基于FBG的复合材料成型与冲击监测研究

碳纤维复合材料(CFRP)作为一种先进复合材料得到了广泛应用,但由于层合板结构薄弱的层间性能,致使其在受到外界冲击时,内部极易发生分层损伤,造成力学性能的下降并带来安全隐患。本文考虑将光纤Bragg光栅传感器(FBG)埋入碳纤维复合材料层合板中,对复合材料的真空辅助成型工艺及单次冲击进行了监测研究。实验结果表明,FBG可以有效监测复合材料成型过程中的温度、应变变化,并反映其存在的残余应变;在低能量冲击条件下,可以监测到复合材料内部应变变化及内部损伤情况,为FBG监测CFRP层合板的低速冲击损伤提供了依据。     

基于FBG传感器的碳纤维复合材料内部热应变监测

将光纤布拉格光栅(Fiber Bragg Grating,简称"FBG")传感器分别埋入单向板和平纹机织层压复合材料中,采用Sm125型光纤光栅解调仪测试两种复合材料在20~100℃温度范围内的内部热应变,分析单向板和平纹机织层压复合材料在仅受温度作用下内部热应变变化特征。结果表明,FBG传感器可以准确测量复合材料内部热应变变化;单向板和平纹机织层压复合材料的内部热应变均随温度升高而增大;织物结构影响复合材料内部热应变,且同一温度点,平纹机织层压复合材料内部热应变较单向板大。     

内埋光纤光栅碳纤维增强复合材料层压板力学性能及拉伸应变监测

将不同数量的光纤光栅埋植于复合材料层压板层间部位,研究了光纤光栅的埋植数量对层压板拉伸和压缩性能的影响及光纤光栅埋入对层压板层间结构的影响。此外,利用埋植在层压板内部的光纤光栅监测了层压板在拉伸过程中的应变变化,并与应变片监测结果进行了对比。试验结果表明,当在复合材料层压板中沿纤维方向埋入光纤光栅时,复合材料0°拉伸强度和模量略有降低。而当光纤光栅垂直于纤维方向埋入复合材料内部时,复合材料的90°拉伸强度和模量略有提高。对于压缩性能而言,由于光纤光栅在压缩过程中发生脆断,在复合材料内部产生损伤源,导致复合材料压缩强度有所降低,但当光纤光栅埋植数量较小时,对压缩模量的影响较小。层间形貌的显微观察结果表明,光纤光栅沿纤维方向埋入复合材料内部,在光纤光栅周围未形成树脂富集区,反之则将出现明显的富树脂区。     

FBG监测层合板低速冲击损伤研究

玻璃纤维复合材料在外界冲击载荷下发生分层损伤,对后续结构的安全使用造成影响。通过布拉格光栅传感器(FBG)对真空辅助成型的层合板在低速冲击载荷下的响应情况进行了监测,分析了不同厚度方向上层合板应变变化,并与层合板的损伤情况进行了对比。结果表明,波长的变化可以有效反映层合板的应变情况,波长差值可以反映层合板内部的损伤情况;FBG在多次冲击后仍具有良好的监测性能,可用于层合板的长期在线监测,为FBG监测层合板低速冲击损伤提供了依据。     

冲击位置对挖补修理层合板冲击后压缩性能的影响

使用过程中的低速冲击损伤对修理后的复合材料结构同样会造成威胁.设计并进行了复合材料挖补修理结构的低速冲击及冲击后压缩试验,测量了试验件的损伤投影面积和剩余压缩强度,分析了不同冲击位置的影响.结果表明,挖补修理层合板冲击后压缩强度比未修补板的低,挖补层合板对低速冲击位置较为敏感.冲击点离开挖补区一定距离后,挖补对层合板的低速冲击及其继后压缩性能的影响消失.     

