Fatigue behaviour of recycled tyre rubber-filled concrete and its implications in the design of rigid pavements

This paper presents the results of fatigue bending tests on prismatic samples of recycled tyre rubber-filled concrete (RRFC) with different volumetric fractions (VF) of rubber (0%, 3.5% and 5%) after a long term exposition to natural weathering in Madrid (Spain) (one year ageing). From these experimental results, an analytical model based on classical Westergaard well known equations has been developed to calculate the minimum thickness of RRFC for rigid pavements subjected to high density traffic, in order to obtain a durability of these rigid pavements of 10⁶ cycles of 13 tons (127 kN) axle load. In this investigation any value of the modulus of subgrade reaction for rigid pavement design have been considered.     

钢骨混凝土柱-钢筋混凝土梁环梁节点试验

本文提出了一种新型的钢骨混凝土柱-钢筋混凝土梁的新型环梁节点,并对其进行了试验研究。该节点传力途径为:框架梁剪力经环梁扩散传递给节点以下钢骨混凝土柱,框架梁端弯矩首先传递给环梁,环梁依靠整体拉压形成力偶将弯矩传递给钢骨混凝土柱。试验采用在柱顶施加恒定轴力的同时给框架梁端施加力或强制位移荷载的加载模式,分别进行了单调受弯试验、单调受剪试验和往复荷载试验。试验结果表明,这种环梁节点可以有效实现"强节点弱构件"的设计目标,具有良好的滞回耗能能力。     

预压型钢混凝土柱滞回特性有限元分析

在型钢混凝土柱基础上提出预压型钢混凝土柱,并对预压型钢混凝土柱研究意义进行了概要分析。采用ANSYS有限元分析软件,通过对9个不同混凝土强度等级、不同型钢预压比、不同轴压比的预压型钢混凝土柱的低周反复荷载试验,得到预压型钢混凝土柱在不同轴压比、型钢预压比下的破坏形态和滞回曲线。研究结果表明:预压型钢混凝土柱有良好的抗震性能,但是其随着轴压比增大和混凝土强度的提高而降低。     

Post-earthquake fire performance of reinforced concrete columns

Post-earthquake fire (PEF) is a relatively frequent disaster, but its damage on reinforcement concrete (RC) members is complicated and usually affected by uncertain factors. Earthquake damage leads to the decreasing of the stress and deformation properties of structures before the fire disaster begins. Even though it is difficult to figure out the exact damage principal of the PEF structures, there are several efforts focused on it. The main innovation of this paper relates to the extent of the earthquake damage on the fire resistance of the PEF RC columns, for which there has been little study in the past. The earthquake damage of an RC structure under a shaking table test is presented first, and the simulation models of the PEF RC columns are established. Then, the temperature field analysis of the PEF RC columns exposed in ISO 834 fire curve is carried out, from which the temperature contours and curves with the different spalling forms are employed. Finally, the prediction equations of the compressive bearing capacity reduction factor of the PEF RC columns are proposed.     

钢筋混凝土Z形柱的截面设计方法

根据正截面承载能力计算的基本假定,建立钢筋混凝土异形柱的基本计算公式,提出相应的设计计算方法,并和实测结果进行了比较,分析表明,计算值和实测值吻合良好.     

十字形截面钢-混凝土组合异形柱的抗震性能

为研究十字形截面钢-混凝土组合异形柱的抗震性能,对5个不同轴压比、配钢形式的试件进行低周反复加载试验。研究了滞回曲线、骨架曲线、延性性能、刚度退化、耗能性能等抗震性能,对比分析了轴压比和配钢形式对抗震性能的影响。结果表明,轴压比较大的试件具有更高的承载能力,但延性降低、刚度退化速率加快;与普通钢筋混凝土异形柱相比,在异形柱内配置型钢可改善滞回性能、增强刚度、延性性能、承载能力和耗能性能,减轻破坏程度,从而提高抗震性能。配钢形式为T形钢加方钢管的试件除刚度退化外,其他性能均优于实腹型配钢试件。     

型钢混凝土柱的耐火设计方法

型钢混凝土(SRC)柱已经较多地应用于我国的高层和超高层建筑中,但我国防火规范尚未有SRC柱的耐火设计规定。在分析SRC柱在火灾下的温度场分布和耐火性能的基础上,给出了SRC柱的耐火极限表,并建议了相关防火保护措施,可为相关规范的修订提供参考。     

钢筋混凝土短柱的复合加固研究

通过3根用混凝土和外包钢板复合加固钢筋混凝土短柱和1根对比钢筋混凝土短柱的低周反复荷载试验研究表明,用混凝土和外包钢板复合加固,可有效提高钢筋混凝土短柱的抗震承载力.根据试验结果分析,提出了复合加固钢筋混凝土短柱的斜截面抗剪承载力公式.     

