Performance of high strength concrete made with copper slag as a fine aggregate

This research study was conducted to investigate the performance of high strength concrete (HSC) made with copper slag as a fine aggregate at constant workability and to study the effect of superplasticizer addition on the properties of HSC made with copper slag. Two series of concrete mixtures were prepared with different proportions of copper slag. The first series consisted of six concrete mixtures prepared with different proportions of copper slag at constant workability. The water content was adjusted in each mixture in order to achieve the same workability as that for the control mixture. Twelve concrete mixtures were prepared in the second series. Only the first mixture was prepared using superplasticizer whereas the other eleven mixtures were prepared without using superplasticizer and with different proportions of copper slag used as sand replacement. The results indicated that the water demand reduced by almost 22% at 100% copper slag replacement compared to the control mixture. The strength and durability of HSC were generally improved with the increase of copper slag content in the concrete mixture. However, the strength and durability characteristics of HSC were adversely affected by the absence of the superplasticizer from the concrete paste despite the improvement in the concrete strength with the increase of copper content. All concrete mixtures did not meet the strength and durability design requirements due to the segregation and dryness of the concrete paste. Therefore it can be concluded that the use of copper slag as sand substitution improves HSC strength and durability characteristics at same workability while superplasticizer is very important ingredient in HSC made with copper slag in order to provide good workability and better consistency for the concrete matrix.     

Mechanical properties of high-strength concrete incorporating copper slag as coarse aggregate

Copper slag is a by-product obtained during the matte smelting and refining of copper. Current options of management of this slag are recycling, recovering of metal, production of value added products and disposal in slag dumps or stockpiles. This paper presents the results of a study undertaken to investigate the feasibility of using copper slag as coarse aggregates in high-strength concrete. The effects of replacing limestone coarse aggregate by copper slag coarse aggregate on the compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and rebound hammer values of high-strength concretes are evaluated in this work. Concrete mixtures containing different levels of silica fume were prepared with water to cementitious materials ratios of 0.40, 0.35, and 0.30. The percentages of the cement replacements by silica fume were 0%, 6%, and 10%. The use of copper slag aggregate compared to limestone aggregate resulted in a 28-day compressive strength increase of about 10–15%, and a splitting tensile strength increase of 10–18%. It can be concluded from the results of this study that using copper slag as coarse aggregate in high-strength concrete is technically possible and useful.     

The influence of ophiolitic crushed fine aggregate properties on the performance of cement mortars

Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment - Aggregates constitute the largest proportion of the raw materials used for the production of mortars. Therefore, their quality significantly...     

Effect of copper slag and cement by-pass dust addition on mechanical properties of concrete

This research was undertaken to study the effect of copper slag (CS) and cement by-pass dust (CBPD) addition on concrete properties. In addition to the control mixture, two different trial mixtures were prepared using different proportions of CS and CBPD. CBPD was primarily used as an activator. One mixture consisted of 5% copper slag substitution for portland cement. The other mixture consisted of 13.5% CS, 1.5% CBPD and 85% portland cement. Three water-to-binder (w/b) ratios were studied: 0.5, 0.6 and 0.7. Concrete cubes, cylinders and prisms were prepared and tested for strength after 7 and 28 days of curing. The modulus of elasticity of these mixtures was also evaluated. Results showed that 5% copper slag substitution for portland cement gave a similar strength performance as the control mixture, especially at low w/b ratios (0.5 and 0.6). Higher copper slag (13.5%) replacement yielded lower strength values. Results also demonstrated that the use of CS and CBPD as partial replacements of portland cement has no significant effect on the modulus of elasticity of concrete, especially at small quantities substitution.     

