3,7-二硝基-1,3,5,7-四氮杂双环[3.3.1]壬烷硝解过程的理论研究

在密度泛函理论B3LYP/6-31G水平下,对3,7-二硝基-1,3,5,7-四氮杂双环[3.3.1]壬烷(DPT)硝解制备1,3,5,7-四硝基-1,3,5,7-四氮杂环辛烷(HMX)的过程进行量子化学研究,主要计算了DPT以及重要反应中间体的电子云密度、键长、键级和二阶微扰能。结果表明,由于受键长和键解离能的影响,DPT在硝解过程中可能同时生成八元环和六元环的中间体;八元环中间体受键解离能与二阶微扰能的影响,在硝解制备HMX的同时有副产物产生。因此,DPT硝解制备HMX不仅受实际实验过程影响,还受到分子本身结构的影响,通过计算可以看出,量子化学参数在微观上体现了HMX的总收率不理想的内在原因。     

MgFe2O4/Fe2O3纳米粉的溶胶-凝胶法合成及电磁波吸收特性

用热分解柠檬酸盐凝胶的方法制备了MgFe2O4／Fe2O3复合纳米粉体,用综合热分析仪、X射线衍射仪、透射电镜、纳米粒度测量仪、电磁测量仪对所制备样品的结构、粒径分布、电磁波吸收特性等进行表征。结果表明,产物为平均粒径44nm的MgFe2O4和Fe2O3的混合物,在0．1、1．0和1．8GHz处tgδ（ε″＋μ″/μ′）分别为0．206、0．265及0．614。     

2-苯基-5-(甲基丙烯酰胺基取代苯基)-1,3,4-口恶二唑合成方法的改进

提出了一种纳米γ-Fe2O3催化还原硝基成氨基的新方法,通过使用γ-Fe2O3在液相中异丙醇作氢化给予体,KOH为促进剂来研究含硝基化合物的化学选择还原。就像是在麦尔外因-彭杜尔夫(MPV)还原中H-给体的活性中心一样,异丙醇吸附在催化剂γ-Fe2O3上形成了醇盐,把氢负离子转移给硝基正离子,氢氧化钾是助催化剂,帮助电子的转移。催化剂γ-Fe2O3在合成中表现出良好的活性,反应速率、产率大大提高。并进一步合成了具有荧光性能的2-苯基-5-(甲基丙烯酰胺基取代苯基)-1,3,4-口恶二唑。用红外光谱、质谱、核磁共振谱和元素分析对合成化合物进行了结构表征。用荧光光谱仪对它们的荧光性能进行了测试,最大激发波长在333nm左右,最大发射波长在445nm左右,测试结果表明目标产物具有良好的荧光性,荧光量子产率高达0.47。     

5，5′-二硝胺基-3，3′-联-1，2，4-三唑碳酰肼的晶体结构与理论研究

培养了5,5′-二硝胺基-3,3′-联-1,2,4-三唑碳酰肼(CBNT)的单晶,并采用X射线单晶衍射仪测定其结构。结果表明,该晶体属于单斜晶系,空间群为P2(1)/n。晶体学参数为:a=0.486 4(4) nm,b=2.534 2(20) nm,c=0.673 2(5) nm,α=90°,β=100.365(9)°,γ=90°,V=0.816 2(11) nm³,z=2,D=1.776 g/cm³。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)研究了CBNT的晶体形貌,其为长棒状。运用密度泛函理论(DFT)B3LYP-311+G**方法研究了CBNT的前线轨道能量和分子表面静电势(ESPs)。     

1，3-双（叠氮乙酰氧基）-2-乙基-2-硝基丙烷的合成与性能

以2-乙基-2-硝基-1,3-丙二醇为原料,经酯化、叠氮化两步反应,合成出了1,3-二(叠氮乙酰氧基)-2-乙基-2-硝基丙烷(ENPEA),总收率为83%。利用红外光谱、核磁共振、元素分析对ENPEA的结构进行了表征。探讨了叠氮化反应的影响因素,确定其最佳反应条件为:n(Na N3)n(ENPE)为2.21.0,混合溶剂中水占总体积的13%~20%,反应时间2 h;性能测试得到ENPEA的玻璃化转变温度为-43.4℃,热分解峰温为252.4℃,密度为1.34 g/cm3,特性落高为120.2 cm(落锤2 kg),爆炸概率为4%(摆角66°)。     

