Resistance to acid degradation,sorptivity, and setting time of geopolymer mortars

Experimental evaluations were conducted to determine the water sorptivity, setting time, and resistance to a highly acidic environment, of mortar with alkali-activated ground granulated blast furnace slag (GBS) binder and also of combinations of fly ash and GBS binders. Binders were activated using mixtures of NaOH and Na₂SiO₃ solutions. The molarity of NaOH in the mixtures ranged from 10 mol·L⁻¹ to 16 mol·L⁻¹, and the Na₂SiO₃/NaOH ratio was varied from 1.5 to 2.5. Mortar samples were produced using three binder combinations: 1) GBS as the only binder; 2) blended binder with a slag-to-fly ash ratio of 3:1; and 3) mixed binder with 1:1 ratio of slag to fly ash. Mortar samples were mixed and cured at (22 ± 2) °C till the day of the test. The impact of activator solution alkalinity, activator ratio Na₂SiO₃/NaOH, GBS content on the rate of water absorption were evaluated. After 7, 28, and 90 d of immersion in a 10% sulfuric acid solution, the resistance of a geopolymer matrix to degradation was assessed by measuring the change in sample weight. The influence of solution alkalinity and relative fly ash content on setting times was investigated. Alkali-activated mortar with a slag-to-fly ash ratio of 3:1 had the least sorptivity compared to the two other binder combinations, at each curing age, and for mortars made with each of the NaOH alkaline activator concentrations. Mortar sorptivity decreased with age and sodium hydroxide concentrations, suggesting the production of geopolymerization products. No reduction in weight of sample occurred after immersion in the strong acid H₂SO₄ solution for three months, regardless of binder combination. This was due to the synthesis of hydration and geopolymerization products in the presence of curing water, which outweighed the degradation of the geopolymer matrix caused by sulfuric acid.     

粉煤灰基地质聚合物力学性能影响因素的研究进展

对地质聚合物技术做了一个简要的介绍,分别从原材料、激发剂、添加剂和养护条件四个方面对近年来国内外学者在粉煤灰基地质聚合物力学性能的影响因素方面所做的工作和研究成果进行了介绍。粉煤灰的物化特性对粉煤灰基地质聚合物的力学性能有决定性的影响;激发剂中的碱形式、碱浓度和硅含量对粉煤灰基地质聚合物的抗压强度影响较大;适当的添加剂能提高粉煤灰地质聚合物的抗压强度;相对较高的养护温度有利于粉煤灰基地质聚合物力学性能的发展。在所有的影响因素中,原材料的成分和性质是最难控制的因素。最后,对研究原材料对地质聚合物力学性能影响的研究给出了建议。     

激发剂对粉煤灰基地聚合物抗压强度的影响

研究不同激发剂对以粉煤灰为原料制备的地聚合物抗压强度的影响．研究结果表明：不同浓度的NaOH和KOH溶液对粉煤灰的激发效果较差,粉煤灰基地聚合物的抗压强度较低．碱溶液和K2SiO3溶液复合可提高激发效果,提高粉煤灰基地聚合物的抗压强度．激发效果最好的是K2SiO3溶液;随着K2SiO3溶液浓度的提高,粉煤灰基地聚合物的抗压强度逐渐提高;当K2SiO3浓度为2mol／L时,粉煤灰基地聚合物28d抗压强度达到最大;继续增大K2SiO3浓度,粉煤灰基地聚合物28d抗压强度反而下降,由此可以推测相应的地聚合反应是一个定量的反应过程．     

Geopolymer synthesis using alkaline activation of natural zeolite

The influence of activator ratio, time, and curing temperature on the mechanical strength of geopolymers synthesized from natural zeolite was evaluated by employing silicate solutions and sodium hydroxide. The results demonstrated that an increase in the activator ratio as well as that of curing time favors mechanical strength in the material. Nevertheless, with 90 day of curing time and 80 °C or a greater curing temperature, have a negative effect on strength. Through characterization by X-ray diffraction a slight shift along with an increase in the amorphous halo between 20° and 30° (2θ) was observed and is characteristic of geopolymers. SEM–EDS analysis indicated the presence of Na and an increase in the Si/Al ratio from 8 to 11.5 with the incorporation of activators. The results indicate that the use of alkali and silicate activators on non commercial zeolite could be use in the synthesis of geopolymers.     

