运动炸药近地爆炸冲击波场特性研究

为研究运动炸药近地爆炸冲击波场分布特性,运用AUTODYN软件对不同运动速度炸药近地爆炸过程进行数值仿真,地面超压峰值仿真结果与等效经验公式计算值符合程度较好。通过对扰动压力场、爆炸初始压力场以及地面特征位置峰值超压的对比分析,得到炸药运动速度对近地爆炸冲击波场分布的影响规律。研究结果表明:炸药运动速度对地面冲击波峰值超压有增益作用,随着炸药运动速度的增加该增益作用增强;炸药运动速度对地面峰值超压的增益作用随比例距离的增加逐渐减弱,3倍比例距离外可认为无明显差异。     

刚性地面对爆炸冲击波传播规律的影响

为研究刚性地面对爆炸冲击波传播特性的影响,采用ANSYS/LS-DYNA对TNT炸药在刚性地面工况下起爆后的整个过程进行了数值分析,得到了刚性地面工况下爆炸冲击波的传播规律以及特征参数,并将其与自由空气工况下爆炸冲击波的传播规律以及特征参数进行了对比分析。建立了TNT炸药在刚性地面工况下起爆后,比例距离在0.5 m/kg^1/3≤Z≤3 m/kg^1/3之间时的冲击波超压峰值简便计算公式,分析了起爆高度对刚性地面附近冲击波的影响规律,并得到了刚性地面反射增强效应作用范围的判别公式。数值分析所得结果可为结构或构件在刚性地面上发生爆炸时荷载的初步确定提供一定的参考。     

刚性地面对爆炸冲击波传播规律的影响

为研究刚性地面对爆炸冲击波传播特性的影响,采用ANSYS/LS-DYNA对TNT炸药在刚性地面工况下起爆后的整个过程进行了数值分析,得到了刚性地面工况下爆炸冲击波的传播规律以及特征参数,并将其与自由空气工况下爆炸冲击波的传播规律以及特征参数进行了对比分析。建立了TNT炸药在刚性地面工况下起爆后,比例距离在0.5 m/kg^(1/3)≤Z≤3 m/kg(1/3)≤Z≤3 m/kg^(1/3)之间时的冲击波超压峰值简便计算公式,分析了起爆高度对刚性地面附近冲击波的影响规律,并得到了刚性地面反射增强效应作用范围的判别公式。数值分析所得结果可为结构或构件在刚性地面上发生爆炸时荷载的初步确定提供一定的参考。     

挡墙对爆炸冲击波传播影响的数值模拟

基于任意拉格朗日-欧拉(ALE)算法,采用有限元软件AutoDyn,对TNT 炸药地面起爆后,爆炸冲击波遇到挡墙时的传播规律进行了三维数值模拟。分析了炸药在自由空气中,刚性地面上,沙土地面上起爆情况下,对不同方向超压分布的影响,研究了当冲击波遇到挡墙时其迎爆面的超压和比冲量分布及冲击波绕射之后挡墙后方的超压和比冲量分布规律。分析结果表明:炸药起爆环境对冲击波超压有明显的影响,其影响程度随方向而定。爆炸冲击波遇到混凝土挡墙后将产生约2 倍于入射压力的反射超压;在比距离较小时,挡墙迎爆面的最大压力和比冲量均出现在挡墙底部。爆炸冲击波绕过挡墙之后将会发生环流汇聚现象,并且在冲击波相互碰撞下汇合处的超压较大。     

不同形状装药爆炸作用下地下管廊动力响应研究

探究装药形状对地下结构动力响应的影响，运用动力有限元分析程序，建立空气、土体、钢筋混凝土管廊和炸药的模型，利用流固耦合算法，对地下管廊在土中爆炸荷载作用下的响应进行研究。试验中常将TNT堆叠为方形集团装药对地下结构进行爆轰，而在实际情况，精确制导炸弹为柱状。比较柱状装药和集团装药在相同当量以及同一起爆位置爆炸时的响应，当比例距离小于0.5 m/kg^1/3时，柱状装药在相同比例距离的轴向超压大于径向超压，前者峰值约为后者峰值的1.12～4.79倍，在比例距离小于0.4 m/kg^1/3时，柱状装药径向超压大于同比例距离集团装药的轴向超压，爆炸冲击波沿装药轴向传播速度大于径向传播；两种装药顶爆作用下，主要是结构顶部竖向响应的区别，柱状装药对结构顶板的竖向扰动持续时间更长，顶板竖向加速度峰值在大舱顶板部位高出15.6%,小舱顶板部位高出12.2%,对于侧墙部位的加速度和位移影响并不是很大。表明装药形状对于结构动力响应有一定的影响，研究结果对防护工程结构以及内部附属设施设计提供参考。     

