南海产玉足海参的营养成分分析及评价

采用直接干燥法、紫外分光光度法以及高效液相色谱法对南海产玉足海参各营养成分进行分析。结果显示玉足海参水分含量10%、灰分含量9.73%、盐分含量0.35%、蛋白质含量32.9%、水溶性总糖含量2.4 mg/g、含砂量2.2%、复水后干重率44.5%、海参多糖含量49.7 mg/g、海参皂苷含量4.59 mg/g、海参脑苷脂含量43.57 mg/kg、神经酰胺含量16.39 mg/kg。本实验通过分析玉足海参的营养组成,从而为进一步开发研究玉足海参提供参考依据。     

酵母多糖的提取、水解及组分分析

目的对啤酒酵母多糖进行提取和水解,并对获得的酵母多糖组分进行分析。方法采用碱法-酶法提取啤酒酵母多糖,并进行提纯,采用苯酚-硫酸法测定所提取多糖中的总糖含量,并计算多糖收率,凯氏定氮法测定蛋白含量。用三氟乙酸法(trifluoroacetic acid,TFA)水解多糖,采用Waters suger park-1色谱柱和蒸发光检测器进行液相检测,以确定不同酵母多糖的组分。结果获得的3种酵母多糖成分DT1、DT2、DT3的总糖含量分别为94.61%、95.89%、94.56%,收率分别为9.3%、3.6%、23.4%,各多糖的蛋白含量分别为2.98%、1.89%、3.34%。用2 mol/L的TFA,于110℃下水解6 h,对标准葡聚糖的水解率可达95%,且对3种酵母多糖均有较好的水解效果。通过碱法-酶法可获得甘露聚糖DT1;可溶性葡聚糖DT2,葡聚糖含量占总糖含量的90.6%;不溶性葡聚糖DT3,葡聚糖含量占总糖含量的98%以上;3种多糖均含有少量的蛋白质。结论碱法-酶法提取酵母可获得3种高纯度的酵母多糖,2 mol/L的TFA在110℃下对酵母多糖水解6 h,适于多糖组分的分离分析。     

天花粉多糖的除蛋白工艺优化研究

目的:优化天花粉多糖的除蛋白工艺。方法:以除蛋白率、多糖收率和天花粉多糖中的中性糖、糖醛酸和蛋白质含量为指标,筛选并优化了天花粉多糖的除蛋白工艺。结果:天花粉多糖的最佳除蛋白工艺为提取液以50%乙醇浓度除杂,上清液调节乙醇浓度达80%醇沉;沉淀加水溶解,TCA浓度15%,体积1∶1,振荡30min;取上清液,再加入氯仿-正丁醇溶液体积比10∶1,剧烈振摇20min,萃取两次。除蛋白率为88.18%,多糖收率为75.07%,总糖含量可达77.74%,蛋白质含量仅为0.23%。结论:乙醇分级醇沉、TCA法和Sevage法的联合除蛋白质方法简便,成本较低,可大量除去天花粉多糖中的蛋白质和淀粉杂质,提高天花粉多糖纯度。     

光皮木瓜多糖的纯化及含量测定

采用三氯乙酸法去除光皮木瓜粗糖中的蛋白质。利用精制后的光皮木瓜多糖测得光皮木瓜多糖对葡萄糖的换算因子后,用苯酚—硫酸法对光皮木瓜中多糖含量进行了测定,研究了显色温度、显色时间、苯酚及硫酸用量对多糖含量测定的影响。确定最佳测定条件为:显色温度100℃、显色时间15 min、苯酚用量1.0 mL、硫酸用量5.0 mL,在该条件下所测得的光皮木瓜多糖的平均含量为12.16%。且实验重现性和稳定性均较好。     