树脂基复合材料帽型加筋构件固化过程压力在线监测研究

为研究碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料构件固化过程的压力分布规律,搭建了以毛细管压力传感器为核心的压力在线监测系统,应用该系统在线监测得到了复合材料帽型加筋构件固化过程各关键部位的压力分布。在此基础上,分析了帽型加筋构件固化过程各部位压力分布受芯膜调型孔孔占比Xs的影响,研究了不同孔占比芯模固化帽型加筋构件的成型精度和微观质量。结果表明,当芯膜调型孔孔占比为0.099时,帽形加筋构件固化过程的压力分布均匀性较好,构件成型精度和微观质量较高。     

光纤光栅在先进复合材料固化成型研究中的应用

先进树脂基复合材料被广泛应用于航空航天领域。热压罐成型工艺是复合材料结构件首选成型工艺之一,但存在效率低、成本高等问题,并且在成型过程中产生的固化应变会影响制件成型质量,通过光纤光栅传感器在线监测应变/应力参数对于制定合理工艺规程、提高制件品质具有重要作用。本文详细介绍了热压罐成型中光纤光栅传感器应变和温度交叉敏感解决方案,综述了近年来基于光纤光栅传感器在线监测的复合材料固化成型研究进展。并结合国内外研究现状,对光纤光栅在线监测的应用前景及亟待解决的问题提出了几点思考。     

航空复合材料短柱加筋板压缩性能试验研究

开展了航空复合材料短柱加筋板的轴向压缩试验。试验件的破坏形式主要包括壁板的撕裂、筋条的断裂和端部的压溃现象,试验过程中,壁板及筋条没有出现明显的脱粘现象。在试验加载初期,载荷-应变曲线呈线性一致的增加趋势,位移测量点的离面位移值基本保持在0 mm附近;当压缩载荷超过临界屈曲载荷时,载荷-应变曲线出现了明显的分岔现象,且离面位移值快速增加。复合材料短柱加筋板失稳后仍然具有后屈曲承载能力,但是该承载能力较小,当短柱加筋板发生失稳后,随着压缩载荷的增加,试验件会很快发生破坏。有限元仿真结果与试验结果较一致,仿真结果表明短柱加筋板主要发生了壁板的局部失稳。     

非均衡嵌入式等高复合材料加筋板制备

介绍了一种"工"字型加筋板试验件及其玻纤复合材料加载板的研制工艺过程,采用手糊玻纤复合材料垫板及泡沫塑料做挡条的模压成型工艺,研制出非均衡嵌入式等高加筋板,玻纤复合材料加载板与加筋板长桁达到等高且嵌入式无缝隙填充,消除试验夹具的误差,达到设计要求.     

一种基于内置FBG的复合材料模具型面应力-应变监测模块设计方法及性能分析

介绍了一种自主开发的复合材料模具的内置光纤光栅传感器(FBG)模块,首先在垂直集中静压力作用下标定传感器模块的线性应变敏感度,通过分析该传感器模块的模态屈曲,判定其在内置条件下的使用稳定性。之后将模块应用至大型风电叶片模具型面监测过程,在调节模具型面的过程中通过对照激光跟踪仪收集到的挠度位移矢量与传感器模块得到垂直分量应变,最后验证该模块性能满足实际应用可行性。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Novel polyurethane coating technology through glycidyl carbamate chemistry

Glycidyl carbamate chemistry combines the excellent properties of polyurethanes with the crosslinking chemistry of epoxy resins. Glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers were synthesized by the reaction of polyfunctional isocyanate oligomers and glycidol. The oligomers were formulated into coatings with several amine functional crosslinkers at varying stoichiometric ratios and cured at different temperatures. Properties such as solvent resistance, hardness, and impact resistance were dependent on the composition and cure conditions. Most coatings had an excellent combination of properties. Studies were carried out to determine the kinetics of the curing reaction of the glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers with multifunctional and model amines. Detailed kinetic analysis of the curing reactions was also undertaken. The results indicated that the glycidyl carbamate functional group is more reactive than a glycidyl ether group. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, on October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.     

Highly moisture-proof polysilsesquioxane coating prepared via facile sol-gel process

A highly moisture-proof polysilsesquioxane coating was obtained from a new bis-silylated precursor, which was synthesized from 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and m-xylylene diisocyanate (m-XDI) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) and verified by ¹H MAS NMR. For direct comparison purposes, an SiO₂ coating was also prepared by the Stöber method using tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) as the reactant. Interestingly, the coating obtained from the polysilsesquioxane sol exhibited a much higher moisture resistance capability than its counterpart, which was attributed to its more compact feature between nanoparticles as characterized by N₂ absorption experiment and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Furthermore, its high transparency of about 92% showed potential for application in the protection of optical crystals.