Thermomechanical spectrometry of friction products formed in friction of compatibilized PA-6/HDPE blend with steel

Friction products (surface layers of the polymer sample, wear products, layers of polymer material transfer to the metal counterface) from the friction on steel of PA-6/HDPE blend, compatibilized HDPE with grafted methylene-butane-dione acid with the composition PA-6/(HDPE/HDPE-gr-MA-25 mass %)-20 mass % *, are studied using thermomechanical spectrometry. A considerable influence of contact load on the molecular- topological structure of these products is revealed. It is established that component redistribution takes place in the friction products, and this redistribution changes their ratio in the blend and their molecular-topological structure; in this case, none of the wear products has the structure of any of the components of the blend for the studied contact load range (1–6 MPa). It is shown that one of the following mechano-chemical processes, depending on the contact load, takes precedence in the polymer material during friction on steel: macromolecule destruction accompanied by decrease in their molecular mass, increase in molecular mass due to formation of linked and presumably copolymer structures, decrease or increase in crystallinity, and change of relaxation properties.     

Effect of molybdenum disulphide upon the friction and wear in ceramic–steel pair

Friction and wear tests between a stationary block and a rotating ring under lubrication with molybdenum disulphide (MoS₂) were carried out at room temperature at a sliding distance of 500 m. Silicon nitride and cemented carbide blocks were pressed against a bearing steel ring, silicon nitride-bearing steel and cemented carbide-bearing steel pairs, by a load of 1600 N. The effect of molybdenum disulphide upon the coefficient of friction and the wear of the steel ring was discussed for both pairs in comparison with mineral oil lubricants. Molybdenum disulphide was more effective in reducing the coefficient of friction and the wear of the ring than the oil lubricants. Various mechanical pretreatment for forming MoS₂ film on the ring surface prior to the sliding tests were also considered. The mechanical pretreatment enabled the sliding test with the low friction coefficient even without lubrication over the sliding distance of 500 m. In general, the coefficient of friction and wear loss of the steel ring were smaller in the silicon nitride-bearing steel pair than in the cemented carbide-bearing steel pair.     

表面形貌在乏油润滑时的最大静摩擦力研究

采用磨削和刮研方法加工了2种表面形貌,并在乏油情况下进行了这2种形貌的最大静摩擦力实验。结果表明,刮研形貌的最大静摩擦力较磨削形貌小,约为后者的77%。且刮研表面有鱼鳞状浅坑形貌,实验观察到小气泡在刮研形貌上的浅坑中稳定存在。分析认为,该小气泡在一定的条件下有助于承载并减小最大静摩擦力。     

The role of surface roughness in the friction of sliding contacts

Results are presented of studies to assess the role of surface roughness in the friction of sliding contacts. A model of the surface roughness uses conical steel needles. A theoretical model based on the mechanics of interaction is included. Experimental and calculated results are discussed in relation to real engineering surfaces and the models compared     

电火花毛化加工对轧辊表面磨损性能的影响

用分形几何理论来表征电火花毛化表面微观形貌,通过常规的表面粗糙度指标Ra,建立主要放电参数与毛化表面分形参数之间关系的数学模型,利用分形参数研究电火花毛化加工参数对表面形貌的影响规律。在摩擦磨损分形预测模型的基础上,分析了表面形貌分形参数对磨损率的影响。确定主要的放电加工参数脉冲峰值电流和脉冲宽度所导致的加工表面形貌变化对最终的磨损表面的磨损性能的影响,结果表明,对于具体的加工电极及工件材料,可以由最佳分形维数来确定最佳的放电脉冲宽度和峰值电流。计算结果对实际加工有重要指导作用。     

二维粗糙面间滑动摩擦过程中平稳性研究

基于现有的分形模型,考虑到黏着现象的普遍性,通过在界面引入黏着剪切强度并考虑材料断裂,建立了考虑黏着、弹塑性变形影响的二维分形金属粗糙面间的滑动摩擦模型,并运用有限元软件进行数值求解.通过设置不同界面剪切强度及滑动速度参数,研究了两粗糙面间滑动过程中的平稳性.对建立的二维双粗糙弹塑性分形模型的实例进行分析,结果表明:当界面剪切强度较小时,法向速度波动幅值增大;当界面剪切强度增大到一定值后,法向速度波动幅值迅速的减小,使滑动较为平稳.滑动速度对平稳性的影响较大,滑动速度越大,滑动过程中振动越剧烈.     

