隧道内部爆破振动传播规律与降振技术研究

目前隧道施工普遍应用矿山法，爆破振动对隧道内围岩、支护结构的影响及其灾害控制一直是热点问题。为研究爆破振动在隧道内部的传播规律，以某软弱围岩隧道为工程背景，分别对错距三台阶齐爆和分爆的振动信号进行现场监测。采用萨道夫斯基公式非线性回归、Fourier变换方法对测试数据进行分析和研究。结果表明：对于隧道同一断面，拱顶具有振动速度大、振动主频高、衰减速度慢的特点；三台阶间采用100 ms延时爆破时，可以实现爆破能量在时空分布上的离散，振动叠加效应明显减弱。设计单孔爆破试验，掏槽区域中间设置试验孔，试验孔与整个爆破网络的延期设置为100 ms获取单孔振动波形，基于线性叠加原理，计算不同延期时间下掏槽爆破合成振动波形来优选微差延期时间。结果表明：孔间延期时间在4～7 ms时，掏槽爆破引起的峰值振速急剧下降，干扰降振的效果明显，延时超过7 ms后，峰值振速无显著差异；掏槽孔延期时间取7 ms时减振效果最佳，将最佳延期时间应用于现场爆破，取得了良好的降振效果。     

多因素耦合影响下隧道电子雷管爆破参数的计算与实践

基于电子雷管起爆的参数计算方法是爆破控制精准化和智能化的基础,其研究尚处于起步阶段。以重庆观音桥隧道为研究背景,提出了精确确定电子雷管爆破参数的多因素耦合法,其特点是基于多个爆破参数间复杂的耦合关系进行爆破参数设计。研究表明:不同药量的最优微差时间不同,爆破孔数对最优微差时间及对应最大合成振速有显著影响;采用该方法确定的试验隧道最优爆破参数为8孔逐孔掏槽、1.4 kg单孔药量、5 ms孔间延时。现场设计孔间延时为5 ms和8 ms的两组掏槽爆破试验,分析了两种孔间延时掏槽爆破的第二临空面形成时间。试验结果表明:对于短延时掏槽爆破而言,即使未形成第二临空面,采用多因素耦合法,通过最大程度的波形异向相消,也可以实现较好的降振效果。对比多因素耦合法与半周期错相减振法,后者计算的孔间延时不能确保是最优微差时间,可能造成合成振速偏大。当需要严格控制爆破振动时,通过多因素耦合法可以实现爆破参数的精确设计。     

孔间超短延时台阶爆破干扰降振技术

为寻求台阶爆破降振效果最佳的孔间延时时间,借助ANSYS/LS-DYNA程序对台阶爆破在不同延时起爆时间条件下产生的爆破振动进行了数值模拟对比分析,并通过试验进行了验证。数值模拟和试验结果表明:在浅孔台阶爆破中,爆破降振效果最佳的孔间延时时间为5 ms;在深孔台阶爆破中,爆破降振最佳的孔间延时时间为7～10 ms。实际爆破施工中,不同的岩石条件下、不同的爆破参数时,数码雷管减振的最佳孔间延时应该在5～10 ms区间范围,应根据实际情况进行调整。研究成果解决了复杂环境下的爆破振动危害控制难题,研发的孔间超短延时台阶爆破干扰降振技术,为爆破振动控制要求严格的工程设计和施工提供参考和借鉴。     

孔间超短延时台阶爆破干扰降振技术

为寻求台阶爆破降振效果最佳的孔间延时时间,借助ANSYS/LS-DYNA程序对台阶爆破在不同延时起爆时间条件下产生的爆破振动进行了数值模拟对比分析,并通过试验进行了验证。数值模拟和试验结果表明:在浅孔台阶爆破中,爆破降振效果最佳的孔间延时时间为5 ms;在深孔台阶爆破中,爆破降振最佳的孔间延时时间为7～10 ms。实际爆破施工中,不同的岩石条件下、不同的爆破参数时,数码雷管减振的最佳孔间延时应该在5～10 ms区间范围,应根据实际情况进行调整。研究成果解决了复杂环境下的爆破振动危害控制难题,研发的孔间超短延时台阶爆破干扰降振技术,为爆破振动控制要求严格的工程设计和施工提供参考和借鉴。     