桦褐孔菌水提物营养成分及单糖组成分析

以桦褐孔菌子实体为材料,将桦褐孔菌粉末经醇沉后过滤,对滤渣进行沸水浸提得水提物,分析水提物中营养成分组成(多糖、还原糖、蛋白质、脂肪、水分、总酚等),可知多糖、总酚、蛋白质及灰分的含量均较高,分别为14.88%、14.35%、13.00%、23.99%,因此推测其良好的活性与它们的存在有关。随后对其采用酸水解、还原、乙酰化等处理后,进行GC-MS分析,发现其单糖组成为:鼠李糖、阿拉伯糖、木糖、甘露糖、葡萄糖、半乳糖。     

响应面优化水提法提取玉米须多糖的工艺研究

以玉米须为原料,采用水提醇沉法对玉米须多糖进行提取,通过Sevage法除去其中所含的蛋白质,苯酚-硫酸法测定多糖含量,以多糖提取率为评价指标,考察液料比、提取温度、水提次数、提取时间对玉米须多糖的影响,并用响应面法优化玉米须多糖的提取工艺。确定水提法提取玉米须多糖的最佳提取条件是液料比15.9∶1,提取温度84.5℃,水提次数2次,提取时间62 min,在此条件下所得的多糖提取率为4.28%。     

接骨木茎多糖的提取条件研究

以接骨木茎为原料,采用水浸提法提取,用苯酚-硫酸法测定多糖含量。探讨了浸提温度、pH值、料液比和浸提时间等因素对多糖提取率的影响。结果表明,最优提取条件为:料液比为1∶20(g∶mL),温度为85℃,提取时间为3 h,提取液的pH值为6.0和1次浸提,其提取率为10.21%。     

橙皮多糖组成、理化性质及抗氧化性检测

探索并优化了橙皮多糖的提取工艺条件,检测纯化后橙皮多糖的组成,理化性质及抗氧化性;方法:采用用单因素及正交实验设计探索并优化超声波辅助提取橙皮多糖的工艺条件,粗多糖经氯仿∶正丁醇(5∶1,V∶V)去蛋白、浓缩、乙醇沉淀后冷冻干燥,利用离子色谱技术分析纯化后橙皮多糖的组成,采用常规理化检测方法及体外抗氧化实验检测了纯化后橙皮多糖的理化性质及抗氧化性能力。结果表明离子色谱法测得橙皮多糖由3种单糖组成,分别为鼠李糖、葡萄糖、半乳糖醛酸;理化性质实验结果显示,橙皮多糖溶于水,微溶于体积分数为95%乙醇,不溶于乙醚、丙酮,灰分含量为0.1191%,蛋白质含量为0.15 mg/g抗氧化能力低于抗坏血酸(Vc)和2,6-二叔丁基对甲酚(BHT),橙皮粗多糖抗氧化能力优于精制橙皮多糖。     

植物远志多糖的含量测定与特性黏度的分析

分析植物远志多糖的含量,并对多糖的特性黏度进行了分析。采用苯酚-硫酸法分析远志总多糖含量,采用乌氏黏度计、用逐步稀释法测定远志多糖的特性黏度。结果表明,采用苯酚-硫酸法分析远志总多糖含量是可行的,3个样品的多糖质量分数分别为51.00%、52.41%、55.95%,特性黏度值分别为31.55、33.16、21.77mL/g。从紫外分析可知,样品多糖中不含蛋白质和核酸类物质。     

天葵多糖的提取及纯化研究

目的对提取天葵多糖进行纯化,使多糖含量能明显提高。方法采用水提醇沉法进行提取,然后用大孔树脂法和凝胶进行分离纯化,含量测定用苯酚-硫酸法。结果本试验测得提取液中多糖含量为46.6%,AB-8型号、D-101型号的大孔树脂初次纯化多糖测得含量分为54.06%、56.13%,LH-20凝胶进一步纯化多糖测得含量为71.3%。结论通过两次的纯化,天葵多糖的含量从之前提取液的46.6%增加到两次纯化后的71.3%,证明了此处理过程明显的提高了天葵的纯度,达到纯化的目的。     

