperature resistance seemed to be dependent on amount of clinoptilolite, temperature level, and the cooling method.     

Compressive strength and shrinkage of mortar containing various amounts of mineral additions

Three mineral additions largely used in cementitious materials were tested in order to follow the shrinkage behaviour for 1 year of observation when they substitute a part of cement. The tests were carried out on standardized mortars specimen where cement was replaced by 5%, 15% and 25% of limestone, 10%, 20%, 30% of natural pozzolan and 10%, 30% and 50% of slag. The substitution of cement by 10%, 20% and 30% of limestone powder, natural pozzolan and slag respectively involves an optimal improvement of compressive strength of mortar. The separate quantification of the autogeneous and drying shrinkage development shows the effective contribution of each addition on microstructure modification and of the additional hydrates production. The microstructure was improved in the presence of limestone and of a moderate rate of slag, whereas it remains normal with natural pozzolan. The replacement rate of an active addition lower than 10% led to an additional hydrates production. This overproduction which accompanies the autogeneous shrinkage is more pronounced when cement is largely replaced by limestone. The evolutions of strength and shrinkage of mortars follow the same tendency from where it is easier to find a linear relationship giving the shrinkage deformation according to the compressive strength.     

Strength and corrosion properties of Portland cement mortar and concrete with mineral admixtures

This work aims to validate the design assumptions by the California Department of Transportation in order to better define the strategies used to design concrete structures with adequate corrosion mitigation and thus a “maintenance-free” service life. To this end, various laboratory tests were conducted to investigate the compressive strength of and chloride diffusivity in mortar and concrete samples with cement partially replaced by various minerals (class F and class N fly ash, ultra-fine fly ash, silica fume, metakaolin, and ground granulated blast-furnace slag), the porosity of mineral concretes, the freeze–thaw resistance of mineral mortars in the presence of deicers, and the effect of supplementary cementitious materials on the chloride binding and chemistry of the pore solution in mortar.     

A chemical analysis method for determining blast-furnace slag content in hardened concrete

This research presents the results of the study on the estimation of blast-furnace slag content in hardened concrete by chemical analysis method. To determine slag content in the mixture, there are two steps of investigation. The fraction of sand content in the mortar extracted from concrete has to be determined, and then the chemical composition of cement paste phase can be calculated. Thereafter, slag content in the mixture can be estimated by the relationship of chemical composition among in cement paste, Portland cement and slag. Artificially made mortars and concrete mixes with slag content of 30%, 50% and 70% by mass exposed to different curing durations were investigated. The results suggest that the techniques have potential for estimation of blast-furnace slag content in already hardened concrete with acceptable accuracy.     

Performance of high wokability slag-cement mortar for ferrocement

The performance of high workability mortar mix, applicable for the casting of thin ferrocement elements by using slag as cement replacement and superplasticizer as water reducing agent is investigated. Cement mortars (1:2. 1:2.5 and 1:3) incorporating various percentages of slag and superplasticizer were designed to have high workability (136±3% flow). Performance of the mortars is studied in terms of compressive strength, unit weight, strength development and water absorption. Effect of three different curing regimes on strength and strength development of the mortars is also the part of this study. The results showed that the high workability slag cement mortars of reasonably high strength, low water absorption and exhibiting early age strength comparable to that of the OPC mortars can be designed in order to cast thin ferrocement elements by the method of pouring.     