Shear-critical reinforced concrete columns under various loading rates

This paper presents an experimental study of shear-governed reinforced concrete columns subjected to different loading rates. Four typical short columns were tested cyclically with loading rate of 0.05, 1, 3, and 5 Hz, simulating seismic load. Test result indicated that the loading rate does not affect the column behavior when the rate is up to 5 Hz. Furthermore, Carbon Nano-Fiber Aggregates (CNFAs) were utilized as internal sensors to detect the damage in the column. The test result shows that the CNFAs work well sensing the structural behavior. The CNFA output was further quantitatively correlated to the structural damage level. Finally, a finite element analytical model was constructed to describe the behavior of short columns with shear failure. The analytical model successfully modeled the cyclic loading test results.     

Optimal FRP-strengthening strategy for corrosion-affected reinforced concrete columns

Abstract

Deterioration of reinforced concrete (RC) structures is unavoidable after their long time in service, with corrosion being the major mechanism of deterioration. In order to ensure safety of deteriorated structures, an effective rehabilitation plan is essential. Although considerable research on strengthening of RC structures using fibre-reinforced polymers (FRPs) composites has been undertaken, more is on the methods of strengthening and effects of corrosion on strength of RC columns than that on the prediction of optimum strengthening time. This paper presents a methodology for determining the optimal strengthening time and the required number of FRP layers for corrosion-affected RC structures with application to columns. The methodology is based on the time-dependent reliability method and the renewal theory. An example is provided to illustrate the application of the proposed methodology. It is found in this study that an optimum point for the formulated objective function exists, and that outcomes of optimisation problem, i.e. strengthening time and number of required FRP layers, are sensitive to corrosion rate. The significance of the proposed methodology is that it provides guidance for practitioners and asset managers to decide when and how to strengthen deteriorated structural members.     

后置腹板柱托换钢筋混凝土框架柱的试验研究

通过在既有钢筋混凝土框架梁上增设后置腹板柱,改变抽柱托换后框架梁的弯矩分布图,增加弯矩峰值点数,降低框架梁的弯矩峰值;同时和不设置腹板柱相比,设置腹板柱会大幅度降低托换后框架梁的挠度。通过模型试验,对比了托换前后梁的挠度、应变以及裂缝分布,分析了腹板柱的应力及内力变化,简述了框架柱内力变化规律。结果表明,后置腹板柱托换结构的关键阶段为框架柱抽除阶段,其内力、变形将出现突变,在考虑钢筋混凝土框架结构抗剪、侧向刚度等情况下,该加固方法可以在尽可能不降低净空的情况下实现对既有框架结构的抽柱托换,为框架结构抽柱托换提供一种技术方案。     

A new look at reliability of reinforced concrete columns

This paper presents an investigation on reliability of reinforced concrete columns. For short columns, the fiber model is used for generating failure surfaces and strain and stress histories of both steel and concrete fibers under proportional and sequential loads. Two failure criteria, one based on the collection of peak-load points, the other based on prescribed maximum concrete strains are presented. For slender columns, failure surfaces are generated using a method proposed in 1991 by Ba ant et al. (ACI Structural Journal, 1991, 88, 391–401). The reliability estimation of short and slender columns under random loads is formulated by Monte Carlo simulation in the load space. In this space, isoreliability contours for both deterministic and nondeterministic columns under different load paths and load correlations are plotted. It is demonstrated that these factors may have substantial effects on the reliability of reinforced concrete columns. Therefore, the results of this study can be used to support the consideration of load path and load correlation in the development of improved evaluation and design specifications for reinforced concrete columns.     

圆钢管约束钢筋混凝土短柱抗震性能试验研究

进行了3个剪跨比为1.5的圆钢管约束钢筋混凝土短柱和1个钢筋混凝土对比试件的拟静力试验研究,试验中的主要参数为轴压比(0.35,0.45和0.55)。试验结果表明：钢筋混凝土短柱的破坏模式为剪切破坏,延性和变形能力很差;圆钢管约束钢筋混凝土短柱的破坏模式为弯曲破坏,延性和变形能力优越。外包钢管对核心混凝土的约束作用限制了核心混凝土的受剪开裂,改变了钢筋混凝土短柱的破坏模式,显著提高了钢筋混凝土短柱的受剪承载力、延性、变形能力和耗能性能。随轴压比的提高,圆钢管约束钢筋混凝土短柱的水平承载力提高,延性系数降低,但轴压比对圆钢管约束钢筋混凝土短柱的极限变形能力无明显影响。对钢管的弹塑性应力分析结果表明：水平荷载施加过程中,钢管并未受剪屈服。根据试验结果建立了圆钢管约束钢筋混凝土短柱的荷载-位移恢复力模型,提出了设计建议,可为工程实践提供参考。图10表2参12     

Investigation of insulated FRP-wrapped reinforced concrete columns in fire

Research has demonstrated that fibre-reinforced polymers (FRPs) can be used efficiently and safely in strengthening and rehabilitation of reinforced concrete structures. However, the use of FRPs in buildings has been limited because relatively little is known about the behaviour in fire of reinforced concrete structural members that have been strengthened with FRP systems. This paper presents the recent results of an ongoing experimental study of the fire performance of FRP-wrapped reinforced concrete circular columns. The results of fire tests on two columns are presented, one of which was tested without supplemental fire protection, and one of which was protected by a supplemental fire protection system applied to the exterior of the FRP-strengthening system. The primary objective of these tests was to compare the fire behaviour of the two FRP-wrapped columns and to investigate the effectiveness of the supplemental insulation system. The thermal and structural behaviour of the two columns are discussed. The results show that, although FRP systems are sensitive to high temperatures, satisfactory fire endurance ratings can be achieved for reinforced concrete columns that are strengthened with FRP systems by providing adequate supplemental fire protection. In particular, the insulated FRP-strengthened column in this study was able to resist elevated temperatures during the fire tests for at least 90 min longer than the equivalent uninsulated FRP-strengthened column.     