红砒砂岩细集料制备水泥砂浆及其性能研究

采用砒砂岩替代部分河砂进行水泥砂浆性能试验,研究不同砒砂岩替代率对水泥砂浆需水量、力学性能及体积稳定性的影响,并在此基础上进行减水剂适应性试验以提高砒砂岩替代率和保证性能。结果表明:砒砂岩安全替代率为10%,当超过50%以上时水泥砂浆水灰比增加明显,导致试件强度快速降低、干缩率增大而存在耐久性隐患。不同类型减水剂在此体系中试件的工作性及力学性能表现依次为脂肪族减水剂聚羧酸减水剂萘系减水剂。     

Effect of crushed ceramic and basaltic pumice as fine aggregates on concrete mortars properties

This study examines the suitability of ceramic industrial wastes and huge amounts of basaltic pumice as a possible substitute for conventional crushed fine aggregates. Experiments were carried out to determine abrasion resistance, chloride penetration depths and the compressive strengths of concrete with crushed ceramic waste and basaltic pumice fine aggregates and to compare them with those of conventional concretes. Test results indicated that ceramic wastes and basaltic pumice concretes had good workability. Furthermore, it was found that abrasion resistance of crushed ceramic (CC) and crushed basaltic pumice (CBP) concretes was lower than that of conventional concretes. Test results also showed that maximum abrasion rate was obtained from specimen control (Mo), while minimum abrasion rate is obtained from M3 (60% crushed ceramic concrete) specimens. Abrasion resistance was increased as the rate of fine CC was decreased. Abrasion resistance of concrete was strongly influenced by its compressive strengths and CC and crushed CBP content. The crushed ceramic addition percentage decreased as the chloride penetration depth increased. Results of this investigation showed that CC and CBP could be conveniently used for low abrasion and higher compressive strength concretes.     

生活垃圾焚烧灰渣代砂混凝土配合比及力学性能试验

对生活垃圾焚烧灰渣代砂作为混凝土细骨料进行了试验研究。从有毒物质浸出、筛分、压碎指标等分析了生活焚烧垃圾灰渣的骨料特性,并对5种水胶比、3种代砂率的生活垃圾焚烧灰渣细骨料混凝土进行了配合比试验及力学性能试验。试验结果表明,生活垃圾焚烧灰渣多孔、吸水率高、压碎指标低,具有一定的潜在水硬性;通过增加减水剂等合理配合比设计,可以配出工作性能满足工程要求的生活垃圾焚烧灰渣细骨料混凝土;生活垃圾焚烧灰渣细骨料混凝土强度要低于同配合比条件的普通天然砂混凝土,尤其是100%代砂率焚烧灰渣混凝土28 d抗压强度仅为普通天然砂混凝土的一半左右,50%代砂率焚烧灰渣混凝土抗压强度更接近普通天然砂混凝土。     

磷渣微粉对再生混凝土性能的影响研究

为了提升再生骨料混凝土的工作性能、探讨工业废渣的有效利用,采用磷渣微粉取代部分水泥配置再生混凝土,并试验测试了不同混凝土的强度、变形曲线和氯离子渗透系数,分析了磷渣微粉对再生混凝土及其内部砂浆和界面力学性能以及耐久性能的影响.再生混凝土的试验研究结果表明:与普通混凝土相比,由于磷渣的缓凝作用使得磷渣混凝土早期强度有所下...     

Use of low CaO unprocessed steel slag in concrete as fine aggregate

Steel slag, which is produced locally in great amounts, has a negative impact on the environment when disposed. Local steel slag has a low CaO content and has no pozzolanic activity.In this research, local unprocessed steel slag is introduced in concrete mixes. Various mixes with compressive strength ranging from 25 to 45 MPa are studied. The slag is used as fine aggregate replacing the sand in the mixes, partly or totally. Ratios of 0%, 15%, 30%, 50% and 100% are used.Depending on the grade of concrete, the compressive strength is improved when steel slag is used for low sand replacement ratios (up to 30%).When optimum values are used, the 28-day tensile strength of concrete is improved by 1.4–2.4 times and the compressive strength is improved by 1.1–1.3 times depending on the replacement ratio and the grade of concrete. The best results are obtained for replacement ratios of 30–50% for tensile strength and 15–30% for compressive strength.Therefore, the use of steel slag in concrete would enhance the strength of concrete, especially tensile strength, provided the correct ratio is used.     