地聚合物胶凝材料性能及工程应用研究综述

针对地聚合物胶凝材料的制备及其应用技术,从理论研究和工程应用2个角度对这一领域进展进行归类和分析。在基本理论部分,详细介绍了国内外对地聚合物的反应机理、产物结构特征及其性能的研究成果,并系统论述了影响地聚合物结构及其性能的重要因素。在工程应用部分,重点阐述了地聚合物在加筋混凝土结构、制备建筑砌块/砖和加固不良土体等方面的应用研究进展。结果表明:地聚合物是一种具有三维空间网状结构的聚硅铝酸盐胶凝材料,其反应过程和产物结构特征均不同于普通硅酸盐水泥; 合理的碱激发剂类型与浓度、适宜的Si/Al比和Na(K)/Al比、适量的钙组分以及合理的养护条件等均有利于提高地聚合产物的力学性能和耐久性能; 地聚合物材料不仅具有很多优异的性能,而且其能耗低、排放少,在加筋混凝土结构、制备建筑砌块/砖、加固不良土体等领域有着非常广阔的应用前景,但关于地聚合物加筋混凝土构件、地聚合物砌块/砖和地聚合物固化土在多种环境因素耦合作用下的耐久性能等问题仍需进行深入探讨与研究。     

粉煤灰-矿渣复合超细粉蒸养混凝土力学性能

研究了在蒸汽养护和标准养护条件下掺粉煤灰－矿渣复合超细粉蒸养混凝土的力学性能，试验结果表明：粉煤灰－矿渣复合超细粉的掺入改善了蒸养混凝土的力学性能，并使蒸养混凝土具有较大的后期强度增长度，与空白对比组的混凝土相比，粉煤灰－矿渣复合超细粉混凝土的干缩显著降低。     

Physical and mechanical properties of municipal solid waste incineration residues with cement and coal fly ash using X-ray Computed Tomography scanners

A significant volume of Municipal Solid Waste incineration bottom ash and fly ash (i.e., incineration residues) are commonly disposed as landfill. Meanwhile, reclamation of landfill sites to create a new land space after their closure becomes an important goal in the current fewer and fewer land availability scenario in many narrow countries. The objective of this study is to reclaim incineration residue materials in the landfill site by using cement and coal fly ash as stabilizers aiming at performing quality check as new developed materials before future construction. Indeed, physical and mechanical properties of these new materials should be initially examined at the micro scale, which is the primary fundamental for construction at larger scale. This research examines quantitative influences of using the combination of cement and coal fly ash at different ratio on the internal structure and ability of strength enhancement of incineration residues when suffering from loading. Couple of industrial and micro-focus X-ray computed tomography (CT) scanners combined with an image analysis technique were utilized to characterize and visualize the behavior and internal structure of the incineration residues-cement-coal fly ash mixture under the series of unconfined compression test and curing period effect. Nine types of cement solidified incineration residues in term of different curing period (i.e., 7, 14, 28 days) and coal fly ash addition content (i.e., 0%, 9%, 18%) were scanned before and after unconfined compression tests. It was shown that incineration residues solidified by cement and coal fly ash showed an increase in compression strength and deformation modulus with curing time and coal fly ash content. Three-dimension computed tomography images observation and analysis confirmed that solidified incineration residues including incineration bottom and fly ash as well as cement and coal fly ash have the deliquescent materials. Then, it was studied that stabilized parts play a more important role than spatial void distribution in increment or reduction of compression strength.     

湿排粉煤灰固化强度试验研究

通过对海水湿排粉煤灰、水泥固化粉煤灰进行室内无侧限抗压强度试验和三轴压缩试验,以及对海水湿排固化粉煤灰材料强度形成机理分析,得到了水泥固化海水湿排粉煤灰基本力学性质及指标．通过设计试验对不同龄期、水泥固化剂掺量及养护条件影响因素进行分析,得到水泥固化海水湿排粉煤灰在不同条件下的强度变化规律．试验结果表明,水泥固化海水湿排粉煤灰具有良好的稳定性和耐久性,拌和固化混合料强度随龄期稳定增长,随水泥掺量增加强度提高．该试验研究对挡土结构、路基加固及地基处理等工程应用有重要的理论与实践研究价值．     

Effects of seeding nucleation agent on geopolymerization process of fly-ash geopolymer