微波辐射对青霉素菌渣破壁效果的影响

引言近年来,我国发酵类制药行业发展迅速,目前抗生素产量已居世界第一位。抗生素菌渣是抗生素发酵工业中的主要固体废弃物,其主要成分包括抗生素菌丝体、剩余培养基成分、发酵中微生物代谢产物及少量的残留抗生素等[1],由于菌渣对人体及环境产生潜在的耐药性风险,依据2008年修订的《国家危险废物名录》,抗生素菌渣被划入危险废物范畴[2]。抗生素菌渣产生量大、含水率高,且含有蛋白质(约占干重的30%~40%)、多糖(10%以上)及麦角固醇(0.5%~1.0%)等营养物质[3],     

膨润土作黏结剂制备型煤的研究

以膨润土为黏结剂,采用冷压成型制备出型煤,主要研究了膨润土含量、水分、成型压力和粉煤粒度对型煤抗压强度的影响.结果表明:型煤抗压强度、灰分均与膨润土含量成正比,并得出其线性方程,可根据其工艺需要确定膨润土加入量,计算产品的灰分.水分控制在14％～16％,成型压力为40 kN,膨润土含量为7％时,可制备出平均抗压强度为1420 N/个,灰分为11.7％的型煤.     

掺加粉煤灰的污泥沉降浓缩效果与利用

改善污泥浓缩和脱水性能有利于污泥的处置和利用,从污泥用于建材原材料的角度,试验研究了粉煤灰在污泥沉降浓缩过程中的作用。结果显示,粉煤灰的最佳掺量为5%时,脱水混合物含水率为60%左右,低于纯污泥脱水后80%左右的含水率,将大大有利于后续的处理与利用;经粉煤灰改性后浓缩脱水得到的污泥可用作烧制陶粒。     

Effect of the harvest season on the composition of raw and fermented cotyledons of 2 varieties of cacao and shell fractions

A study was carried out wherein during the period August 1979 to January 1980, samples of raw and fermented cacao were analyzed monthly. These included two varieties: Arriba, taken from a farm in "Quevedo", and the EET-19, grown in "Pichilingüe" by the Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIAP). Taking the ear of cacao as a basis, the weight of its main parts was determined. The proximal composition was established in the cotyledons, with significant statistical differences in regard to moisture, protein, and ether extract content according to the month of harvest. As to the fermentation process, differences in moisture, ether extract and ash content were detected; differences in the ether extract and ash content were found between the two varieties. The fat extracted from the cotyledons presented different iodine, saponification and acidity index values between the raw and fermented samples, but none were determined between the varieties; as far as the month of harvest is concerned, differences in the acidity index were observed. The percentage composition of the main fatty acids is reported (palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids). In order to suggest possible industrial ways of utilizing the cacao shell by-product which is discarded by the shelling machine, the chemical characteristics of five fractions were determined based on the functioning of the shelling machine. The moisture, protein, ether extract, ash, crude fiber, theobromine, and caffeine contents varied among the fractions, and it was dependent on the broken "nibs" content. Differences in the protein, ether extract, and ash content, according to the months of production, were found. Obviously, the high fat content in fractions A (fine dust) and B (fine ground), which varied from 30 to 11 g/100 g, merits its extraction; the remainder meal has a valuable protein and alkaloid content. The chemical characteristics of the fat extracted from the shell of two fractions were similar to the fat extracted from the cotyledons.     