Reliability analysis of reinforced concrete columns exposed to fire

A reliability analysis is conducted on reinforced concrete columns subjected to fire load. From an evaluation of load frequency of occurrence, load random variables are taken to be dead load, sustained live load, and fire temperature. Resistance is developed for axial capacity, with random variables taken as steel yield strength, concrete compressive strength, placement of reinforcement, and section width and height. A rational interaction model based on the Rankine approach is used to estimate column capacity as a function of fire exposure time. Various factors were considered in the analysis such as fire type, load ratio, reinforcement ratio, cover, concrete strength, load eccentricity, and other parameters. Reliability was computed from 0 to 4 h of fire exposure using Monte Carlo simulation. It was found that reliability decreased nonlinearly as a function of time, while the most significant parameters were fire type, load ratio, eccentricity, and reinforcement ratio.     

Seismic performances of reinforced concrete frames with wall-like columns

In regions of low to moderate seismic risk, such as Singapore and Malaysia, buildings with relatively weak lateral structural resisting systems are likely to be common. Although ground motions because of long distance earthquakes centred in Sumatra have occurred, there has been no record of earthquake damage in this region. This article compares the results obtained from pushover analyses of six-storey reinforced concrete (RC) frames with experimental observations. The experimental observations of four internal beam-column joints, which were designed according to BS 8110, were summarised. From this, we address the performance of some typical RC frame structures under low seismic loading. By adding about 0.075% of hoop reinforcement in the beam-column joints, one can improve the seismic performance of the frame in the weak direction more significantly than in the strong direction. Also, relatively large joint shear input during low to moderate earthquakes can result in diagonal tension cracking and the building may likely be governed by joint shear failure.     

Experimental research on post-fire behaviour of reinforced concrete columns

This paper reports an experimental research into the effect of fire exposure time on the post-fire behaviour of reinforced concrete columns. Nine full-size reinforced concrete columns (45×30×300 cm) with two longitudinal reinforcement ratios (1.4% and 2.3%) were unexposed and exposed to the ISO 834 standard fire for 2 and 4 h with a constant preload. One month after cooling, the specimens were tested in axial load combined with uniaxial or biaxial bending. The test results show that the residual load-bearing capacity decreases with increase in fire exposure time. This deterioration in strength following an increase in fire exposure time can be slowed down by the strength recovery of hot rolled reinforcing bars after cooling. In addition, the reduction in residual stiffness is higher than that in ultimate load; consequently, much attention should be given to the deformation and stress redistribution of the reinforced concrete building subject to earthquakes after a fire.     

高温下钢管约束型钢混凝土柱的受力性能

火灾下无防火保护的结构构件温度会迅速上升,从而造成钢材和混凝土的强度明显下降。为了研究火灾下钢管约束型钢混凝土柱的受力性能,考虑火灾下钢管约束型钢混凝土柱的不均匀温度分布及温度对材料力学性能的影响,提出了火灾下受轴心荷载作用的钢管约束型钢混凝土柱承载力的计算方法。利用有限元软件ABAQUS对提出的计算方法进行了验证,结果吻合较好。进而采用该计算方法对影响高温下承载力的参数进行了分析,研究表明:随着构件截面尺寸的增加以及混凝土强度和钢材强度的提高,构件的承载力逐渐增加,而钢管壁厚的改变对承载力并无太大影响。利用有限元软件ABAQUS分析了荷载比、构件尺寸、钢管壁厚等因素对构件耐火极限的影响,发现耐火极限随着荷载比和钢管壁厚的增加而减小,随着构件尺寸的增加而增大。     

Effective flexural rigidities for ordinary reinforced concrete columns and beams

Current effective flexural rigidities proposed for use in design and analyses of reinforced concrete structures have been examined. The level of accuracy in the estimation of section rigidity plays a very important role in determining realistic values for the structural stiffness and hence the seismic forces imposed. The most significant parameters influencing the effective rigidity, which reflects the effect of cracking as well as the theoretical yielding of reinforced concrete sections, have been determined through comprehensive moment–curvature analyses of various reinforced concrete sections. The geometry, axial load level, concrete strength and the amount of compression and tension reinforcements have been identified as the most important factors affecting the effective rigidity. New relationships that are believed to represent the effective stiffness of reinforced concrete members have been adequately developed. Efficiency of the code‐specified and proposed values has been investigated through experimental data and parametric studies. It has been observed that the relationships developed herein have provided the most accurate results in prediction of the effective rigidity of older‐type structural elements with low‐strength and longitudinal reinforcement ratio. They can be used for assessment of ordinary buildings. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.