Geopolymer, an inorganic aluminosilicate material activated by alkaline medium solution, can perform as an inorganic adhesive. The geopolymer technology has a viability to substitute traditional concrete made of portland cement (PC) because replacing PC with fly ash leads to reduced carbon dioxide emissions from cement productions and reduced materials cost. Although fly ash geopolymer stimulates sustainability, it is slow geopolymerization reaction poses a challenge for construction technology in term of practicality. The development of increasing geopolymerization reaction rate of the geopolymer is needed. ?The purpose of this study is to evaluate seeding nucleation agents (NA) of fly ash geopolymer that can accelerate polymerization reactions such that the geopolymer can be widely used in the construction industry. Results from the present study indicate that the use of NA (i.e., Ca(OH)₂) can be potentially used to increase geopolymerization reaction rate and improve performance characteristics of the fly ash geopolymer product.     

竹炭对粉煤灰陶瓷砖结构及性能的影响

采用粉煤灰、黄金尾矿为主要原料,添加不同掺量的竹炭,通过干压成型-高温烧成法制得粉煤灰陶瓷砖,分析了竹炭掺量及烧成温度对粉煤灰陶瓷砖的物化性能、物相组成及显微结构的影响规律.结果表明:以粉煤灰、黄金尾矿和竹炭可以制备出显气孔率和强度较高、吸水率较低的粉煤灰陶瓷砖,其物相主要为石英相与莫来石相;在m(竹炭):m(粉煤灰)为5:70,烧成温度为1 250℃时,陶瓷砖具有较好的综合性能,其破坏强度可达600.1 N,吸水率为8.29%,显气孔率为16.02%,达到GB/T 4100—2006附录K中对BⅡ类炻质砖的性能要求,且该材料的比表面积为11.1 m~2/g,具备一定的吸附功能,有望成为一种新型的内墙功能装饰材料.     

广州南沙地区软土采用水泥和粉煤灰固化试验研究

通过室内试验,研究广州市南沙地区软土采用水泥和粉煤灰加固力学特性。考虑水灰比、水泥粉煤灰混合固化剂掺量、粉煤灰掺量的变化对固化土无侧限抗压强度的影响,建立固化土强度-龄期一系列函数公式。研究显示:水泥起到提高固化土强度的主要作用,粉煤灰的掺量应有所限制;对于不同的混合固化剂配比,有各自的最佳水灰比。水灰比小于0.5,加大混合固化剂掺量不能显著提高固化土强度。广州南沙软土采用水泥粉煤灰搅拌桩加固,混合固化剂掺量取15%~18%,粉煤灰掺量取20%~30%,水灰比取0.53左右,比较合理。     

低碱性电解水对粉煤灰砂浆性能的影响

采用pH值为9.5的低碱性电解水制备粉煤灰砂浆,通过对比不同粉煤灰掺量条件下,低碱性电解水粉煤灰砂浆(EM)和普通自来水粉煤灰砂浆(OM)的工作性及力学性能,研究了低碱性电解水对粉煤灰砂浆性能的影响。结果表明:EM的工作性优于OM;控制流动度在(210±5)mm时,各组粉煤灰掺量的EM单位用水量均小于OM;低碱性电解水能够提高粉煤灰砂浆的强度,还能激发粉煤灰的早期活性效应,从而提高粉煤灰砂浆的早期强度,EM的早期抗压强度发展速率较OM提高了11.7%。     

水泥-粉煤灰复合浆体中粉煤灰的火山灰反应程度

采用选择性溶解法测定了水泥-粉煤灰复合浆体中粉煤灰火山灰反应的程度,探讨了养护温度、养护龄期、水灰比、外界水的影响.结果表明:提高养护温度可以加速复合浆体中粉煤灰的火山灰反应;在给定的养护温度、水灰比条件下,复合浆体中粉煤灰的火山灰反应程度在1～2月后不再随龄期的延长而明显增加;水灰比决定了复合浆体中粉煤灰的最大火山灰反应程度,高水灰比有利于粉煤灰的火山灰反应;外界水对粉煤灰后期参与火山灰反应的程度没有明显的影响.     

