不同生物脱氮路径下氧气、碳源等需求理论分析

生物脱氮是一种节约资源能源、环保安全的脱氮途径,但其反应复杂、路径众多,在不同的条件下找到合适的途径进行高效生物脱氮就成了必须要解决的问题。借助生物脱氮方程式进行理论分析,全面介绍了全程硝化+全程反硝化、短程硝化+短程反硝化、短程硝化+厌氧氨氧化和全程硝化+部分反硝化+厌氧氨氧化等四种常用的生物脱氮路径的特点,并计算了不同脱氮路径中理论的氧气、碳源、碱度的消耗量和活性污泥的产生量。研究分析发现,以CANON工艺为代表的短程硝化+厌氧氨氧化路径相比全程硝化+全程反硝化路径,可节约56%的氧气、100%的BOD_5、44%的碱度,少产生81%的污泥;全程硝化+部分反硝化+厌氧氨氧化路径相比全程硝化+全程反硝化路径,可节约42%的氧气、77%的BOD_5,少产生63%的污泥。     

短程硝化/厌氧氨氧化/全程硝化工艺处理焦化废水

通过对短程硝化和厌氧氨氧化工艺的研究,开发了短程硝化/厌氧氨氧化/全程硝化(O1/A/O2)生物脱氮新工艺并用于焦化废水的处理.控制温度为(35±1)℃、DO为2.0～3.0mg/L,第一级好氧连续流生物膜反应器在去除大部分有机污染物的同时还实现了短程硝化.考察了HRT、DO和容积负荷对反应器运行效果的影响.结果表明,当氨氮容积负荷为0.13～0.22gNH4+-N/(L·d)时,连续流反应器能实现短程硝化并有效去除氨氮.通过控制一级好氧反应器的工艺参数,为厌氧反应器实现厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)创造条件.结果表明,在温度为34℃、pH值为7.5～8.5、HRT为33 h的条件下,经过115 d成功启动了厌氧氨氧化反应器.在进水氨氮、亚硝态氮浓度分别为80和90 mg/L左右、总氮负荷为160 mg/(L·d)时,对氨氮和亚硝态氮的去除率最高分别达86%和98%,对总氮的去除率为75%.最后在二级好氧反应器实现氨氮的全程硝化,进一步去除焦化废水中残留的氨氯、亚硝态氮和有机物.O1/A/O2工艺能有效去除焦化废水中的氨氮和有机物等污染物,正常运行条件下的出水氨氮＜15 mg/L、亚硝态氮＜1.0 mg/L,COD降至124～186 mg/L,出水水质优于A/O生物脱氮工艺的出水水质.     

短程反硝化生物过程及工艺研究进展

短程反硝化是基于全程反硝化发展而来的新型脱氮工艺,通常指在微生物作用下仅将硝酸盐还原成亚硝酸盐的生物过程,可为厌氧氨氧化技术提供稳定的亚硝酸盐作为反应基质,实现废水高效低耗脱氮,具有较大发展潜力。聚焦于短程反硝化生物过程及工艺,就其生物过程特性、亚硝酸盐积累机制、功能微生物、耦合工艺、反应装置及关键参数等进行系统综述,并简要探讨了短程反硝化存在的问题及未来发展方向,以期为该工艺的发展和应用提供理论和技术支撑。     

低碳城市污水脱氮工艺中硝化颗粒污泥的培养

为了实现低碳城市污水高效深度脱氮，构建短程反硝化/厌氧氨氧化+硝化颗粒污泥脱氮工艺，研究硝化颗粒污泥的培养策略。结果表明，采用上向流污泥床（USB）反应器以序批式运行，并逐步缩短沉淀时间，成功培养出了硝化颗粒污泥，其中90.52%的污泥颗粒粒径>0.5 mm；颗粒污泥的沉降速度随着粒径的增大而增大，0.5～0.9 mm粒径的颗粒污泥平均沉降速度为15.66 m/h。颗粒污泥形成后，USB反应器的氨氮容积去除速率达到1.31 g/（L·d）。短程反硝化厌氧氨氧化+硝化颗粒污泥工艺的脱氮性能分析结果表明，该工艺脱氮效率高、有机碳源需求量低，适合处理低碳城市污水并实现深度脱氮。     

高氨氮废水的前置厌氧氨氧化脱氮研究

采用前置厌氧氨氧化生物滤池+亚硝化生物滤池的组合工艺,对高氨氮焦化废水进行脱氮研究,利用亚硝化生物滤池回流液中的亚硝酸盐氮与废水中的氨氮进行反应,以达到脱氮的目的,同时考察了HRT、回流比、DO浓度、p H值等参数对脱氮效果的影响。结果表明:当废水中的氨氮和COD浓度分别为(100~120)、(60~80)mg/L时,控制厌氧氨氧化段混合进水的p H值为8.0、HRT为30 h,亚硝化段出口DO浓度为0.6~1.0 mg/L,回流比为300%,对废水的脱氮率可稳定在80%左右。     