粉煤灰及生物质对污泥脱水性能的影响试验研究

在自制的压滤装置上,通过添加改性粉煤灰、木屑和不同粒径秸秆,研究不同辅料及其添加量对污泥深度脱水的影响。研究结果表明,改性粉煤灰对污泥脱水效果最好,在添加量为4%时,污泥含水率降为53.6%;木屑效果次之,在添加量为10%时,污泥含水率为58.09%;粒径相对较大的麦秆对污泥脱水促进效果不明显。     

Graphical methods for determination of the mineral-matter-free properties of coal and the mineral matter/ash ratio

Mean values of the mineral-matter-free specific energy, volatile matter and moisture content of coal, together with the mineral matter/ash ratio and the mineral matter moisture content, can be obtained from linear regression analyses of the appropriate analytical quantities against ash yield for grouped coal samples from geographical areas. The results can be used to assess rank and quality variations and the determined mineral matter/ash ratio can be used to correct individual analyses to a mineral-matter-free basis.     

用超滤过程浓缩纯化羊栖菜粗多糖浸提液

将超滤技术应用于羊栖菜粗多糖浸提液的浓缩纯化,结果表明,灰分脱除率达到92．3％,蛋白质的脱除率达到79．85％,脱盐率大于98．9％,脱色率达到91％,多糖的截留率为90．96％,多糖制品的纯度达到86．4％。     

季冻区粉煤灰加固路基土力学性能试验研究

为探究冻融循环作用对粉煤灰加固路基土力学性能影响,对冻融循环次数、含水率、粉煤灰掺量不同的盐渍土开展无侧限抗压试验和三轴剪切试验,研究冻融循环后土体的应力-应变曲线、无侧限抗压强度、黏聚力和内摩擦角的变化情况。使用Design-Expert 8.0软件,研究冻融循环次数、粉煤灰掺量、含水率及各因素交互作用对盐渍土力学性质影响的显著性程度。结果表明:多次冻融循环后,盐渍土无侧限抗压强度、黏聚力和内摩擦角均有下降,经历1~7次冻融循环时,土体各力学参数下降速率较快;随着粉煤灰掺量的增加,盐渍土的内摩擦角、黏聚力、无侧限抗压强度和抗剪强度呈现出先升高后下降的变化趋势。基于显著性分析理论,冻融循环次数与含水率的交互作用对盐渍土无侧限抗压强度和黏聚力的影响较为显著,粉煤灰掺量与冻融循环次数的交互作用仅对无侧限抗压强度影响较为显著。为提高路基土强度及抗冻融的能力,加快粉煤灰综合利用进度,根据软件和公式模拟结果,推荐在路基土中依据质量比掺加15%粉煤灰,并将经历7次冻融循环后压实盐渍土的力学指标作为工程设计参考值。     

芒萁中水分灰分浸出物的含量测定

测定了芒萁中的水分、灰分和浸出物的含量，为建立芒萁质量控制提供一定依据。按《中国药典》2010年版Ⅰ部附录IXH水分测定法中的第一法、附录IXK灰分测定法和附录XA浸出物测定法测定。结果表明：芒萁含水量均不超过9．87％，总灰分均不高于3．26％，酸不溶性灰分不高于1．54％，热浸法醇溶性浸出物量含量均不低于20．0％。该方法简单、准确、重复性好，为建立芒萁质量标准提供了科学实验数据。     

WATER SORPTION ISOTHERMS OF FREEZE DRIED FISH SARDINES

Water sorption isotherms of freeze dried fish sardines were determined at 25, 40 and 50°C using an isopiestic method. Water sorption modeling was carried out using the five parameter Guggenheim-Anderson-deBoer (GAB) equation. The GAB equation was able to predict equilibrium moisture content (EMC) with a mean relative error of 7.4%. The correlation coefficient (R²) of the relationship between the actual and predicted values of EMC was 0.986. Modeling with GAB equation predicted monolayer moisture content (X_m) of 4.94% (d.b.). Net isosteric heat of sorption, determined using Clausius-Clapeyron equation, varied from 12.07 to 0.86 kJ/mol asmois ture content changed from 2.76 to 37.5% dry basis (d.b). Chemical composition analysis showed that fish sardine contained 71% (d.b.) crude protein, 10% (d.b.) fat and 15% (d.b.) ash.