水胶比和粉煤灰掺量对粉煤灰活性因子的影响

考察了混凝土配合比中水胶比和粉煤灰掺量的变化,以及养护龄期的增长对粉煤灰活性因子的影响.研究结果表明:随着水胶比和粉煤灰掺量的增加,粉煤灰的活性因子减小;随着养护龄期的延长,粉煤灰的活性因子增大.同时,采用多元非线性同归方法,得出了粉煤灰的活性因子随水胶比、粉煤灰掺量和养护龄期的变化规律,随着水胶比和粉煤灰掺量的增加,粉煤灰的活性因子呈线性下降,随着养护龄期的延长,粉煤灰的活性因子呈二次曲线增长.     

Effect of silica fume and expanded perlite addition on the technical properties of the fly ash–lime–gypsum mixture

The main objective of this research was to investigate the effect of different type of pozzolan additions to cement free lightweight block made from fly ash–lime–gypsum mixture and observe the changes in physical, mechanical, thermal properties and microstructure. Thermal conductivity of the fly ash–lime–gypsum mixture was improved by the addition of the expanded perlite. Optimal strength-thermal conductivity combination was obtained by the usage of silica fume and expanded perlite together. Improved strength properties were obtained by using hydrothermal curing conditions and superplasticizer addition.     

基于强度指标的粉煤灰基地质聚合物设计

以粉煤灰为主要原材料,少量的硅灰为SiO2调节材料,以水玻璃和NaOH溶液作激发剂,制备了粉煤灰基地质聚合物材料,探讨了影响粉煤灰基地质聚合物强度的主要因素,结果表明:养护温度对地质聚合物强度影响最大,NaOH溶液摩尔浓度次之,NaOH溶液与水玻璃的质量比影响最小。     

蒸养混凝土抗氯离子渗透性能研究

蒸汽养护能促进混凝土早期强度的增长,但影响混凝土长期力学性能和抵抗氯离子等侵蚀性介质渗透的能力。本文研究了粉煤灰、硅灰矿物掺合料对蒸养混凝土抗压强度与抗氯离子渗透性能的影响。试验结果表明：蒸养普通混凝土抗氯离子渗透性能低于相应标养混凝土,掺入粉煤灰、硅灰等矿物掺合料后,可以显著改善蒸养混凝土的抗氯离子渗透性能。     

高碱度水泥基材料早期开裂敏感性研究

选用粉煤灰、减缩剂和减水剂，采用五路裂缝测定仪和非接触式电阻率测定仪，分别测试了相同水灰比、不同碱类型的水泥砂浆在干燥条件下约束收缩开裂的初始时间与水泥浆体早期水化24h内的电阻率变化，并测定了水泥砂浆在干燥环境下的抗压、抗折强度．结果表明：碱度增加会加速水泥的早期水化硬化以及微结构的形成与发展；Na^ 提高水泥砂浆早期强度、增加约束收缩开裂敏感性的作用要比K^ 的明显，尤其在低水灰比、掺减水剂时其影响更为明显；粉煤灰和减缩荆可延缓水泥(尤其是高碱度的水泥基材料)的早期水化硬化，降低水泥砂浆强度的发展，推迟初始开裂时间．     

Mechanical response of a mine composite material to extreme heat

The use of cemented paste backfills (CPB, a mine composite tailings material) in underground mining is currently increasing in importance globally. However, despite the tremendous progress made in understanding the factors affecting the performance of CPB, little attention has been devoted to the impact of high temperatures on its mechanical properties. This article presents the results of experimental investigations into the mechanical responses of CPB when subjected to high thermal loads. Samples made with silicate and pure cement or a mix of 50/50 cement and slag or fly ash were heated at 100, 200, 400 and 600°C, and the unconfined compressive strength, tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, stress–strain behaviour and microstructure evaluated by laboratory tests. The results show that high temperatures have a significant influence on the mechanical properties of CPB, which should be taken into account when determining an appropriate mix for the binder.      

用粉煤灰和制革废水污泥等制备地聚合物材料

以粉煤灰、制革废水污泥及偏高岭土为主要原料,氢氧化钾为碱激活剂合成了一系列地聚合物材料.通过抗压强度和重金属溶出量研究了地聚合物材料的力学性能及其重金属的固化效果.结果表明,以粉煤灰和制革废水污泥制备的地聚合物材料具备一定的抗压强度,对重金属有较好的固化效果.XRD,SEM,IR研究表明,地聚合物材料为无定形态,地聚合反应使Si—O键对应的1 088 cm-1处伸缩振动峰向低波数方向明显移动.