生物脱氮新技术

结合生物脱氮机理,介绍了同步硝化反硝化、短程硝化反硝化及厌氧氨氧化等新的生物脱氮技术的机理、影响因素、代表工艺及其技术特点,指出这些技术都具有经济、高效、低耗的优势,符合可持续发展要求,应在此基础上进一步开发适合中国国情的生物脱氮工艺。     

厌氧氨氧化与反硝化耦合反应的研究

厌氧氨氧化的发现很大程度上提高了人们对氮循环的理解,厌氧氨氧化为高氨氮废水的去除带来很大希望。然而,有机碳源的存在会对该过程产生不利影响。在实际废水中,会不可避免地存在有机碳及氮。厌氧氨氧化与反硝化耦合反应可实现在单一系统中同时脱氮除碳。由于该工艺为生物脱氮过程,温度是影响微生物的主要因素,所以温度及有机物都会对厌氧氨氧化与反硝化耦合反应产生重要影响。本文综述了有机物及温度对厌氧氨氧化与反硝化耦合反应的影响,提出了当前研究存在的问题,展望了未来研究的重点。     

纳米材料对厌氧氨氧化工艺的影响研究进展

厌氧氨氧化（Anammox）作为一种新型的自养脱氮工艺,由于其不需要外加碳源、污泥产量少、运行费用低等一系列优势,被认为是一种高效、经济的污水生物脱氮工艺。而纳米材料（nanomaterials,NMs）作为21世纪最有前途的材料,其广泛应用不可避免地会使纳米颗粒释放到水体中,从而对厌氧氨氧化污水脱氮处理产生影响。选取了污水中含有的若干典型纳米材料,结合现有文献,从长短期影响、毒性机理、微生物的抗毒机制等角度综述纳米材料对厌氧氨氧化过程的影响,旨在全面分析不同类型的纳米材料对厌氧氨氧化过程的作用机制,为提升厌氧氨氧化脱氮效率提供参考依据。     

厌氧氨氧化工艺及其影响因素

厌氧氨氧化工艺相比于传统脱氮工艺有明显的优越性,但由于工艺需要严格的条件控制,目前还没有广泛的应用。本文介绍了厌氧氨氧化工艺,探讨了其影响因素及在实际应用中会面临的问题,发现硝酸盐、醇类、DO和NO对厌氧氨氧化工艺都有抑制作用。通过研究者的大量研究,厌氧氨氧化工艺必将成为有前景的生物脱氮工艺。     

铁氨氧化污水生物脱氮技术的研究进展

近年来新发现的铁氨氧化过程(Feammox)能够在厌氧条件下以三价铁离子[Fe(Ⅲ)]为电子受体将铵根离子(NH4+)直接氧化为氮气(N2)、硝酸根(NO3-)或亚硝酸根(NO2-),能够耦合厌氧氨氧化过程、反硝化过程或铁盐反硝化(NDFO)过程完成污水生物脱氮。铁氨氧化相比传统硝化反硝化过程具有诸多优点,如不需要有机碳源、无需曝气、对重金属有更高的耐受力等。对铁氨氧化的发现过程、反应机制、菌种分布及其在污水生物脱氮领域的应用进行了综述,并在对铁氨氧化脱氮研究现状进行深入分析的基础上,指出了铁氨氧化工艺面临的挑战和可能的研究方向。     

亚硝酸型硝化———反硝化工艺处理煤气废水研究

针对煤气废水的特点，提出亚硝酸型硝化－－反硝化处理煤气废水新工艺。试验结果表明，该工艺与常规生物脱氮工艺相比，污染物负荷能力增加，需氧量和碳源需要量减少，反硝化效率明显提高，可提高总氮去除率。     

短程反硝化工艺的研究进展与展望

厌氧氨氧化技术利用NO₂^--N氧化NH₄⁺-N,实现污水中氮素的高效去除,其中NO₂^--N的产生是实现厌氧氨氧化应用的难点。短程硝化是获取NO₂^--N的重要途径之一,但目前在实际工程中通过短程硝化难以实现长期稳定的亚硝酸盐积累。短程反硝化工艺将反硝化过程控制在硝酸盐还原的第一步来积累NO₂^--N,可实现从反硝化途径获得NO₂^--N为厌氧氨氧化反应提供底物,去除污水中的氮素污染物。简要介绍了短程反硝化工艺的发展背景、研究进展、启动及控制策略等,并对短程反硝化过程亚硝酸盐积累机制及其与厌氧氨氧化工艺耦合方式进行了总结,最后对其未来的研究方向进行了展望。     

无外加碳源SBBR脱氮工艺及其控制方法研究

为提高脱氮效果并实现利用内碳源进行反硝化,开展了SBBR（以好氧-缺氧方式运行）处理生活污水的脱氮研究.在好氧阶段,SBBR中的生物膜能创造缺氧微环境并吸收、储存碳,实现了同步硝化反硝化,降低了硝态氮的浓度;在缺氧阶段,可利用内碳源实现剩余硝态氮的反硝化.溶解氧浓度的大小对好氧时间、好氧剩余硝态氮浓度和缺氧反应时间有较大影响,因而可以利用在线检测的DO作为曝气量控制参数.DO、pH和ORP值的变化具有规律性,反映了生物脱氮过程中耗氧和供氧、产酸和产碱、氧化和还原过程的变化.为准确判断好氧和缺氧反应过程的终点,并减少控制的滞后时间,建议以pH值的＂氨谷＂和ORP的＂硝酸盐膝＂作为主控制特征点分别指示硝化和反硝化的终点,而以ORP的＂氨肘＂和pH值的＂硝酸盐峰＂作为参考或辅助控制特征点.     

