爆破成井装药结构与中心孔药量的模拟与实践

为研究小断面急倾斜天井采用VCR法一次爆破成井的中心孔药量问题,采用ANSYS/LS-DYNA对成井过程进行了数值模拟。根据C·W利文斯顿球状药包理论,采用5孔布置、单孔中心掏槽、同分层中心孔与边孔不等高装药模拟成井过程。通过观察爆炸作用下岩石塑性应变场的变化,确定该方法能够很好地解决岩石夹制性问题。进而,改变中心孔药量进行多组模拟,发现不同中心孔药量与井壁上不同位置的单元应力对岩石抗拉强度的二阶矩的值呈非线性关系,并由此总结出中心孔药量的确定方法。工程实例验证了采用不等高装药与使用合理的药量能够达到理想的成井效果。     

爆破成井装药结构与中心孔药量的模拟与实践

为研究小断面急倾斜天井采用VCR法一次爆破成井的中心孔药量问题,采用ANSYS/LS-DYNA对成井过程进行了数值模拟。根据C·W利文斯顿球状药包理论,采用5孔布置、单孔中心掏槽、同分层中心孔与边孔不等高装药模拟成井过程。通过观察爆炸作用下岩石塑性应变场的变化,确定该方法能够很好地解决岩石夹制性问题。进而,改变中心孔药量进行多组模拟,发现不同中心孔药量与井壁上不同位置的单元应力对岩石抗拉强度的二阶矩的值呈非线性关系,并由此总结出中心孔药量的确定方法。工程实例验证了采用不等高装药与使用合理的药量能够达到理想的成井效果。     

基于深孔预裂的球状药包爆破一次成井技术

为保证一次爆破形成垂深30 m的大断面天井,本文提出了基于深孔预裂的球状药包爆破一次成井技术.首先通过对预裂爆破作用机理分析,选取了炮孔不耦合系数为3.1、线装药密度为1.61 kg/m、预裂孔间距为1.3m等预裂爆破主要参数;同时根据爆破漏斗试验和球状药包爆破特点选取了圆形布孔、球状药包爆破孔间距为2m、分层高度为3 m、同层同段起爆、分层微差200 ms等球状药包爆破主要参数.最后根据所选参数在三道庄露天矿进行现场实验,实验达到了预期的爆破效果,证明该技术在深孔一次爆破成井可行,对类似工程具有一定参考价值.     

桥墩立井开挖控制爆破研究

桥墩立井开挖爆破,由于其工作断面小,岩石的夹制性大,因此炮孔利用率低,爆破效果差。针对这种情况,在某跨江公路桥桥墩立井的爆破开挖中,根据多次试验的结果,设计了较合理的爆破参数、装药结构及起爆方式,从而改善了爆破效果,提高了炮孔利用率。文中讨论了爆破震动对新浇混凝土的影响机理,在此基础上,设计了间隔装药的周边减震孔,并采用单孔微差起爆,较好地避免了爆破震动对相邻桥墩新浇混凝土的影响。     

井下矸石仓全深度一次爆破成井技术

为保证垂深13.2 m的矸石仓的全断面深孔一次光爆成井,采用分段式菱形掏槽、中心空孔设置抛掷弹改善掏槽、大空腔比装药结构的周边孔光面爆破以及掏槽孔和辅助孔分段集中装药,科学合理地选择爆破段高、装药量、装药结构、起爆顺序和时差,达到了成型良好的预期爆破效果,实现了安全、高效、快速的掘进的目的.同时提出了安全技术措施,对类...     