掺矿渣粉和减水剂的HEMC水泥砂浆力学性能

研究了掺矿渣粉和高效减水剂的羟乙基甲基纤维素改性水泥砂浆的力学性能（包括抗压强度、抗折强度、弹性模量、粘结抗拉强度）及其与新拌砂浆体积密度和硬化砂浆孔隙率的关系。掺加减水剂、矿渣粉和羟乙基甲基纤维素后,砂浆的抗压强度与新拌砂浆体积密度和硬化砂浆孔隙率密切相关,抗折强度与之部分相关,粘结抗拉强度则与之无关。减水剂和矿渣粉可增加砂浆的密实度,减小孔隙率,从而使砂浆的抗压强度、抗折强度、粘结抗拉强度和弹性模量得到提高;羟乙基甲基纤维素虽可保持砂浆的粘结抗拉强度稳定,但却使抗压强度和弹性模量降低,减小剂、矿渣 粉和羟乙基甲基纤维素的共同作用,即增加了砂浆的粘结抗拉强度,又使砂浆有足够的抗压强度、抗折强度和弹性模量,当羟乙基甲基纤维素掺量被抑制在一定范围内时,砂浆便可用作混凝土桥面材料及其修补材料。     

Use of diatomite as partial replacement for Portland cement in cement mortars

The aim of the present study is to investigate the use of diatomite as a partial replacement for cement in the production of cement mortar. Diatomite was used at 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% replacement by weight for cement while sand and water quantities were kept constant. Compressive and flexural strength, freeze–thaw resistance, sulfate resistance, water absorption and dry unit weight of the mortars were determined. The compressive and flexural strength decreased with increasing diatomite content for all curing periods. However the compressive strength of the cement mortar which was produced with 5% diatomite content complied with the minimum specified value of given in the standards. Diatomite replacement generally increased the compressive strength of the cement mortar after 25 freezing and thawing cycles. Water absorption of the mortars decreased with the increase of diatomite content except the mortar containing of 15% diatomite. Dry unit weight of the cement mortar was lower than the control mortar because of high porosity of diatomite. The expansion of the cement mortar bars immersed in 5% sodium sulfate solution decreased with increasing diatomite content and generally the sulfate resistance of the mortars was higher than that of the control mortar.     

Laboratory and field performance of polymer-modified cement-based repair mortars in cold climates

The results of an ongoing test program to evaluate the performance of polymer-modified cement-based mortars for repairing surfaces of concrete structures up to a depth of 75 mm (3 inches) damaged due to exposure to cold climates are presented. Twenty-five selected commercially available polymer-modified products, seven containing styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) and 18 containing acrylics were evaluated. They were compared with those of a pure cement-based mortar containing 8% silica fume by weight of the cement, with a water/cementitious materials (cement+silica fume) ratio (W/CM) of 0.31. All of the mortars were subjected to thermal compatibility with base concrete, drying shrinkage, permeability, abrasion-erosion resistance, bond strength, compressive strength and freezing and thawing cycling tests. The thermal compatibility with the base concrete at temperatures from −50 to +50 °C was used as a pre-selection test. This paper also presents the satisfactory performance of the three best selected polymer-modified cement-based mortars (included in the 25 mortars), after 6 years in service on two operating spillways of a dam in a severe cold climate.     

碱矿渣水泥砂浆抗碳化性能研究

研究了碱当量(以氧化钠当量计)、水胶比和胶砂比对碱矿渣水泥砂浆抗碳化性能的影响,并与硅酸盐水泥砂浆进行了对比试验。结果表明:在相同水胶比条件下,碱矿渣水泥砂浆比硅酸盐水泥砂浆更易碳化,且水胶比越大,胶砂比越小,碳化越严重。在3%～6%范围内,随着碱当量的增加,碱矿渣水泥砂浆的碳化程度减小。扩展度相当时,水玻璃为碱组分的碱矿渣水泥砂浆的抗碳化能力强于硅酸盐水泥砂浆。     

Durability of blast-furnace slag mortars subjected to sodium monofluorophosphate application

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of sodium monofluorophosphate (Na-MFP) on frost scaling durability and transport properties of carbonated blast-furnace slag cement (BFSC) mortar. The application of Na-MFP solution as curing solution and also surface treatment compound for BFSC mortar was evaluated. Three different Na-MFP solutions with concentrations of 10%, 20% and 30% by weight. in water were used as curing solution and surface treatment compound. The experimental results reveal that both techniques significantly improve the frost salt scaling durability and microstructure of carbonated blast-furnace slag mortar. Moreover, the carbonation rate and capillary water uptake of the treated mortars were substantially decreased compared with the untreated specimen. The mortars cured in Na-MFP solution show higher compressive strength than the untreated control after carbonation exposure. In general, the durability performances were improved when increasing the concentration of the Na-MFP solution applied.     