Durability of concrete incorporating non-ground blast furnace slag and bottom ash as fine aggregate

The paper presents investigation of how the usage of bottom ash (BA), granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS), and combination of both of these materials as fine aggregate in concrete affects the concrete durability. To assess durability characteristics of concrete, durability tests were conducted and the results were evaluated comparing with reference concrete. Three series concrete were produced. GBFS, BA and GBFS+BA are replaced the 3–7 mm-sized aggregate. Five test groups were constituted with the replacement percentages as 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% in each series. These by-products were used as non-ground form in the concrete. Durability properties of the concretes were compared in order to study the possible advantages of different replacement ratios. According to results, GBFS and BA affects some durability properties of concrete positively in case of it is used as fine aggregate. Resistance to high temperature and surface abrasion are positively affected properties. Capillarity, drying-wetting and freezing-thawing resistance of the concrete can be accepted to some extent. Properties of by-products and its replacement ratio are controlling the influence level and direction. Comparison of the SEM images and test results show that chemical and physical properties of GBFS and BA are the main factors affecting the concrete durability. It is concluded that it is possible to produce durable concrete by using GBFS and BA as fine aggregate.     

超细矿渣粉在水泥混凝土中的应用

结合GB/T 18046-2000用于水泥和混凝土的粒化高炉矿渣粉相关标准,通过试验对比和工程实际使用,阐述了超细矿渣粉用于水泥混凝土中对混凝土性能的改善及使用经济效益,并提出了一些指导性建议。     

铬渣作为细集料的材料性能及应用探究

通过对包头某铬渣厂的新老铬渣作为细集料的基本材料性能进行试验探究,并加入不同掺量的新老铬渣做成水泥固化铬渣试块测试其3、28 d的抗压抗折强度,证实解毒后的铬渣具有作为公路水泥混凝土的细集料的可能性。     

Organo-modified reservoir sludge as fine aggregates in cement mortars

In Taiwan, a considerable amount of reservoir sludge is being increasingly difficult to dispose of in landfills and creates serious disposal problems. Attempts have been made to study the feasibility of using reservoir sludge as a substitute for a portion of fine aggregates in cement mortars. Reservoir sludge in Taiwan mainly composed of smectite clay is first organo-modified by a cationic-exchange reaction. The compressive strengths and permeability ratios of cement mortars with various percentages of organo-modified reservoir sludge (OMRS) particles were measured and then compared to those of plain cement mortars. The experimental results indicate that it could be possible to replace up to 30% by weight of fine aggregates by OMRS particles in a cement mortar for normal practice. Meanwhile, OMRS particles can be used in controlled low-strength materials (CLSM) if their replacement percentage for fine aggregates is higher than 80%. Also, excellent waterproof of cement mortars is achieved when the percentage of OMRS particles is within the range of 5–50%.     

Influence of coal bottom ash as fine aggregate on fresh properties of concrete

This paper investigates the influence of the use of coal bottom ash as a replacement for natural fine aggregates on the properties of concrete in the fresh state. Tests for water loss through bleeding, and the determination of the setting times and plastic shrinkage, were carried out in order to evaluate the material in the presence of bottom ash. The influence of the porosity of bottom ash on the potential water absorption and water loss of the material, as well as on the water consumption of concretes produced with bottom ash, is also discussed. The results showed that in the fresh state the concretes produced with the bottom ash are susceptible to water loss by bleeding and the higher the percentage of bottom ash used as a natural sand replacement the lower the deformation through plastic shrinkage. The results also showed that the setting time is affected by the presence of bottom ash in the concrete. In conclusion, different forms of bottom ash mix result in concretes with different properties in the fresh state, but the behavioral tendencies are maintained when bottom ash is employed as a replacement for natural aggregates.     

