侧立面嵌贴碳纤维增强塑料板条加固混凝土梁受剪承载力研究

为研究加固钢筋混凝土梁的受剪承载力,按照沿梁轴向非对称布置箍筋的方式浇筑13根钢筋混凝土梁试件,在箍筋布置较少侧混凝土梁侧立面保护层上嵌入或外贴碳纤维增强塑料板条对混凝土梁进行受剪切补强。对其进行弯曲试验,研究内嵌碳纤维增强塑料板条补强混凝土梁的破坏形态、承载力等情况,并与相应位置外贴等量碳纤维增强塑料板条的混凝土梁进行比较,分析内嵌或外贴在混凝土梁上的碳纤维增强塑料板条应变变化情况及补强混凝土梁受剪承载力影响因素和受剪承载力计算方法。研究表明,与对比梁相比,内嵌碳纤维增强塑料板条补强混凝土梁受剪承载力提高18.8%~45.8%,外贴碳纤维增强塑料板条补强混凝土梁受剪承载力提高12.5%~13.3%,提出的承载力计算式计算结果与试验值吻合较好。     

Performance of reinforced concrete beams externally prestressed with fiber composites

This paper presents the results of an experimental study to investigate the flexural behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) beams that have reached their ultimate bearing capacities and then retrofitted with externally prestressed carbon fiber reinforced composite (CFRC) laminates. The effect of variation in prestressing force on CFRC laminates bonded to the RC beam is investigated in terms of the flexural strength, deflections, cracking behavior and failure modes. The results indicate that rehabilitation of significantly cracked beams by bonding CFRC laminates is structurally efficient.     

Effective methods of using CFRP bars in shear strengthening of concrete girders

This paper presents the results of an experimental study that investigated the shear strength contribution of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) bars attached with concrete beams using a near surface mounted (NSM) technique. In this research, four concrete beams were cast with regular steel reinforcement in flexure. The control beam had typical shear steel and the other three beams were strengthened in shear with CFRP bars. Strain gauges were attached with the shear reinforcement of all four beams at various shear critical locations. Strains during loading to failure of the beams were recorded using a data acquisition system. The performance of the NSM technique was found to be very effective with no occurrence of delamination, debonding or fracture of FRP. Effective strains in the NSM CFRP bars were determined through analyzing the collected strain data. A new formula to calculate the nominal shear strength provided by NSM CFRP bars has also been proposed.     

钢筋混凝土梁加固时的既有荷载对其抗弯性能的影响

模拟实际构件的加固及受力过程,对梁在承受不同荷载作用时外贴CFRP加固进行了抗弯试验和理论分析。试件包括16根外贴CFRP加固梁和2根对比梁。试验参数为:纵筋配筋率、CFRP加固量、粘贴纤维布时持载大小。论文对持载的大小对梁的抗弯性能的影响进行了详细的分析。试验和分析结果表明:采用CFRP加固的钢筋混凝土梁的刚度较普通钢筋混凝土梁的刚度都有明显提高,纤维布对以抗弯为主的构件具有增强刚度、控制挠度的作用。纤维加固时梁所持荷载的大小,对梁的刚度有较大影响,特别是对屈服阶段的刚度影响较大;但对梁的屈服荷载及极限承载力影响较小,可以忽略其影响。论文的试验现象及分析结果都有新颖之处,对相应规范的编制及工程应用有较高的参考价值。     

A comparative study on fatigue behaviour of steel beams retrofitted with welding,pultruded CFRP plates and wet layup CFRP sheets

This paper investigates the fatigue behaviour of defected steel beams retrofitted with three different methods, i.e., welding, welding and bonding with CFRP plates or CFRP woven sheets laminated via a wet lay-up process. Two different types of CFRP materials and two types of epoxies were selected in this study. An initial cut was made on the tensile flange in the mid span of each beam. Different failure modes were observed for beams retrofitted with CFRP plates and CFRP sheets. It was found that one layer of CFRP plate and epoxy strengthening system can extend the fatigue life of steel beams about 7 times comparing with beams repaired with solely welding method, while the fatigue life was extended abound 3 times for beams strengthened with 4 layers of CFRP woven sheets. Mean S–N curves were obtained based on the test data, that can be used to predict the fatigue life of steel beams retrofitted with similar CFRP materials. The crack propagation rate was measured using strip strain gauges. The CFRP plates showed better performance in resisting crack propagation than CFRP sheets under fatigue loading conditions. The relationship between the maximum stress and the crack propagation rate could be used to predict the crack length of beams retrofitted with similar CFRP strengthening systems.     