The evolution of the surface layers on metals in sliding friction

The methods of speckle-interferometry, electron, optic, and atom-force microscopy were used to study the structure and regularities of deformation of surface layers on metals and alloys in friction. The causes of deformation localization are analyzed. An explanation of the strong wear resistance of Hadfield steel is proposed using data on the evolution of the surface layer structure.     

Some aspects of rolling friction resistance in a complex tribological pair – the bicycle wheel bearing

Bicycles are an important means of transport — over 20 million are manufactured worldwide each year, and, because their source of motive energy is human, their energy conversion, as measured by their resistance to motion, is critical. The bearings used in bicycles are rolling bearings, but are normally of different materials and construction quality to the roller bearings used in other applications. The present paper is intended to provide an indication of the phenomena influencing the resistance to motion and loss of energy of these bearings, and is based on a rolling bearing test stand designed by the author. A mathematical model derived from experimental observation is presented, and the theoretical results compared with experimental results.     

Studies of supported metal catalysts using high resolution secondary electron imaging in a STEM

An additional technique for use in the characterization of catalysts by electron microscopy is presented. High resolution secondary electron images obtained in a VG HB501 scanning transmission electron microscope have been used to study the surface topography of catalysts consisting of small metal particles on high surface area carbon supports. Surface features down to nanometre dimensions can be seen, allowing the examination of micropores in the support as well as larger pore structures. The results are compared with pore size distributions determined by gas adsorption methods, and are shown to yield valuable additional information. In addition, the method in principle allows examination of the locations of small metal catalyst particles on the support.     

Assessment of the parameters of surface friction with the methods of the experiment design theory

A mathematical model is constructed of the dependences of the coefficient of permeable-wall surface friction with heat-and-mass transfer on various factors (flow speed, parameter of equivalent sand roughness, plate thickness, gas-film lubrication, and others). The model is based on the results of research conducted using the polyfactorial experiment method. The key feature of this method is the polyfactorial approach to implementation of the experiment because it changes all the operating factors simultaneously point-by-point, rather than changing them in succession. The novel polyfactorial experiment design method enables us to select for experimentation the most informative combinations of values of the significant factors and to determine the number of experiments necessary and sufficient to obtain an analytical dependence of the surface friction coefficient with the required accuracy.     

Friction force microscopy investigations of potassium halide surfaces in ultrahigh vacuum: structure,friction and surface modification

Friction force microscopy measurements on the vacuum‐cleaved (001) surfaces of KF, KCl and KBr have been carried out. All surfaces exhibit atomically flat terraces with monatomic steps aligned preferentially along low‐index lattice directions. Stick‐slip lateral forces with the lattice periodicity are observed on all surfaces. Tip‐sample contact creates higher friction domains on the terraces of all three materials. The structure, topography and degree of friction force contrast of these domains is material dependent. The dependence of friction upon load generally does not coincide with the behavior expected for an elastic contact. We propose that the observed domains result from surface structural changes created by low load tip‐sample contact on these relatively soft materials. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

飞行时间二次离子质谱在生物材料和生命科学中的应用(上)

