延时间隔对爆破振动信号时频特征的影响

为探索延时间隔对临近边坡爆破振动峰值速度、主频和信号中的能量分布等影响,在贵州某石灰石露天矿爆破施工现场进行爆破振动测试。采用小波包分析方法对不同延时间隔(25、42、65 ms)的爆破振动信号进行分析研究。结果表明,在相同爆心距条件下采用65 ms延时的爆破振动峰值速度最小,爆破振动信号的能量主要集中在0～62.5 Hz的中低频带,但是不同频带中的能量占比略有差异。随着延时间隔由65 ms减小至25 ms,其0～15.6 Hz频带的能量从54.01%增加至93.33%,15.7～62.5 Hz频带的能量从45.61%减小至6.61%,即随着延时间隔的降低,其爆破振动信号能量往低频带集中,而该频带非常接近边坡的固有频率,对边坡稳定性不利。     

延时间隔对爆破振动信号时频特征的影响

为探索延时间隔对临近边坡爆破振动峰值速度、主频和信号中的能量分布等影响,在贵州某石灰石露天矿爆破施工现场进行爆破振动测试。采用小波包分析方法对不同延时间隔(25、42、65 ms)的爆破振动信号进行分析研究。结果表明,在相同爆心距条件下采用65 ms延时的爆破振动峰值速度最小,爆破振动信号的能量主要集中在0～62.5 Hz的中低频带,但是不同频带中的能量占比略有差异。随着延时间隔由65 ms减小至25 ms,其0～15.6 Hz频带的能量从54.01%增加至93.33%,15.7～62.5 Hz频带的能量从45.61%减小至6.61%,即随着延时间隔的降低,其爆破振动信号能量往低频带集中,而该频带非常接近边坡的固有频率,对边坡稳定性不利。     

露天边坡爆破地震波能量分布特征研究

为探索爆破地震波在边坡上传播时的能量分布规律,结合露天矿爆破振动监测实例分析,利用小波变换分解及反应谱分析的方法,对不同高程的爆破振动信号在各频带间的能量分布特征进行了研究。结果表明:爆破振动信号的能量主要分布在0～64 Hz,各信号的切向、垂向、径向主振频带不同,水平方向的主振频带几乎都比竖直方向的主振频带低一个频带;随着高程的增加,爆破振动信号能量主要分布频带逐渐变窄,主振频带趋向于低频带;在节理裂隙发育的岩体中,爆破地震波频率成分复杂,相对能量主要分布频带变宽,是由于裂隙发育岩体结构的多振型对其响应的结果。在既定的坡形中,边坡爆破地震波的振动速度与能量存在一定的高程放大效应,频带间能量的放大系数存在差异,主要与不同高程的信号各频带间的相对能量分布特征变化有关;不同的结构体对爆破地震波的选择放大作用不同,相同的结构体对不同传播方向的爆破地震波的选择放大作用也存有差异。     

爆破作业引起井下瓦斯爆炸事故原因及预防措施

文章根据大量的现场调查资料，分析了煤矿井下因爆破作业引起瓦斯爆炸事故的原因，指出炮泥封堵长度不足，爆破电源火花，巷道贯通爆破措施不利，裸露爆破，炸药爆燃和分次爆破是瓦斯爆炸的主要原因。     

爆破作业引直井下瓦斯爆炸事故原因及预防措施

文章根据大量的现场调查资料，分析了煤矿井下因爆破作业引起瓦斯爆炸事故的原因，指出炮泥封堵长度不足，爆破电源火花，巷道贯通爆破措施不利，裸露爆破，炸药爆燃和分次爆破是瓦斯爆炸的主要原因。     

基于HHT方法的煤矿巷道掘进爆破地震波信号分析

采用HHT方法和EMD分解对煤矿巷道掘进爆破地震波信号的频谱特征、能量分布进行了研究。结果表明：掘进爆破振动的主振频率在100Hz~250 Hz范围内,而主要能量集中在160~260Hz,在0~160 Hz频带范围内能量小、且分布较为均匀。由于采用微差爆破,与质点振动的幅值相对应,振动的能量主要集中在0.25s~0.31s、0.35s~0.4s两个时间段,瞬时能量存在四个峰值,瞬时能量最大的是崩落眼装药起爆。并结合研究成果,从爆破能量控制的角度提出了降低爆破地震效应的对策。     

铜脚线电雷管的使用与效果浅淡

1引言 目前,井下采掘爆破采用1～5段（总的延期时间不超过130ms）毫秒电雷管、煤矿许用水胶炸药、防爆型电容式发爆器。一般在正常作业环境条件下,若严格按照作业规程操作,电雷管和炸药都能可靠起爆。然而,由于各种原因,爆破作业中拒爆和残爆仍然时有发生,即影响了爆破效果,又增加了安全隐患。     

爆破参量对爆破振动信号能量分布特征影响的研究

为从能量分布角度研究爆破振动信号以控制爆破地震危害,利用小波包技术对比分析了单段和多段微差爆破、单段有无临空面等不同爆破条件下监测到的爆破振动信号各频带上的能量分布特性,研究结果表明:爆破振动信号能量集中分布在200 Hz以下的主振频带附近,主振频带又可分为几个子振带;爆破振动信号中高频(90～125 Hz)成分的衰减快于低频(0～75 Hz)成分;单段爆破条件下振动信号在低频带上的能量分布要高于多段微差爆破时振动信号在该频带上的能量分布;当炮孔有临空面时,炸药爆炸后穿过岩石粉碎区并以地震波形式传播的能量会减小;单段爆破时,药量的增加会导致振动信号总能量的明显增加,但对于各频带能量分布规律的影响并不明显。     

PVC管注水爆破方法在煤矿火区中的应用?

温度一直是制约煤矿高温火区爆破施工的重要因素,为了在相对高温区域进行爆破作业,采用PVC管注水装药的爆破方法达到预期的爆破施工进度及效果。PVC管注水爆破方法改变原来直接炮孔装药中孔壁与炸药直接接触时热量的传导路线,用PVC管和水将炸药与炮孔隔开,增加隔热层;同时,在PVC管中注水起到了降温作用,延缓了炸药的升温速度,提高了爆破施工作业的安全性及进度。     

二级煤矿许用粉状乳化炸药研究及应用

文章从我国民爆器材发展总体规划出发,分析了国内外煤矿许用炸药的发展现状,介绍了新近开发的二级煤矿许用粉状乳化炸药.文中阐述了这种新型煤矿许用炸药的配方、生产工艺及其性能特点,并对其在地下瓦斯矿井的应用情况进行了总结和分析.检测及应用表明,这种新型工业炸药具有良好的爆炸性能、储存性能和安全性能.井下爆破试验结果表明,煤掘爆破中炮孔利用率在97%以上,炸药单耗比原使用的乳化炸药降低23%.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from