碳纤维编织复合材料损伤变形与破坏实验研究

通过对碳纤维编织复合材料的拉伸实验,利用声发射技术(Acoustic Emission,简称"AE")和数字图像相关(Digital Image Correlation,简称"DIC")方法研究碳纤维复合材料的损伤演化规律。通过采集试件在拉伸过程中的声发射信号、损伤变形与应变场信息,分析碳纤维编织复合材料的力学加载、变形场和声发射特征参数的关系。结果表明复合材料的位移场、应变场信息以及AE信号特征参数能良好地描述复合材料在拉伸状态下的损伤累积和破坏过程。在加载前期,以40~60 dB低幅度信号为主;随着载荷增加,撞击累计数急剧升高,高幅度、高持续时间信号增多。通过DIC测得的位移场和应变场信息,发现对于相同的载荷增量,加载方向的位移和最大拉应变呈先增加后减小的趋势。     

复合材料波纹褶皱区域损伤变形测量及声发射监测

对含波纹褶皱缺陷的玻璃纤维单向复合材料进行压缩试验,结合声发射(Acoustic Emission,简称"AE")和数字图像相关(Digital Image Correlation,简称"DIC")互补技术,研究复合材料波纹褶皱区域的损伤变形与演化规律。在复合材料试件压缩加载的过程中,采集波纹褶皱区域损伤变形场、应变场信息和实时声发射监测信号,分析复合材料压缩力学响应行为与缺陷区域变形场、应变场以及声发射信号特征之间的对应关系。结果表明:波纹褶皱会严重影响复合材料的力学性能,通过分析声发射信号,发现随着波纹褶皱宽高比减小,复合材料的力学性能呈现降低的趋势;当波纹褶皱宽高比一定时,随着波纹褶皱高度不断增加,复合材料的力学性能呈现降低的趋势。通过DIC测得的应变场与位移场信息,发现对于相同的载荷增量,最大应变呈增加趋势,且波纹褶皱宽高比越大应变增幅越大;越趋近于褶皱中部,水平位移越大,加载方向位移与试件失稳破坏位置有关,接近破坏区域的加载方向位移大。损伤区域位移场和应变场清晰地反映了玻璃纤维复合材料的损伤变形特征。     

复合材料胶接修补界面损伤演化声发射监测

利用声发射技术实时监测四点弯曲载荷作用下含纤维断裂玻璃纤维增强复合材料胶接修补后试件的损伤演化过程,结合声发射信号统计分析方法,研究贴补片尺寸对修复效果的影响。结果表明,弯曲载荷作用下,两类贴补修补试件破坏模式均以贴补界面开裂为主,随着胶接修补贴补面积的增加,试件失效载荷呈增大趋势。贴补修补片长度为90mm时,其破坏载荷约为未修补试件破坏载荷的2倍。修补试件损伤破坏过程与对应声发射特征表现出良好的相关性,声发射信号统计性描述方法能够有效用于评估胶接修补复合材料试件的微损伤演化行为。     

钛合金‑芳纶纤维复合材料单搭接胶接接头渐进破坏分析

采用芳纶纤维复合材料与钛合金制备单搭接胶接连接实验件。利用万能实验机、DIC、应变采集系统等手段,对胶接接头的极限载荷、应变场、应变分布和破坏模式进行表征,分析了拉伸载荷下胶接接头的应变分布规律和复合材料层合板刚度折减规律,探究了异质材料单搭接胶接接头的破坏过程。结果表明,胶接接头破坏模式为搭接接头两端胶层界面破坏,中间部位复合材料层间破坏。接头破坏过程为渐进破坏,受载时复合材料端头产生较大的剪切应变,裂纹在此处萌生,并不断向钛合金端头扩展,扩展部位复合材料层合板刚度不断折减,直到搭接面积过小胶层突然发生界面破坏。     

碳纤维编织复合材料拉伸变形测量及声发射监测

采用声发射和数字图像相关互补技术,结合破坏断口微结构特征,研究碳纤维编织复合材料的损伤变形与失效机理。在复合材料试件拉伸加载的同时,实时获取变形特征和损伤声发射信号,分析复合材料力学响应与位移场、声发射特征的关系。结果表明,复合材料试件实时拉伸位移场、损伤破坏过程的声发射相对能量、撞击累积数及幅度等特征参数反映了复合材料表面变形与内部损伤演化过程。复合材料试件断裂时出现较多高持续时间、高幅度、高相对能量的声发射信号,宏观断口平齐,表现为脆性断裂。     