废混凝土作粗集料、废砖作细集料制备再生混凝土的实验研究

将实验室检测用废混凝土试块和废黏土砖经破碎、筛分后,作为再生混凝土粗细集料应用。结果表明,经过合适的配比。配制出满足强度和工作性能要求的混凝土：在严格控制试验用水量的条件下,采用预加水浸泡再生细集料的方法,能够得到工作性能良好的再生混凝土。     

Use of fine glass as ASR inhibitor in glass aggregate mortars

Demand for recycled glass has considerably decreased in recent years, particularly for mixed glass. Glass is cheaper to store than to recycle, as conditioners require expenses for the recycling process. In order to provide a sustainable solution to glass storage, a potential and incentive way would be to reuse this type of glass in concretes. Depending on the size of the glass particles used in concrete, two antagonistic behaviours can be observed: alkali–silica reaction, which involves negative effects, and pozzolanic reaction, improving the properties of concrete. The work undertaken here dealt with the use of fine particles of glass and glass aggregates in mortars, either separately or combined. Two parameters based on standardised tests were studied: pozzolanic assessment by mechanical tests on mortar samples and alkali-reactive aggregate characteristics and fines inhibitor evaluations by monitoring of dimensional changes. It is shown that there is no need to use glass in the form of fines since no swelling due to alkali–silica reaction is recorded when the diameter of the glass grains is less than 1 mm. Besides, fine glass powders having specific surface areas ranging from 180 to 540 m²/kg reduce the expansions of mortars subjected to alkali–silica reaction (especially when glass aggregates of diameters larger than 1 mm are used).     

超高强度高炉矿渣细骨料混凝土的试验研究

通过混凝土配合比设计和力学性能试验,探讨了高炉矿渣代替天然砂作为超高强度混凝土细骨料的可行性,并对比了高炉矿渣代砂混凝土与天然砂混凝土的压缩强度,结果表明:高炉矿渣细骨料混凝土拌合物工作性能优良,压缩强度超过了100 MPa。     

钢渣微珠替代细骨料对不同等级混凝土力学性能的影响

钢渣微珠是将液态钢渣直接气淬而成的钢渣副产品,粒度均匀,稳定性好。将钢渣微珠作为混凝土细骨料替代品,研究了不同钢渣微珠细骨料替代率(0、20%、35%、50%)对C30和C50混凝土力学性能的影响。结果表明:钢渣微珠替代细骨料后,对C30混凝土抗压强度和抗折强度的提高有促进作用,但对C50混凝土抗压强度和抗折强度有反作用;随着钢渣微珠替代率的增大,混凝土抗拉强度呈现先增大后降低趋势,C30、C50抗拉强度分别在钢渣微珠替代率为35%、25%时达到最大值3.25、3.44 MPa;钢渣微珠适宜应用在较低等级混凝土中,在C30混凝土中替代率为20%~35%较佳。     

Mechanical and microstructural characterization of an alkali-activated slag/limestone fine aggregate concrete

Four limestone-based, alkali-activated slag fine aggregate concretes, two of which contained amorphous silica in the form of diatomaceous earth, were fabricated using different activating solutions (NaOH/waterglass or Na₂CO₃). Emphasis in this work was placed on using simple manufacturing methods and widely available materials, to ensure that these formulae are practical as construction materials in the developing world. Although cured only at room temperature, these fine aggregate concretes have good compressive strengths (～45 MPa) and their tensile strengths increased from ～2.6 MPa after 1 day of curing to ～4 MPa after 28 day for the NaOH-activated formulae. Samples activated with Na₂CO₃ had negligible tensile strengths after 1 day, increasing to ～2.5 MPa after 28 day. The main cementing phase was shown to be calcium–silicate–hydrates in all formulae; those activated with Na₂CO₃ also showed the presence of hydrotalcite. No evidence of geopolymeric phases was found, though incorporation of Na to form N–S–H that balance charges arising from Al substitution of Si in C–S–H is likely. Despite the short (～120 s) pot life of the strongest formula, NaCl was shown to be an effective retarding agent, which reduced the strengths of different formulae, at worst, by less than 25% after 28 day of curing.     

铜渣对水泥砂浆性能的影响

本文简要介绍了铜渣的研究现状、主要化学组成和岩相特征,综述了铜渣在水泥领域中的应用对水泥砂浆性能的影响。铜渣中含有大量的2Fe O·Si O2和Fe3O4,可以作为吸波材料进行相关研究。铜渣的回收利用可以降低成本,保护环境,节约资源,具有广阔的应用前景和社会经济效应。