固体超强酸SO42-/TiO2-Al2O3的制备及其催化合成冰片

采用溶胶-凝胶法和浸渍法制备了系列SO_4~(2-)/TiO_2-Al_2O_3固体超强酸催化剂,运用XRD、NH_3-TPD、FT-IR、PyFTIR、XPS、SEM等技术手段,研究了复合催化剂材料的结构与性质,初步探讨了固体超强酸SO_4~(2-)/TiO_2-Al_2O_3催化剂的构效关系,得到适宜的催化剂制备条件为:n(TiO_2)/n(Al_2O_3)=1∶2、硫酸浸渍浓度1mol/L、催化剂焙烧温度500℃。考察了物料物质的量比、催化剂用量、反应时间等对催化合成冰片的影响。结果表明,在物料物质的量比为1∶0.4,催化剂用量为α-蒎烯质量的7%,采用程序升温方式(65℃-1h,75℃-4h,90℃-1h)加热的条件下,固体超强酸SO_4~(2-)/TiO_2-Al_2O_3催化剂的催化活性最高,α-蒎烯的转化率高达100%,龙脑的收率高达59.74%,SO_4~(2-)/TiO_2-Al_2O_3固体超强酸催化剂在重复使用6次的条件下,α-蒎烯的转化率均不变,龙脑的收率下降2.99%,催化剂的重复使用性良好。     

2,6-双(二硝基亚甲基)-1,3,4,5,7,8-六硝基十二氢二咪唑4,5-b:4',5'-e]吡嗪分子结构及性能的理论计算

设计了一种新型高能量密度化合物2,6-双(二硝基亚甲基)-1,3,4,5,7,8-六硝基十二氢二咪唑[4,5-b:4',5'-e]吡嗪(DNNIP)。首先在B3PW91/6-31G++(d,p)水平下对目标分子进行优化,通过键长和键级的比较分析,判断母环的五元环侧链处N—NO2键为分解引发键,其键解离能是96.40 k J/mol;然后,基于静电势改进的蒙特卡洛法推测出该化合物的理论密度为2.07 g/cm3,采用等键反应计算出生成热为1 907.33 k J/mol,并进一步计算出DNNIP的爆速为10.35 km/s,爆压为51.47 GPa,爆轰性能明显优于现有常见含能材料。DNNIP的撞击感度为12 cm,与CL-20接近;能级差为0.158 78 a.u.(4.32 e V),光热稳定性较高,并且通过态密度分析认为硝基是分子中相对敏感位置。     

Cycl[3,2,2] azine类化合物的合成及光谱性能研究

合成了4个不同取代基的cycl[3,2,2] azine类化合物,首次研究了它们各自的紫外光谱和荧光光谱,计算了它们的荧光量子效率和stoke's位移,对比讨论了取代基效应对其紫外光谱和荧光光谱的影响,发现了其分子结构与光谱性质之间的某些规律性的关系.部分化合物在蓝光区发射强烈的荧光,有望作为难得的蓝光区荧光材料.     

Conductivity of (NH4)3[CrMo6O24H6]•7H2O Treated by Nd Chemistry-Heated Diffused Permeation

Rare earth co-permeation of (NH4)3[CrMo6O24H6]•7H2O was reported and the conductivity of (NH4)3[CrMo6O24H6] was improved by 6.734×109 times. X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), thermogravimetry-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD) have been used to character (NH4)3[CrMo6 O24H6] •7H2O and permeated sample. Experimental results showed that Nd could be permeated into the body of this sample and the XRD patterns showed great difference between (NH4)3[CrMo6O24H6] •7H2O and permeated sample. The structure of (NH4)3[CrMo6O24H6] •7H2O was destroyed and new compound MoN perhaps formed.     

1,1,1,3,5,5,5-七甲基-3-[2-(三甲氧基硅烷基)乙基]三硅氧烷的合成与表征

以七甲基三硅氧烷(MDHM)、乙烯基三甲氧基硅烷(VTMS)为原料,氯铂酸的异丙醇溶液为催化剂,采用硅氢加成反应,在氮气保护下合成1,1,1,3,5,5,5-七甲基-3-[2-(三甲氧基硅烷基)乙基]三硅氧烷(β-HTEOs),并用气相色谱-色谱连用(GC-MS)、核磁共振谱(1H-NMR、29 Si-NMR)、傅里叶红外变化光谱(FT-IR)对合成产物进行表征;通过探讨反应温度、反应时间、原料配比以及催化剂浓度对硅氢加成反应的影响,得到β-HTEOs合成的最优化条件,采用视频接触角仪测定其在玻璃基材上润湿铺展情况,表明β-HTEOs在玻璃基材上完全铺展,具有较低的表面张力.     

Investigation of the Prussian Blue Analog Co3[Co(CN)6]2 as an Anode Material for Nonaqueous Potassium‐Ion Batteries

Nonaqueous potassium‐ion batteries (KIBs) are attracting increasing attention as a potential low‐cost energy‐storage system due to the abundance of potassium resources. Here, cobalt hexacyanocobaltate (Co₃[Co(CN)₆]₂), a typical Prussian blue analog (PBA), is reported as an anode material for nonaqueous KIBs. The as‐prepared Co₃[Co(CN)₆]₂ exhibits a highly reversible capacity of 324.5 mAh g^?1 at a current density of 0.1 A g^?1, a superior rate capability (221 mAh g^?1 at 1 A g^?1), and a favorable long‐term cycling stability (200 cycles with 82% capacity retention). Based on a series of characterizations, it is found that potassiation/depotassiation in Co₃[Co(CN)₆]₂ proceeds via solid‐state diffusion‐limited K‐ion insertion/extraction process, in which both carbon‐ and nitrogen‐coordinated cobalt are electrochemically active toward K‐ion storage. Finally, the reaction pathway between potassium and Co₃[Co(CN)₆]₂ is proposed. The present study provides new insights on further exploration of PBAs as high‐performance electrode materials for KIBs.     