飞行时间二次离子质谱（TOF-SIMS）成为材料表面化学分析越来越重要的手段,随着分析仪器性能的不断提高,尤其是团簇离子源的发明和使用,使得TOF-SIMS在生物材料和生命科学研究中能够更接近常规性地被使用。它可以用来鉴定表面的生物分子,并且描述生物分子在单细胞表面和内部及组织切片上的二维分布。TOF-SIMS的主要测试功能包括表面质谱,化学成像及深度剖析3种。本综述（分上、下两篇）围绕这3项仪器功能,简单综述近20年内TOF-SIMS在生物材料和生命科学中的应用。本篇主要讨论应用质谱功能表征生物医学有机高分子材料表面化学特性及在表面的生物分子,包括氨基酸、多酞、蛋白质、核苷酸、DNA、磷脂膜及多糖。重点举例介绍的科学问题包括蛋白质吸附、生物材料表面化学改性以及生物降解高分子药物释放机理。     

Features of triboformation of the steel surface layer using lubricating materials modified with nanodispersed β-sialon

The results of triboengineering tests have revealed the effectiveness of β-sialon nanodispersed particles as an additive to lubricating materials oiling heavily loaded friction units. The method of X-ray structural analysis has established that use of β-sialon as an additive leads to the appearance of steel structures in the surface layer distinct in having a larger parameter of the crystalline lattice, reduced relative mean quadratic micro-deformation, and sparser dislocations, ensuring better triboengineering characteristics of friction couples. The main tribological effect of β-sialon in the lubricating material is that the mechanical energy of deformation converts into the chemical energy of formation of a new structure—an ordered surface layer.     

Changes in the surface roughness and friction coefficient of orthodontic bracket slots before and after treatment

In this study, we tested the surface roughness of bracket slots and the friction coefficient between the bracket and the stainless steel archwire before and after orthodontic treatment. There were four experimental groups: groups 1 and 2 were 3M new and retrieved brackets, respectively, and groups 3 and 4 were BioQuick new and retrieved brackets, respectively. All retrieved brackets were taken from patients with the first premolar extraction and using sliding mechanics to close the extraction space. The surface roughness of specimens was evaluated using an optical interferometry profilometer, which is faster and nondestructive compared with a stylus profilometer, and provided a larger field, needing no sample preparation, compared with atomic force microscopy. Orthodontic treatment resulted in significant increases in surface roughness and coefficient of friction for both brands of brackets. However, there was no significant difference by brand for new or retrieved brackets. These retrieval analysis results highlight the necessity of reevaluating the properties and clinical behavior of brackets during treatment to make appropriate treatment decisions. SCANNING 35: 265‐272, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Effect of the specimen geometry on wear - combination of polyacetal (POM) and carbon steel for machine structures

Engineering plastics which have been shown to have good mechanical properties are now frequently used as materials for various machine elements. Engineering plastics are combined with other engineering plastics and metallic materials for machine construction. These machine elements are fabricated with contact surface forms, such as convex, concave, and plane surfaces. Therefore, when designing machines with a combination of materials containing engineering plastics, it is useful to know the wear and friction characteristics for various contact surface forms. In the present research, polyacetal (POM), an engineering plastic, and carbon steel, a metal often used for machine structures, were chosen as materials to study wear and friction. Wear tests were performed in the combination of a convex surface and a plane, and in the combination of a plane and a plane. As a result, some features of the wear and friction characteristic are clarified. (1) The worn mass when the flat specimen made of POM is rubbed by the POM pin specimen is larger than when with the pin specimen made of carbon steel. (2) When the flat specimen made of POM is rubbed by the POM or the carbon steel pin specimen, the same grade of wear is observed regardless of the pin specimen material. (3) The worn length of the steel spherical pin specimen on the steel flat specimen becomes close to the initial radius of the curvature of the pin specimen when the sliding distance is large. The initial condition of the spherical tip pin specimen on the flat specimen evolves toward a condition of the flat tip pin specimen on the flat specimen. So, the comparison between the two geometries is non-relevant. Such problem did not occur in POM pin specimen.     