球形炸药设计及其水下爆炸冲击波特性

雷管等爆炸元件的爆炸能量分布通常并不均匀,在离心机中研究爆炸问题对爆源的尺寸和爆炸能量分布要求较高,爆炸能量不均匀对试验结果存在影响,不符合爆炸力学中的点源假定。采用黑索金炸药制作球形炸药,探讨了细径导爆索及无起爆药雷管作为起爆方式的适用性。最终确定微型导爆雷管中心起爆球形炸药的方式,并研究了其水下爆炸冲击波特性,峰值压力与比例距离近似成线性关系,冲击波压力波形可以较好地采用冲击波压力公式拟合。     

柱形爆炸容器内爆炸冲击波的传播规律研究

为了研究柱形爆炸容器内炸药爆炸冲击波的传播规律,利用空中爆炸传感器测量了不同药量和不同距离条件下冲击波压力时程曲线,发现实验测试值与传统的理论经验公式计算值存在较大误差。通过实验结果和理论分析,探讨了误差产生的原因,并对柱形爆炸容器内超压测试曲线出现多峰值超压的原因进行了分析。最后,基于实验测试结果及爆炸相似律原理拟合出适用于该环境下的冲击波超压计算公式,经过拟合修正后计算误差由70%~80%降至0.57%~15%。该研究可为爆炸容器的设计和应用提供理论参考。     

典型密闭装置内爆炸尺寸效应研究

为研究密闭装置内爆炸冲击波的传播规律及密闭装置尺寸效应对冲击波超压空间分布和爆炸荷载特征参数的影响,在混凝土密闭装置内爆炸试验的基础上,结合LS—DYNA有限元程序对不同尺寸的装置内爆炸进行数值模拟。结果表明:密闭装置内爆炸超压时程曲线大多呈现多峰特性,装置顶角、棱线附近超压曲线的周期宏观脉动现象比较明显,超压衰减缓慢;当结构长宽比例1.2≤LW≤3时,结构对冲击波的约束不是很明显,冲击波超压空间分布比较有规律;而当LW3时,结构对冲击波的约束表现得异常明显,冲击波超压空间分布规律不显著。对于5种不同尺寸的装置内爆炸,当比例距离2.134 m/kg1/3≤r珋≤3.201 m/kg1/3时,冲击波流场异常复杂且超压曲线多峰特性开始凸显,不能用简单的数学关系来描述冲击波的空间分布。     

浅水爆炸下高桩钢管柱表面作用荷载实验研究

通过不同炸药量、不同爆炸距离、不同起爆深度的水中爆炸模型实验,研究了浅水爆炸条件下高桩钢管柱表面压力特征和空间分布规律,分析了比例爆距对冲击波峰值及空间分布影响,给出了钢管柱表面冲击波反射系数、绕射系数和抗爆设计中实际作用冲击波的工程算法。研究结果表明:水中爆炸作用下,反射和绕射冲击波近似同时作用在钢管柱表面,峰值沿柱身高度方向非均匀分;冲击波受水面影响程度相对较小,二次气泡脉动受水面影响程度较大;反射和绕射冲击波峰值均随炸药量增加、作用距离减小而增加。比例爆距相同,反射冲击波峰值相同,但炸药量小、爆炸距离近的实验工况绕射冲击波峰值相对较小;钢管柱表面冲击波反射系数和绕射系数随比例爆距增加而减小。比例爆距≥1.71时,钢管柱实际作用冲击波峰值可近似按自由场冲击波峰值的1.37倍计算。     

综合管廊燃气仓内爆炸下冲击波衰减规律研究

为了得到综合管廊燃气仓在内爆炸作用下冲击波的衰减规律,通过LS-DYNA有限元软件,建立了典型三仓室综合管廊模型,模拟了燃气仓在不同爆炸荷载下的内爆炸情况。获得了管廊的破坏模式、燃气仓内空气中心线各点的超压时程曲线以及超压峰值曲线。结果表明:炸药量对燃气仓影响较大,对电力仓影响不大;在燃气仓内,随着炸药药量的增大,各点在同一爆炸荷载下的超压曲线线型与超压峰值差距越大;在不同爆炸荷载下,各点冲击波超压峰值的最大值在距离爆炸中心2~5 m之间,在距离爆炸中心10 m处,冲击波超压峰值衰减至1 MPa以下;各点冲击波超压峰值曲线随着与爆炸中心距离的增大表现出先增大后减小的趋势,其中当炸药药量为10 kg时,燃气仓内各点冲击波超压峰值曲线出现了波动,这与管廊内部墙板裂缝的出现有关。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...