较大高程差迎波坡面爆破地震地形效应分析

针对较大高程差起伏地形高边坡爆破施工对周边环境的影响,开展了迎波坡面爆破地震地形效应研究.通过爆破振动测试与分析,得到了迎波坡面质点峰值振动速度萨氏经验公式.结合高程放大效应质点峰值振动速度经验公式,推导出了基于地形效应迎波坡面爆破地震预测模型,通过依托工程迎波坡面质点峰值振动速度预测分析,表明预测模型能较好地反映出地...     

较大高程差迎波坡面爆破地震地形效应分析

针对较大高程差起伏地形高边坡爆破施工对周边环境的影响,开展了迎波坡面爆破地震地形效应研究。通过爆破振动测试与分析,得到了迎波坡面质点峰值振动速度萨氏经验公式。结合高程放大效应质点峰值振动速度经验公式,推导出了基于地形效应迎波坡面爆破地震预测模型,通过依托工程迎波坡面质点峰值振动速度预测分析,表明预测模型能较好地反映出地形效应对爆破地震的影响;同时,研究指出由于爆破地震波传播路径与介质的复杂性以及波传播过程中的叠加干涉,对较大高程差起伏地形的质点峰值振速预测,以总药量参与计算更为精准。     

爆破震动速度峰值预测模型的比较和讨论

传统的爆破震动峰值质点速度(PPV)预测公式已不能适应现代爆破安全的要求。基于人工神经网络(ANN)原理,建立了结构为2-5-1的BP神经网络预测模型,以青藏铁路关角隧道爆破震动测试数据为样本,对人工神经网络模型和几种传统公式的爆破震动速度预测结果进行比较。通过对实测结果与预测结果相关性系数(COD)、平均绝对误差(MAE)和相对误差(RE)的分析,表明:在传统预测模型中USBM预测公式精度最高,而人工神经网络模型较传统模型更接近实际值。     

小净距公路隧道爆破震动观测与分析

基于小净距的南方某公路隧道二期工程爆破震动安全监测,通过质点振动速度峰值与主振频率分析,展开了基于小净距公路隧道的爆破震动观测与研究。首先介绍了测线与测点布置原则,并阐述了爆破震动观测及其结果,得出了相应的质点振动速度峰值衰减经验公式及v-ρ关系曲线。结果表明,半断面、下上台阶和全断面爆破等三种不同隧道施工开挖方式所得出的不同的观测结果,质点振动速度峰值最大值通常出现在同一断面的墙中与顶板位置、径向方向和爆心距最小位置发生处,对应主频分布在15~75Hz,主要集中在22~50Hz。结论指出,质点振动速度峰值与对应主振频率与爆破方式以及爆心距密切相关,爆破规模与爆心距对爆破地震效应影响程度很大,隧道开挖中的全断面爆破有利于减小和控制爆破震动。     

基于GEP的爆破峰值速度预测模型

针对施工中爆破振动危害严重、振动峰值速度难以预测问题,选用基因表达式编程(Gene Expression Programming,GEP)算法以My Eclipse为开发工具,建立基于GEP的爆破峰值速度预测模型。取实测数据进行预测,并与萨道夫斯基经验公式与模糊神经网络模型预测结果对比。结果表明,三者平均相对误差分别为8.8%、11.3%及27.9%。由此证明GEP模型预测爆破峰值速度可行,亦为爆破振动预测提供新思路。     

PCA-BP算法在地面爆破振动中的应用

为了更加准确地预测地面爆破的质点峰值振动速度,提出应用一种PCA-BP算法,该算法首先利用主成分分析对爆心距、高程差、总药量、炮孔深度、单段最大药量等地面爆破振动影响因素进行研究,然后结合BP神经网络算法对其爆破质点峰值振动速度进行预测。结果显示:利用PCA-BP算法的预测结果更接近工程实测值,平均相对误差为7.748%,远小于用传统萨道夫斯基经验公式进行预测的平均相对误差32.654%,说明将PCA-BP算法应用到爆破振动工作中是比较可行的,对评估地面振动危害有一定的指导意义。     

地下结构及其围岩爆破地震效应

基于地下结构及其围岩的爆破震动监测,通过峰值质点振动速度及其主振动频率分析,阐述了围岩介质体中爆破地震波的传播规律,以及地下结构与围岩爆破地震效应;并就爆破震动观测结果进行了分析探讨。文中给出了比例药量与距离条件下的峰值质点振动速度衰减经验公式,分析了它们之间的关系,结果显示爆破近区的爆破地震波衰减速度要明显大于较远区域,爆破引起的质点振动速度主频集中在15⁷5Hz,以45Hz最为集中。峰值质点振动速度及其主频与爆破规模与爆心距密切相关,爆破地震波的衰减受传播介质体本身的物理几何特性影响很大。     

地下结构及其围岩爆破地震效应

基于地下结构及其围岩的爆破震动监测,通过峰值质点振动速度及其主振动频率分析,阐述了围岩介质体中爆破地震波的传播规律,以及地下结构与围岩爆破地震效应;并就爆破震动观测结果进行了分析探讨。文中给出了比例药量与距离条件下的峰值质点振动速度衰减经验公式,分析了它们之间的关系,结果显示爆破近区的爆破地震波衰减速度要明显大于较远区域,爆破引起的质点振动速度主频集中在15~75Hz,以45Hz最为集中。峰值质点振动速度及其主频与爆破规模与爆心距密切相关,爆破地震波的衰减受传播介质体本身的物理几何特性影响很大。     

小净距公路隧道爆破震动观测与分析

基于小净距的南方某公路隧道二期工程爆破震动安全监测,通过质点振动速度峰值与主振频率分析,展开了基于小净距公路隧道的爆破震动观测与研究。首先介绍了测线与测点布置原则,并阐述了爆破震动观测及其结果,得出了相应的质点振动速度峰值衰减经验公式及v-ρ关系曲线。结果表明,半断面、下上台阶和全断面爆破等三种不同隧道施工开挖方式所得出的不同的观测结果,质点振动速度峰值最大值通常出现在同一断面的墙中与顶板位置、径向方向和爆心距最小位置发生处,对应主频分布在15⁷5Hz,主要集中在2275Hz,主要集中在22⁵0Hz。结论指出,质点振动速度峰值与对应主振频率与爆破方式以及爆心距密切相关,爆破规模与爆心距对爆破地震效应影响程度很大,隧道开挖中的全断面爆破有利于减小和控制爆破震动。     

安托山深孔爆破震动测试与分析

深圳某土石方开挖工程采用中深孔爆破方式。为了确定一次起爆药量的极限,研究扩大爆破规模时的降震措施,对该工程的前期爆破进行了震动监测。通过对实测数据的回归分析,得出了适用于该工程的计算爆破质点峰值振动速度(PPV)的经验公式,为该工程预测生产爆破地震强度和采取降震、减震措施提供了理论依据。同时,对生产爆破提出了建设性意见。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...