Structure and electrochemical reactivity of 3-[tris(2-methoxyethoxy)silyl]-propanethiol adsorbed on silver surface

A novel stable self-assembled chemisorbed layers, providing protection of metal surface against electrooxidation capable of blocking propylene carbonate (PC) electroreduction and Li electrodeposition, were produced from 3-[tris-(2-methoxyethoxy)silyl]-propanethiol (SIS2) on silver. Reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS) indicated cleavage of the S-H bond upon adsorption of SIS1 [3-(trimethoxysilyl)-propanethiol] and SIS2 species with the formation of S-Ag bonds on the metal surface. By cyclic voltammetry it was found that the primary adsorbate formed on a Ag electrode at E_ad (between − 0.2 and − 1.2 V vs. SCE) underwent reductive desorption at E < − 1.3 V vs. SCE. From the charge involved in this process, the saturation surface coverage was estimated as 4.2 10^− 10 mol cm^− 2. A compact SIS2 layer after long-time aging (hydrolysis and condensation) was electroinactive and thus non-desorbable from the electrode surface during the potential cycling. The structures of SIS2 and its complexes with Li⁺ cations on the Ag surface were calculated and visualized by the AM1d semi-empirical method.     

Carbon‐Intercalated 0D/2D Hybrid of Hematite Quantum Dots/Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanosheets as Superior Catalyst for Advanced Oxidation

Efficient charge separation and sufficiently exposed active sites are important for light‐driving Fenton catalysts. 0D/2D hybrids, especially quantum dots (QDs)/nanosheets (NSs), offer a better opportunity for improving photo‐Fenton activity due to their high charge mobility and more catalytic sites, which is highly desirable but remains a great challenge. Herein, a 0D hematite quantum dots/2D ultrathin g‐C₃N₄ nanosheets hybrid (Fe₂O₃ QDs/g‐C₃N₄ NS) is developed via a facile chemical reaction and subsequent low‐temperature calcination. As expected, the specially designed 0D/2D structure shows remarkable catalytic performance toward the removal of p‐nitrophenol. By virtue of large surface area, adequate active sites, and strong interfacial coupling, the 0D Fe₂O₃ QDs/2D g‐C₃N₄ nanosheets establish efficient charge transport paths by local in‐plane carbon species, expediting the separation and transfer of electron/hole pairs. Simultaneously, highly efficient charge mobility can lead to continuous and fast Fe(III)/Fe(II) conversion, promoting a cooperative effect between the photocatalysis and chemical activation of H₂O₂. The developed carbon‐intercalated 0D/2D hybrid provides a new insight in developing heterogeneous catalysis for a large variety of photoelectronic applications, not limited in photo‐Fenton catalysis.     

Aluminum. II. Derivation of C v0from C p and comparison to C v0 calculated from anharmonic models

The specific heat at constant pressure, C _p, of aluminum measured by Ditmars, Plint, and Shukla has been reduced to the volume V ₀ appropriate for 0 K employing the Murnaghan equation. The C _v0 thus obtained is compared with the theoretical C _v0 calculated in the harmonic and the lowest-order anharmonic approximation from three different pseudopotentials (Harrison, Ashcroft, and Dagens-Rasolt-Taylor) as well as a phenomenological Morse potential. The higher-order ( ⁴) anharmonic contributions are calculated from the same nearest-neighbor Morse potential as in the lowest-order anharmonic theory. The role of the vacancy and the higher-order anharmonic contributions to C _v0 has been examined and we conclude that the ⁴ contributions to C _v0 are much smaller than the vacancy contribution. After removal of the vacancy contribution, the reduced C _v0 is found to be in excellent agreement with the Ashcroft and Harrison pseudopotentials as well as the Morse potential including the ² and ⁴ contributions to C _v0.     

Liquid crystalline elastomer actuators with dynamic covalent bonding: Synthesis,alignment, reprogrammability,and self-healing

Liquid crystalline elastomers (LCEs) have demonstrated tremendous potential in applications such as soft robotics, biomedical materials, electronics, sensors, and biomimetic systems. The physical properties of LCEs are controlled by the degree of crosslinking, nature of the mesogens, and mesogen orientation in the LCE network structure. A wide range of dynamic covalent bonds (DCBs) capable of dynamic bond exchange reactions (DBERs) have been introduced into LCE structures to obtain intelligent materials in recent decades. In this review article, we discuss the molecular constitution, macrostructure, morphing mechanism, recent advances in LCEs with dynamic covalent bonds, the influence of DCBs on self-healing, reprogramming and reprocessing properties of LCE actuators, and challenges and opportunities in incorporating dynamic chemistry in the field of LCE actuators.