孔内孔间微差爆破试验研究

为了降低爆破震动对平硐溜井安全使用和高陡边坡的影响,优化生产组织工序,兰尖铁矿进行了孔内孔间微差爆破技术的试验研究。爆破实践证实:孔内孔间微差爆破与排间微差相比,大块率降低80.22%,与孔间微差深孔相比,平均降震率43.85%,提高了爆破质量和设备效率。爆破降震效果明显,可确保平硐溜井在服务期内的安全使用,有利于保护采场高陡边坡的稳定。     

孔内孔间微差爆破试验研究

为了降低爆破震动对平硐溜井安全使用和高陡边坡的影响,优化生产组织工序,兰尖铁矿进行了孔内孔间微差爆破技术的试验研究。爆破实践证实:孔内孔间微差爆破与排间微差相比,大块率降低80.22%,与孔间微差深孔相比,平均降震率43.85%,提高了爆破质量和设备效率。爆破降震效果明显,可确保平硐溜井在服务期内的安全使用,有利于保护采场高陡边坡的稳定。     

地铁隧道精确控制爆破延期时间优选及应用

探讨了地铁隧道精确控制爆破中电子雷管在振动控制和岩石破碎效果改善方面的作用机理,并提出了多因素相关的孔间延期时间优选计算方法。计算结果表明:孔间延期时间过短不利于爆破振动控制,引起的地面振动强度较大。采用高精度电子雷管进行精确控制爆破时,延期时间应不小于新自由面形成所需要的时间。根据计算结果,得出掏槽孔和辅助孔孔延期时间可设置为3~5 ms。工程应用表明,理论计算的孔间延期时间合理、可靠;延期时间优选的方案可有效降低爆破振动峰值,有利于建筑结构的安全;振动信号内各频带能量比例分布更均匀,减小了能量在低频带的集中程度,岩石的破碎效果改善显著;计算方法的可行性得到验证。     

微差时间对爆破块度影响的试验研究

针对遵义东联二号路的5号还房小区爆破大块率较高的实际情况,为了确定合理的微差间隔时间,降低爆破块度进行了现场试验。首先,采用微差间隔时间分别为20 ms、40 ms、60 ms、80 ms的数码雷管逐孔起爆,并与同等条件下普通导爆管雷管孔间3段、排间5段进行对比试验。然后,利用Split—Desktop3.0对爆堆图片以块度分布、综合平均块度与综合最大块度为指标进行分析。结果表明:数码雷管由于延时精度较高在降低爆破块度方面具有优越性,且存在降低爆破块度的最佳微差间隔时间,在本试验条件下为60 ms。     

基于 LS-DYNA 的临近采空区多段爆破微差时间优化研究

临近采空区多段毫秒微差爆破的微差时间选取直接关乎采空区顶板的稳定性。为了探究临近采空区毫秒延时爆破最优微差间隔时间,在分析总结国内外实际生产中选取的微差间隔时间的基础上,将某地下矿山实际开采情况简化为花岗岩介质中采空区附近2个柱形耦合装药炮孔研究模型,并从计算机模拟的角度,运用 ANSYS/ LS-DYNA 有限元动力分析程序对微差间隔时间分别为0 ms/ m、3 ms/ m、5 ms/ m、7 ms/ m、8 ms/ m 的毫秒微差爆炸过程分别进行数值计算,得到了爆炸过程中采空区顶板观测点的振动速度-时间曲线及振速峰值。分析结果表明：微差间隔时间为28 ms,即7 ms/ m 时干涉减振效果最优。     

逐孔爆破技术在金堆城露天矿的应用

介绍了以降低爆破震动为主要目标的逐孔爆破技术在金堆城露天矿的应用。利用SHOT PLAN软件进行爆破网路优化设计,实现了单孔单网路的可靠起爆。6次爆破震动测试结果表明,与原排间微差起爆技术相比,采用逐孔爆破技术后,爆破质点峰值振速降低了22%～78%。逐孔爆破技术的应用,有效降低了震动危害,使凹陷露天采场边坡的稳定得到了有效控制,同时改善了爆破效果,提高了铲装效率。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.