嵌入式碳纤维片材抗剪加固钢筋混凝土T型梁的性能

通过试验研究介绍采用碳纤维片材嵌入式技术抗剪加固钢筋混凝土T型梁的效果。试验考虑了嵌入片材的3种角度(45°,60°和90°)以及3个不同的碳纤维片材用量。嵌入式加固梁的配箍率为0·10%。片材最高用量按照对比梁中钢筋配箍率为0·28%时所能够承担的最大荷载进行设计。结果表明:斜片材的效果优于竖直片材的效果;片材用量的增加导致梁的抗剪承载力增加;片材对梁抗剪能力的贡献受到混凝土抗拉强度的限制;梁的破坏模式受片材加固量的影响。对于每一种片材加固量,同时根据外贴碳纤维布技术,对相同构件采用连续U型碳纤维布箍加固后进行试验,对比了两种碳纤维材料加固技术的效果。结果表明:嵌入式加固技术更有效,不仅提高了梁的抗剪能力,同时,碳纤维材料的抗拉强度得到更充分的发挥。除了碳纤维片材用量最高的梁以外,采用嵌入式加固梁在破坏时的变形方面比外贴加固技术更有效。ACI和FIB的分析公式中预测的外贴加固对抗剪加固体系的贡献比相应的试验值更大,根据Nanni等人的公式可知,嵌入式加固技术使得碳纤维片材的贡献大约达到试验值的61%。     

Enhancement of the flexural performance of retrofitted wood beams using CFRP composite sheets

The main objective of this study was to investigate the flexural performance of wood beams retrofitted by using carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) composite sheets. First, a theoretical analysis of wood beams retrofitted with CFRP composite sheets was derived. The four-point bending test was then used to determine the load–displacement relationships of wood beams. The performance of the CFRP sheets adhered to the tensile side of two different species of wood beams was investigated. Observations of the experimental load–displacement relationships show that flexural strength increased and middle vertical displacement decreased for wood beams retrofitted with CFRP composite sheets, compared to those without CFRP sheet. The increased percentages of flexural strength for the retrofitted Cunninghamia lanceolata with 1, 2 and 3 layers of CFRP composite sheets were 39%, 44% and 61%, respectively. The increased percentages of flexural strength for the retrofitted Tsuga chinensis with 1, 2 and 3 layers of CFRP composite sheets were 44%, 55% and 58%, respectively. Comparisons of the theoretical and experimental ultimate loads show the absolute errors of the ultimate load for C. lanceolata and T. chinensis to be 5.05% and 8.65%, respectively.     

CFRP片材加固混凝土梁收缩徐变效应研究

按换算截面法推导了FRP片材加固混凝土梁的短期与长期挠曲变形计算公式,在此基础上编制了相应的分析计算程序,该分析方法能较准确预测开裂混凝土梁的长期挠曲变形。制作了10根钢筋混凝土梁,其中6根为普通钢筋混凝土梁,另外4根为CFRP片材加固梁,并对试件的短期与长期受力性能进行了试验观测,持续荷载作用下对试件进行了近700d的收缩徐变试验。运用本文计算方法预测了试件的长期挠曲变形,理论计算值与本文试验结果吻合较好。研究表明:碳纤维片材对混凝土梁的长期挠曲变形影响很小,但碳纤维片材能有效地控制持续荷载作用下裂缝的进一步开展。研究结果可为CFRP加固混凝土结构工程设计与理论分析提供参考。     

Experimental and analytical investigation of CFRP flexural and shear strengthening efficiencies of RC beams

This paper studies the CFRP flexure and shear strengthening efficiencies of concrete beams. Half-scale beams, with different flexure and shear internal steel ratios, were tested in three-point bending. Flexure or shear-critical beams were provided with CFRP longitudinal sheets or U-wraps, respectively. Flexure–shear-critical beams were provided with shear or combined systems. At high flexural damage, 38.3% reduction in shear strengthening efficiency was noted at higher ductility, while the flexural strengthening efficiency reduced by 65.7% at high shear damage, both from capacity perspectives. The U-wraps were 22% activated, while full sheet activation occurred and reduced by dowel rupture by 30.8% at high shear damage. While single failures were accurately predicted by ACI 318M-05 and ACI 440.2R-08, combined ones were not.     

Damaged RC beams repaired by bonding of CFRP laminates

This paper summarizes the results of experimental studies on damaged reinforced concrete beams repaired by external bonding of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite laminates to the tensile face of the beam. Two sets of beams were tested in this study: control beams (without CFRP laminates) and damaged and then repaired beams with different amounts of CFRP laminates by varying different parameters (damage degree, CFRP laminate width, concrete strength class). All beams were tested in four-point bending over a span of 1800 mm. The tests were carried out under displacement control. The most investigated parameter in this experimental study is damage degree (ratio between pre-cracked load and load capacity of control beam). Repairing damaged RC beams with externally bonded CFRP laminates were successful for different degrees of damage. The observed failure modes were peeling off and interfacial debonding. These failure modes depend only on the laminate width.The results indicate that the load capacity and the rigidity of repaired beams were significantly higher then those of control beam for all tested damage degrees. The authors remarked that for a load capacity improvement, reinforcement with a CFRP having about a half width of the beam is satisfactory. Finally, the contribution of CFRP laminates on the load capacity and rigidity of repaired RC beams is significant for any concrete strength class.     