深孔连续与间隔装药爆破数值模拟研究

基于大型非线性动力学分析软件LS-DYNA,采用岩石材料的JHC本构模型,模拟了深孔连续与间隔装药爆破时的压力场、应力场以及速度场发展过程,分析了装药结构不同和起爆方式不同对爆破效果的影响。研究表明:与连续装药结构相比,中部间隔装药结构能够降低初始压力峰值,降低炸药单耗,减少爆破产生的震动效应,改善爆破效果。对于中部间隔装药结构,在不存在时差的前提下,底部起爆可提高能量利用率,而中部起爆可减小爆破震动。     

硬岩巷道深孔掏槽数值模拟与试验研究

为解决硬岩巷道深孔掘进爆破受岩石夹制作用大、爆破效率低、循环进尺小、采掘比例严重失调等问题,采用LS-DYNA软件数值模拟和模型试验方法对深孔直眼掏槽爆破进行分析,包括四角九孔掏槽、双空孔菱形掏槽和复式筒形掏槽。根据岩石爆破破碎理论及柱状药包理论,对上述深孔直眼掏槽过程进行数值模拟,通过对三种深孔直眼掏槽的不同时刻应力云图和有效应力时程曲线的分析,比较高应力大小和高应力持续时间,得到药包起爆后的应力传播规律和空孔应力集中现象。结合在查干敖包铁锌矿进行现场试验,比较炮眼利用率、炸药单耗等指标,得到复式筒形掏槽为最优设计方案。     

超大断面竖井深孔爆破成井技术

为实现超大断面竖井高效掘进,提出基于多孔球状药包爆破和预裂爆破的深孔爆破成井技术。首先根据竖井掘进深度大、断面大的特点,设计了导井爆破、基于预裂爆破的侧崩爆破和破顶爆破的分区爆破方案;同时根据多孔球状药包爆破漏斗理论和延时爆破降振机理,提出导井精确短延时爆破成井技术,通过理论计算确定了导井爆破同层短延时时间和层间延时时间等爆破参数;基于预裂爆破作用机理,确定了周边孔预裂爆破参数。最后将研究结果在引松供水工程超大断面竖井掘进中进行现场试验,成功爆破形成了直径20m、高度50 m的调压井。试验结果证明了深孔爆破成井技术应用于超大断面竖井掘进的可行性,研究结果具有广泛的推广应用前景。     

起爆方式对岩石爆破裂纹扩展影响的实验分析

为了了解硬岩爆破施工中,提高炸药能量利用率的最佳起爆方式或药包结构,在聚能作用和岩石破碎理论的基础上,分析了空穴聚能、爆轰聚能的聚能作用和爆破裂纹产生机理及准则。通过实验研究了中心雷管、空穴聚能和爆轰聚能的装药方式下爆破裂纹扩展规律。结果表明,3种装药方式下的岩石破碎区范围相差不大,但是中心雷管起爆时岩石径向裂纹较均匀,空穴聚能时在聚能罩的方向上形成较宽、较长的爆破裂纹,爆轰聚能在起爆点中心轴线上形成大的扩展裂纹,虽其宽度和长度均略小于空穴聚能装药,但该方法避免了金属材料的消耗和繁琐的施工工艺。结合红沿河核电站取水隧洞盾构孤石预裂爆破施工,开展的爆轰聚能的工业应用实验表明,采用爆轰聚能爆破技术使孤石强度大幅降低,减少了孤石对盾构机刀盘的磨损,避免了卡钻现象,使盾构机掘进速率提升至10.42mm/min,极大的提高了施工效率。研究结果对起爆技术改进和夹制力大的孤石爆破具有一定的指导意义。     

深孔爆破对隐患资源开采两帮的动力响应特性研究

隐患资源安全开采是采矿工程领域面临的难点问题。结合某铅锌矿隐患资源开采工程实际情况,利用显示动力分析软件LS-DYNA构建深孔爆破荷载作用下充填体动力响应的数值仿真模型;设计了5种不同装药结构,分析爆炸应力波在充填体环境下的传播特征。结果表明:隐患资源两帮受到的拉应力小于其动态抗拉强度,两帮不会发生"片落";采用不耦合装药并且空气间隔系数为0.52可以使爆破应力分布更均匀;爆破振动速度和应力叠加使药包中心点到充填体的投影位置的速度和应力达到最大值;爆破参数为:炮孔直径为110 mm,排距×孔距=2.0 m×1.8 m,边孔与充填体之间的距离为1 m,一卷炸药(长0.67 m,直径90 mm)+1 m空气间隔的边孔装药结构即方案4。现场试验表明,优化的装药结构可以较好解决深孔爆破对隐患资源开采稳定性的问题。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from