胶厚对钛合金-复合材料接头胶接性能的影响

采用钛合金与芳纶纤维复合材料制备了不同胶层厚度的单搭接接头。利用DIC与万能试验机对接头进行了拉伸-剪切性能测试,研究了不同胶层厚度异质材料的接头胶接性能、应变场与破坏模式的变化规律,分析了在拉伸载荷下,不同胶层厚度接头的失效特点。结果表明,当胶层厚度由0. 2 mm增加至1. 2 mm时,接头极限载荷由6. 13k N降低至5. 89 k N,损伤后剩余强度降低,薄胶层接头出现渐进失效;复合材料端头高剥离与拉伸应变区域面积增加,厚胶层与被胶接件一同变形,导致接头提前失效;钛合金-胶层界面破坏模式增多,芳纶纤维复合材料层间破坏模式减少;接头在发生复合材料层间破坏后,仍能够保持较高的剩余强度,当钛合金-胶层界面遭到破坏后,易整体失效。     

复合材料损伤过程声发射信号聚类分析与压缩变形测量

利用声发射(Acoustic Emission,简称"AE")和数字图像相关(Digital Image Correlation,简称"DIC")互补技术,实时监测单向玻璃纤维增强复合材料压缩试验,研究复合材料屈曲过程中的变形损伤与演化规律。选取AE信号的峰值幅度、峰值频率、质心频率和RA值四个特征参数,结合主成分分析法(Principal Component Analysis,简称"PCA")与k-means聚类算法对其进行聚类分析。结果表明:复合材料压缩损伤过程的AE信号大致可以分为三类,其特征频率变化范围分别为0~60 kHz、100 kHz~150 kHz和200 kHz~450 kHz,对应基体开裂、纤维脱粘与纤维断裂等三种损伤模式;表面位移场变化信息反映了复合材料试件变形与损伤的破坏特征。AE和DIC方法相结合能够有效监测复合材料压缩过程的损伤演化,可以为复合材料结构的健康监测提供参考。     

搭接长度对钛合金-芳纶纤维复合材料单搭接接头胶接性能的影响

采用钛合金与芳纶纤维复合材料制备不同搭接长度的单搭接接头。利用数字图像相关技术（DIC）、万能试验机等表征方法,对接头拉伸应变与极限载荷进行表征,研究了搭接长度对异质材料单搭接接头胶接性能与破坏模式的变化规律。结果表明,随着搭接长度的增加,单搭接接头极限载荷提升,胶接强度降低,高搭接长度接头出现渐进损伤;偏心弯矩引起的接头偏移减少,搭接部位纵向应变区域面积占比降低;芳纶纤维复合材料层间破坏模式增多,钛合金?胶层界面破坏模式减少,剥离复合材料层数增加。     

复合材料胶接头Ⅱ型加载损伤破坏声发射监测

利用声发射技术实时监测复合材料胶接头Ⅱ型加载损伤破坏的全过程,研究了不同胶接长度的复合材料胶接头破坏的力学性能以及声发射信号响应特征。结果表明,界面破坏是复合材料胶接头的主要破坏模式,胶层边缘的应力集中导致整个胶层的破坏。缺胶缺陷降低了复合材料胶接头的承载能力。声发射信号的相对能量、幅度和撞击累计数与试件损伤破坏的过程相对应,因此,声发射信号的动态特征可为风电叶片胶接头的无损检测和健康监测提供依据。     

复合材料单搭接胶接头破坏声发射监测

采用声发射技术对单向拉伸载荷作用下复合材料单搭接胶接头的剪切破坏试验进行实时监测的方法,研究搭接长度对单搭接胶接头损伤破坏的影响规律及其相应的声发射响应特征。结果表明,随搭接长度的增加,引起单搭接胶接头的受力不均匀性增加,损伤易发生在胶层边缘应力集中区域,胶接头承载能力不断上升的同时,平均剪切应力逐渐降低;胶层边缘应力集中更明显,从而出现较多的声发射信号,且幅度在60~80 dB的声发射信号明显增多,声发射撞击累积数有上升趋势。声发射相对能量、幅度分布等声发射信号与胶层的损伤破坏过程相对应。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。