Assessing the effectiveness of embedding CFRP laminates in the near surface for structural strengthening

Near surface mounted (NSM) is a recent strengthening technique based on bonding carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) bars (rods or laminate strips) into pre-cut grooves on the concrete cover of the elements to strength. To assess the effectiveness of the NSM technique, an experimental program is carried out involving reinforced concrete (RC) columns, RC beams and masonry panels. In columns failing in bending the present work shows that the failure strain of the (CFRP) laminates can be attained using the NSM technique. Beams failing in bending are also strengthened with CFRP laminates in order to double their load carrying capacity. This goal was attained and maximum strain levels of about 90% of the CFRP failure strain were recorded in this composite material, revealing that the NSM technique is also very effective to increase the flexural resistance of RC beams.The effectiveness of externally bonded reinforcing (EBR) and NSM techniques to increase the flexural resistance of masonry panels is also assessed. In the EBR technique the CFRP laminates are externally bonded to the concrete joints of the panel, while in the NSM technique the CFRP laminates are fixed into precut slits on the panel concrete joints. The NSM technique provided a higher increase on the panel load carrying capacity as well as a larger deflection at the failure of the panel.The performance of EBR and NSM techniques for the strengthening of RC beams failing in shear is also analyzed. The NSM technique was much more effective in terms of increasing the beam load carrying capacity as well as the beam deformability at its failure. The NSM technique was easier and faster to apply than the EBR technique.     

Strengthening of RC T-section beams with low strength concrete using CFRP composites subjected to cyclic load

Various methods are developed for strengthening reinforced concrete beams against shear. Nowadays, external bonding of different composite members to RC beams was very popular and successful technique internationally. This study presents test results on strengthening of shear deficient RC beams by external bonding of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) straps. Six RC beams with a T-section were tested under cyclic loading in the experimental program. Width of the CFRP straps, arrangements of straps along the shear span, and anchorage techniques that were applied at the ends of straps were the main parameters that were investigated during experimental study. Shear deficient beams with low strength concrete were strengthened by using CFRP straps for obtaining ductile flexural behavior. The test results confirmed that all CFRP arrangements improved the strength, stiffness and energy dissipation capacity of the specimens significantly. The failure mode and ductility of specimens were proved to differ according to the CFRP strap width and arrangement along the beam. Experimental results were compared with the analytical approaches that were suggested by ACI-440 Committee Report.     

考虑二次受力时碳纤维布加固钢筋混凝土梁的设计方法研究

对粘贴碳纤维布加固的钢筋混凝土梁进行了正截面受弯承载力分析。分析表明,碳纤维布可以显著提高梁的正截面受弯承载力。总体上,二次受力对钢筋混凝土加固梁影响不大,但是会从一定程度上降低其加固效果。本文可以为钢筋混凝土受弯构件加固设计提供一些参考。     

Bond characteristics between ultra high modulus CFRP laminates and steel

The use of high modulus CFRP laminates in strengthening steel members has the advantage of increasing the strength and stiffness of such members. In this paper, the bond characteristics between ultra high modulus (UHM) CFRP laminates with a modulus of 460 GPa and steel were studied. A series of experiments with double strap steel joints bonded with UHM CFRP laminates were conducted. Experimental results presented in this paper include failure modes, bond strength, effective bond length, CFRP strain distribution, adhesive layer shear stress distribution and bond slip relationship. Comparison was made with previous research on CFRP sheet–steel and normal modulus CFRP laminate–steel systems and different aspects of bond characteristics were discussed. Theoretical models were employed for the prediction of the specimen bond strength and effective bond length, and their applicability for UHM CFRP–steel joints was verified by comparisons with experimental results. Nonlinear finite element analysis was carried out to simulate the experimental specimens. The FEA results agreed well with those from experiments.     