The effect of radiation-induced cross-linking on the wear rate of polyvinylidene fluoride during friction in a liquid

Results are shown of the exploration of the radiation-induced cross-linking effect on the wear rate of polyvinylidene fluoride during friction in a liquid (running water and water containing abrasive particles). It is shown that the wear rate has an extreme pattern with the minimum being within the range of the absorbed gamma radiation: 100–300 kGy. It is established that the radiation wear enables considerably increasing the wear resistance of the polymer during friction in the liquid.     

Periodicities in the properties associated with the friction of model self-assembled monolayers

The classical molecular dynamics simulations presented here examine the periodicities associated with the sliding of a diamond counterface across a monolayer of hydrocarbon chains that are covalently bound to a diamond substrate. Periodicities observed in a number of system quantities are a result of the tight packing of the monolayer and the commensurate structure of the diamond counterface. The packing and commensurability of the system force synchronized motion of the chains during sliding contact. This implies that the size of the simulations for this special case can be reduced so that the simulations can be conducted with sliding speeds and time durations that may bridge the gap between theory and experiment.     

Frictional performance of lithium 12‐hydroxystearate greases with different soap fibre structures in sliding contacts

The effect of the fibre structure of the grease on the frictional performance of lithium 12‐hydroxystearate greases with different fibre lengths was investigated in face, line, and point contact sliding tests. At high sliding speeds where the lubrication regime was practically hydrodynamic, the coefficient of friction of the base oil alone was lower than that of the greases. The coefficient of friction was roughly estimated as follows: base oil < long‐fibre grease < medium‐fibre grease < short‐fibre grease. The supply or replenishing capability of the grease played a critical role in maintaining hydrodynamic lubrication. At high contact pressures, the short‐fibre grease was superior in frictional performance to the long‐fibre grease due to the firm fibre network structure of the latter. In mixed and boundary lubrication regimes, the greases were superior in frictional performance to the base oil, since the soap fibres of the greases had a superior load‐carrying capacity. The long‐fibre grease, with a firm fibre structure, offered better frictional performance than the short‐fibre one.     

Modeling of the minimum cutting thickness in micro cutting with consideration of the friction around the cutting zone

Friction modeling between the tool and the workpiece plays an important role in predicting the minimum cutting thickness during TC4 micro machining and finite element method (FEM) cutting simulation. In this study, a new three-region friction modeling is proposed to illustrate the material flow mechanism around the friction zone in micro cutting; estimate the stress distributions on the rake, edge, and clearance faces of the tool; and predict the stagnation point location and the minimum cutting thickness. The friction modeling is established by determining the distribution of normal and shear stress. Then, it is applied to calculate the stagnation point location on the edge face and predict the minimum cutting thickness. The stagnation point and the minimum cutting thickness are also observed and illustrated in the FEM simulation. Micro cutting experiments are conducted to validate the accuracy of the friction and the minimum cutting thickness modeling. Comparison results show that the proposed friction model illustrates the relationship between the normal and sheer stress on the tool surface, thereby validating the modeling method of the minimum cutting thickness in micro cutting.     

On the unique solvability of a direct dynamics problem for mechanisms with redundant constraints and Coulomb friction in joints

The uniqueness of simulated motion of an overconstrained rigid body mechanism with joint friction is studied. The investigated issue originates in the problem of joint reactions solvability. It is known that in case of redundant constraints existence the constraint reaction forces cannot be — in general — uniquely determined. It can be proved, however, that — under certain conditions — selected reactions can be specified uniquely. Analytical and numerical methods for reactions solvability analysis are available. It is shown in this paper that indeterminacy of normal reactions results in indeterminacy of friction forces, and moreover, non-uniqueness of friction forces results in non-uniqueness of simulated motion. A method of finding these joints, for which friction forces are unique, is presented. It is also proved that if only uniquely solvable friction effects are introduced, then simulated motion of the mechanism is unique, otherwise it is not. Finally, examples of dynamic analysis of overconstrained mechanisms with joint friction are presented; unique and non-unique results are obtained.