一种快速测定水泥基材料持水能力的方法

通过对不同的水泥净浆、砂浆和混凝土进行水蒸气吸附试验,得到其宏观吸附等温线和微观孔径分布规律.结果表明,水化水泥凝胶是水泥基材料具有持水能力的直接原因,集料等非亲水性成分的影响则很少.提出了由同水灰比水泥净浆持水能力曲线和材料配合比来快速、直接地计算砂浆、混凝土持水能力曲线的方法,对水泥基材料实际性能评价和耐久性设计与评价具有一定意义.     

Microstructure and durability of mortars modified with medium active blast furnace slag

Mechanical characteristics and durability properties of blast furnace slag cement composites largely depend on the hydraulic activity of the slag. In this paper, a Granulated Blast Furnace Slag with a low reactivity index is used in modifying mortar composition. Microstructure and durability of mixes containing 0%, 30% and 50% of slag as substitution to OPC are respectively compared and analyzed. Water porosity, Mercury Intrusion Porosity and pore size distribution are studied after 28, 90 and 360 days of wet curing. A qualitative microstructure analysis of mortars is proposed with Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The durability of mortar is evaluated through capillary water absorption and chloride diffusion tests. The results indicate a finer porosity and lower water absorption for slag mortars at old ages (90 and 360 days). Moreover, lower chloride diffusion for 50% blast furnace slag substitution is observed.     

Properties of sustainable concrete containing fly ash,slag and recycled concrete aggregate

The suitability of using more “sustainable” concrete for wind turbine foundations and other applications involving large quantities of concrete was investigated. The approach taken was to make material substitutions so that the environmental, energy and CO₂-impact of concrete could be reduced. This was accomplished by partial replacement of cement with large volumes of fly ash or blast furnace slag and by using recycled concrete aggregate.Five basic concrete mixes were considered. These were: (1) conventional mix with no material substitutions, (2) 50% replacement of cement with fly ash, (3) 50% replacement of cement with blast furnace slag, (4) 70% replacement of cement with blast furnace slag and (5) 25% replacement of cement with fly ash and 25% replacement with blast furnace slag. Recycled concrete aggregate was investigated in conventional and slag-modified concretes. Properties investigated included compressive and tensile strengths, elastic modulus, coefficient of permeability and durability in chloride and sulphate solutions. It was determined that the mixes containing 50% slag gave the best overall performance. Slag was particularly beneficial for concrete with recycled aggregate and could reduce strength losses. Durability tests indicated slight increases in coefficient of permeability and chloride diffusion coefficient when using recycled concrete aggregate. However, values remained acceptable for durable concrete and the chloride diffusion coefficient was improved by incorporation of slag in the mix. Concrete with 50% fly ash had relatively poor performance for the materials and mix proportions used in this study and it is recommended that such mixes be thoroughly tested before use in construction projects.     

矿渣微粉掺合料对水泥胶砂强度和流变性能的影响

根据泵送混凝土的特点以及对原材料的要求,分析了不同替代量和不同品种的矿渣微粉掺合料对水泥胶砂强度和混凝土工作性的影响。在适当的掺量范围内,水泥胶砂强度和混凝土工作性随着矿渣微粉掺合料掺量的增加而增加。     

矿渣微粉掺合料对水泥胶砂强度和流变性能的影响

根据泵送混凝土的特点以及对原材料的要求,分析了不同替代量和不同品种的矿渣微粉掺合料对水泥胶砂强度和混凝土工作性的影响。在适当的掺量范围内,水泥胶砂强度和混凝土工作性随着矿渣微粉掺合料掺量的增加而增加。     

