微波反应器加热效率及均匀性仿真优化

利用COMSOL Multiphysics多物理场仿真软件采用有限元分析方法建模仿真了负载半径、负载位置和馈入功率相关参数对微波反应器内负载温度分布均匀性及反应器加热效率的影响,探究表明:负载半径和负载位置的变化导致微波反应器中负载温度均匀性以及加热效率的改变,而波导馈入功率的改变则仅仅改变负载的升温速率,导致负载中的温差差异明显;优化出当负载半径为32 mm,负载位置为10 mm以及馈入功率为10 k W时,微波反应器获得最优的加热均匀性,加热效率达到99%以上。同时考察了不同速度下的连续式微波反应器内的温度分布,结果表明:负载运行速度越大,体系平均温度越低,同时连续式微波反应器出口的温度随负载运行速度增大而减小。     

碳填料/天然橡胶复合材料热导率及层间接触热阻对微波加热效果的影响

摘要：制备炭黑/天然橡胶（NR）、石墨烯/NR和碳纳米管/NR复合材料,采用试验与数值模拟相结合的方法研究复合材料热导率和层间接触热阻对微波加热的影响。结果表明：炭黑、石墨烯和碳纳米管自身热导率越大,复合材料的热导率越大,层间接触热阻越小;通过增大填料用量来增大复合材料的热导率和减小层间接触热阻具有一定的局限性,需考虑复合材料的配方设计适用性和经济性;复合材料的热导率对微波加热过程中高、低温区域分布规律和微波加热效率基本无影响,但影响复合材料的温度分布均匀性。为保证微波加热硫化均匀性,多层复合材料的层间接触热阻不可忽略。     

一种具有搅拌桨的微波夹层反应釜内多物理场特性研究

微波加热化学反应速度快、效率高,因此微波反应器被应用于辅助化工生产中。然而,加热不均匀是目前微波加热化学反应的主要问题,因此在微波夹层反应釜内引入流体搅拌桨,并采用COMSOL仿真软件将麦克斯韦方程、传热方程和流动方程进行多物理场耦合计算,探讨物料介电特性、微波功率和搅拌桨参数对微波加热特性的影响,研究发现:(1)当物料的相对介电常数在(2.16-0.28j)~(2.73-0.13j)之间时,微波加热均匀性较好;(2)加热2 s后,微波加热均匀性呈现出规律性变化;(3)随着微波功率的增大,相同加热时间下物料温升变快,但搅拌功耗也越高;(4)叶轮直径和搅拌转速越大,物料的温度变异系数越低,微波加热均匀性越好;变异系数随着叶轮离底间隙的增大先减小后增大,功耗随着离底间隙的增大线性减小;(5)搅拌桨参数对功耗和温度变异系数影响的显著性为:搅拌转速>叶轮直径>离底间隙。     

微波烧结ZTA陶瓷的影响因素

通过改进混合加热模式,实现了ZTA陶瓷微波烧结。材料的类型及配比直接影响微波烧结的升温速率;输入功率的提高有助于提高烧结速率;辅助加热体的老化现象降低微波烧结速率;微波烧结过程中应避免出现热剧变现象。     

徽波烧结ZTA陶瓷的影响因素

通过改进混合加热模式,实现了ZTA陶瓷微波烧结。材料的类型及配比直接影响微波烧结的升温速率;输入功率的提高有助于提高烧结速率;辅助加热体的老化现象降低微波烧结速率;微波烧结过程中应避免出现热剧变现象。     

微波辐照下炭材料升温特性试验研究

为研究微波功率、活性炭粒径、载气流速对活性炭升温规律的影响,利用微波加热综合试验平台进行活性炭微波加热升温试验,研究了不同因素下活性炭的升温特性。结果表明:相同前提下,随着微波功率的增大,2种活性炭(木质活性炭、煤质活性炭)的升温速率不断加快,最高温度随之提高,微波功率从240~400 W时,木质活性炭在10~16 min平均温度增幅达93℃,明显大于煤质活性炭;增加粒径导致木质活性炭达到的最终温度有所降低,且升温速率减小;提高载气流速可减缓木质活性炭的升温速率并降低其最高温度。获取最高活性炭温度的最佳试验工况为微波功率P为400 W、活性炭粒径d≤1 mm、载气流速Q为60 L/h。     

多物理场耦合模拟微波蒸馏反应器：升温和沸腾过程

使用COMSOL Multiphysics软件建立了耦合电磁场、流体流动、传热以及物质传输的多物理场模型用于模拟蒸馏型反应器的微波能量利用过程,探究了蒸馏反应器中水负载在微波能辐射作用下从升温至沸腾过程,阐明了在升温阶段,样品温度呈上下层分布,上层温度较高,最大温差达20 K,自然对流的产生改善了温度分布的不均匀性;在沸腾阶段,由于下层温度较低,沸腾现象有延迟,气泡的产生消除了部分过热,其中表面蒸发量更大,最大时约为内部蒸发量的3倍,与此同时湍流现象明显改善了温度均匀性。探究了馈入功率对全沸腾状态的影响,揭示了全沸腾状态的最终温度取决于馈入功率和蒸发损耗功率的相对大小。研究结果可为微波辅助分离、反应等化工过程及装备设计提供理论基础与借鉴。     

频率和功率对轮胎微波加热的影响

在双波导入射功率均为5 k W时,分别对(915±25)MHz频率范围和925 MHz频率时的双波导不同功率分配下的微波加热效率以及轮胎温度场分布进行了模拟。结果表明:微波加热效率随微波频率的变化呈类似于正/余弦曲线波动,在微波作用频率为925 MHz时,微波加热效果最好;双波导功率分配越趋近于一致,微波加热效率越高,轮胎温度场分布越均匀。     

基于加热均匀性的微波干燥研究进展

微波干燥通过电磁场辐射物体而在其内部产生热量,促进物体内部水分向外部迁移,是一种先进的干燥技术。但是,微波干燥存在加热不均匀的问题。本文针对该问题,分析了导致微波加热/干燥不均匀的影响因素,综述了通过提高微波干燥室内电磁场分布均匀性及改变被处理物料位置,以改进微波加热均匀性的可行措施,最后指出进一步实现微波均匀干燥的研究发展趋势。     

微波加热多层橡胶复合材料的温度场分布及界面特性研究

针对不同波源下微波加热多层橡胶复合材料,建立基于Maxwell方程的一维非稳态有源加热偏微分方程(PDE)模型,以丁苯橡胶材料和丁腈橡胶材料复合为例,采用时域有限差分法进行模拟仿真,研究多层(两层)橡胶复合材料在单/双波源下材料厚度和微波功率对加热温度场和界面特性的影响。结果表明:微波功率变化会影响多层橡胶复合材料加热温度分布;在叠加橡胶材料的交界面处,微波振幅会有微小变化;将介电损耗小的橡胶材料直接暴露于微波源,有利于微波穿过介电损耗小的橡胶材料向深处传播,且各层橡胶材料厚度宜控制在临界穿透深度以下;相对于单波源加热,多波源加热能改善多层橡胶复合材料加热的均匀性。与传统有限元模型的分析结果进行比较,验证了本研究模型的有效性。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。