预应力CFRP板加固混凝土梁研究综述

CFRP板加固混凝土梁是一种新型的加固方法,但该方法存在着CFRP板强度利用率不高、对梁正常使用性能改善不明显等问题。通过对CFRP板施加预应力,不仅可以充分利用CFRP板的强度,还能有效地改善加固梁的受力性能,进一步抑制梁的变形和裂缝的开展。目前国内外已有的研究主要包括预应力CFRP板锚具研究、预应力CFRP板加固混凝土梁试验研究、预应力CFRP板加固混凝土梁非线性有限元分析以及预应力CFRP板加固混凝土梁理论研究等4个方面。对国内外预应力CFRP板加固混凝土梁的最新研究成果进行了较为系统的综述与分析,并对将来的发展趋势进行了展望。     

Crack propagation prediction of CFRP retrofitted steel plates with different degrees of damage using BEM

Although carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) materials have proven effective in strengthening steel structures especially when used to improve fatigue behaviour, further study is required to investigate their effectiveness when applied at different stages of crack propagation in steel elements. This paper presents a numerical study on CFRP retrofitted steel plates with different degrees of damage using the boundary element method (BEM). The numerical results compared well with the experimental data, which demonstrated that the BEM is reliable for crack propagation analysis of CFRP laminate retrofitted steel plates. Finally, a parametric analysis was conducted to investigate the influence of bond length, bond width, CFRP stiffness and adhesive shear modulus on stress intensity factor (SIF) values.     

碳纤维布加固钢筋混凝土梁正截面受弯承载能力试验研究与计算分析

对钢筋混凝土梁进行了粘贴碳纤维布加固的正截面受弯承载能力试验分析研究。试验结果表明,碳纤维布可明显提高梁的正截面受弯承载截力。同时对试验结果进行了分析,提出了碳纤维布加固钢筋混凝土梁正截面受弯承载力影响因素及新的计算方法,便于实际工程使用。     

Seismic performance parameters of RC beams retrofitted by CARDIFRC

A new high performance fibre-reinforced cementitious composite material (designated CARDIFRC^®), to be used for retrofitting concrete members, has been developed at Cardiff University. The material is compatible with concrete and possesses favourable strength and ductility properties desirable for seismic retrofit. It overcomes some of the problems associated with the current techniques based on externally bonded steel plates and fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) laminates caused mainly by the mismatch of their tensile strength and stiffness with that of the concrete member being retrofitted.

This paper reports on the results of three-point and four-point flexure tests conducted on a number of non-ductile and ductile small scale RC beams retrofitted with externally bonded CARDIFRC^® strips. A number of different strip configurations and two strip thicknesses are investigated and their effect on the retrofitting process examined. Some strength and seismic performance parameters including toughness and ductility are evaluated for each retrofitted beam and compared with those of the corresponding control beams. It is shown that precast CARDIFRC^® strips, adhesively bonded to the surface of the RC beam can greatly increase the strength and ductility of the retrofitted beam; hence, they can be used successfully to enhance the seismic performance of both damaged and undamaged RC beams.     

基于三维细观分析方法的CFRP加固无腹筋混凝土梁剪切强度尺寸效应研究

以CFRP侧贴加固无腹筋钢筋混凝土悬臂梁为研究对象,从细观角度出发,考虑混凝土细观非均质性及CFRP-混凝土之间的相互作用,建立了单调加载下CFRP侧贴无腹筋钢筋混凝土悬臂梁三维细观尺度数值分析模型。通过仅改变CFRP条带的厚度来改变CFRP的配纤率,进而以CFRP的配纤率为主导参数,并且在之前试验工作的基础上,扩展模拟了尺寸和配纤率对梁的剪切破坏机理和失效模式的影响,研究了外贴CFRP加固钢筋混凝土悬臂梁剪切破坏尺寸效应行为。结果表明: CFRP侧贴加固无腹筋钢筋混凝土梁的名义剪切强度尺寸效应明显,CFRP布加固对小尺寸梁贡献最大,其有效性随着梁尺寸的增加而减小; 配纤率的增大提高了悬臂梁的名义抗剪强度,但同时也削弱了抗剪强度的尺寸效应; 当配纤率较大时,峰值剪切应力的增长趋势明显减缓,即层数过多时,加固效果不明显。     

Effect of bond enhancement using carbon nanotubes on flexural behavior of RC beams strengthened with externally bonded CFRP sheets

This paper studied the effect of incorporation of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) on strengthening of reinforced concrete (RC) beams. The RC beams were prepared, strengthened in flexure by externally bonded CFRP or CNTs-modified CFRP sheets, and tested under four-point loading. The experimental results showed the ability of the CNTs to delay the initiation of the cracks and to enhance the flexural capacity of the beams strengthened with CFRP. A nonlinear finite element (FE) model was built, validated, and used to study the effect of various parameters on the strengthening efficiency of CNTs-modified CFRP. The studied parameters included concrete strength, flexural reinforcement ratio, and CFRP sheet configuration. The numerical results showed that utilization of CNTs in CFRP production improved the flexural capacity of the strengthened beams for U-shape and underside-strip configurations. The enhancement was more pronounced in the case of U-shape than in the case of use of sheet strip covers on the underside of the beam. In case of using underside-strip, the longer or the wider the sheet, the higher was the flexural capacity of the beams. The flexural enhancement of RC beams by strengthening with CNTs-modified CFRP decreased with increasing the rebar diameter and was not affected by concrete strength.