矿物掺合料对干粉砂浆物理性能及孔结构的影响

研究了石灰石、矿渣和粉煤灰3种矿物掺合料分别对干粉砂浆的工作性能和力学性能的影响,并探讨了掺有掺合料时干粉砂浆的宏观力学性能和其微观孔结构之间的关系。结果表明:粉煤灰在掺量小于30%时能够提高砂浆的流动度,但掺量再继续增大时,砂浆流动度反而下降;掺入矿渣粉略能提高砂浆的流动度;石灰石粉在一定程度上降低砂浆流动度;同时石灰石粉能够提高砂浆的保水率,而矿渣粉和粉煤灰却降低砂浆的保水率。随着石灰石、矿渣和粉煤灰掺量的增加,砂浆28 d强度均有不同程度的降低,影响顺序为石灰石>粉煤灰>矿渣;与空白样相比,内掺占水泥质量50%的石灰石粉和矿渣粉时,28 d砂浆硬化体的总孔隙率分别增加10.2%、7.7%,而掺等量粉煤灰时总孔隙率则基本不变。以石灰石替代50%的水泥时,28 d砂浆硬化体中d>100 nm的多害孔增加24.0%,而以粉煤灰替代50%的水泥时,砂浆中多害孔基本不变,以等量的矿渣粉替代时d>100 nm的多害孔减少6.5%。     

Effect of Granulated Blast Furnace Slag and fly ash addition on the strength properties of lightweight mortars containing waste PET aggregates

In this work, the effect of Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GBFS) and fly ash (FA) addition on the strength properties of lightweight mortars containing waste Poly-ethylene Terephthalate (PET) bottle aggregates was investigated. Investigation was carried out on three groups of mortar specimens. One made with only Normal Portland cement (NPC) as binder, second made with NPC and GBFS together and, third made with NPC and FA together. The industrial wastes mentioned above were used as the replacement of cement on mass basis at the replacement ratio of 50%. The size of shredded PET granules used as aggregate for the preparation of mortar mixtures were between 0 and 4 mm. The waste lightweight PET aggregate (WPLA)–binder ratio (WPLA/b) was 0.60; the water–binder (w/b) ratios were determined as 0.45 and 0.50. The dry unit weight, compressive and flexural–tensile strengths, carbonation depths and drying shrinkage values were measured and presented. The results have shown that modifying GBFS had positive effects on the compressive strength and drying shrinkage values (after 90 days) of the WPLA mortars. However, FA substitution decreased compressive and flexural–tensile strengths and increased carbonation depths. Nevertheless a visible reduction occurred on the drying shrinkage values of FA modifying specimens more than cement specimens and GBFS modified specimens. The test results indicated that, GBFS has a potential of using as the replacement of cement on the WPLA mortars by taking into consideration the characteristics. But using FA as a binder at the replacement ratio of 50% did not improve the overall strength properties. Although it was thought that, using FA as binder at the replacement ratio of 50% for the aim of production WPLA concrete which has a specific strength, would provide advantages of economical and ecological aspects.     

提升水泥砂浆耐酸性能的防护技术研究

采用普通硅酸盐水泥、磨细矿渣和粉煤灰等原材料配制了水胶比和矿物掺合料掺量不同的4种砂浆试件,并使用环氧防护涂层对其中1种砂浆进行表面防腐涂刷。将成型的砂浆试件分别浸泡于不同pH值的硫酸溶液中。对比研究了各龄期砂浆的质量变化率和强度变化率以及不同砂浆在侵蚀试验后的表面微观形貌。结果表明,硫酸溶液对水泥砂浆有严重的腐蚀作用,在pH值较低的强酸溶液中,通过降低水胶比的方式并不能显著提升砂浆的抗酸侵蚀能力;含大掺量矿物掺合料的砂浆,其耐酸腐蚀性能有明显提升;pH≥3的中强酸和弱酸环境对水泥基材料的侵蚀作用会有明显减弱;采用环氧涂层可较大幅度提升水泥砂浆的耐酸腐蚀性。