Simultaneous removal of phenol and ammonia by an activated sludge process with cross-flow filtration

Attempts were made for removing ammonia from synthetic wastewater under the presence of phenol, which is inhibitory to nitrification, by using a single-stage activated sludge process with cross-flow filtration. Activated sludge biomass which had been acclimated with phenol for over 15 years was used for the inoculum, and synthetic wastewater was continuously supplied to the process retaining biomass at 8000 mg VSS l(-1). Phenol was completely removed, and ammonia was simultaneously nitrified to nitrate; nitrification rate reached 200 mg N l(-1) d(-1) when phenol was removed at a rate up to 300 mg l(-1) d(-1). It was observed that 0-13% of the ammonia was removed via denitrification. Intermittent aeration enhanced the denitrification rate to 160 mg N l(-1) d(-1) by utilizing phenol. and approximately 24% of the denitrified nitrogen was recovered as nitrous oxide. Methanol, which is the most commonly used electron donor in conventional nitrogen removal processes, did not enhance the denitrification rate of the phenol-acclimated activated sludge used in this study, however phenol did. The results suggest that this process potentially works as a space- and energy-saving nitrogen removal process by utilizing substances inhibitory to nitrifiers as electron donors for denitrification.     

Research progress of Anammox-denitrification coupling start up and Influencing Factors

Since anammox can simultaneously remove ammonia and nitrite nitrogen,And low cost,have been researched by many scholars,It high ammonia wastewater treatment has great application value.However,high concentrations of organic carbon on anaerobic ammonium oxidation significantly inhibited.How to achieve anaerobic ammonium oxidation and denitrification coupling,is now a focus of research in the training process anammox bacteria and denitrifying bacteria on pH,organic matter with different requirements,this paper summarizes the anammox and denitrification startup method and pH,organic matter on anaerobic ammonia oxidation and denitrification coupling and explore control strategies for anaerobic ammonium oxidation and denitrification coupling recommendations.     

Nitrous oxide emissions from the oxidation tank of a pilot activated sludge plant

This study discusses the results of the continuous monitoring of nitrous oxide emissions from the oxidation tank of a pilot conventional wastewater treatment plant. Nitrous oxide emissions from biological processes for nitrogen removal in wastewater treatment plants have drawn great attention over the last years, due to the high greenhouse effect. However, even if several studies have been carried out to quantify nitrous oxide emission rates from different types of treatment, quite wide ranges have been reported. Only grab samples or continuous measurements over limited periods were considered in previous studies, which can account for the wide variability of the obtained results. Through continuous monitoring over several months, our work tries to fill this gap of knowledge and get a deeper insight into nitrous oxide daily and weekly emission dynamics. Moreover, the influence of some operating conditions (sludge age, dissolved oxygen concentration in the oxidation tank, nitrogen load) was studied to determine good practices for wastewater treatment plant operation aiming at the reduction of nitrous oxide emissions. The dissolved oxygen set-point is shown to play a major role in nitrous oxide emissions. Low sludge ages and high nitrogen loads are responsible for higher emissions as well. An interesting pattern has been observed, with quite negligible emissions during most of the day and a peak with a bell-like shape in the morning in the hours of maximum nitrogen load in the plant, correlated to the ammonia and nitrite peaks in the tank.     

Denitrification of groundwater with methane as sole hydrogen donor

It was examined, whether methane can be used as hydrogen donor for an in situ denitrification of groundwater. It is demonstrated, that groundwater can serve as liquid medium and that the denitrification can occur at 10 degrees C. Efforts to enrich methanotrophic bacteria under anoxic conditions have not been successful. No methane oxidation occurred in the absence of oxygen. For this reason, the denitrification with methane must be performed in a two-stage process with aerobic methanotrophic bacteria producing metabolites, that are used as hydrogen donor by non-methanotrophic bacteria in anoxic areas. This kind of indirect denitrification was proved by quantifying nitrogen and nitrous oxide in enrichment cultures that were not stirred or shaken. Large numbers of non-methanotrophic bacteria being able to denitrify with methanol, acetate or proteins as sole hydrogen donor were enriched besides the methanotrophic bacteria under these conditions.     

Controlling sludge settleability in the oxidation ditch process

This paper describes an investigation aimed at developing an operating technique for controlling sludge settleability in the oxidation ditch form of the nitrification denitrification activated sludge process. It was hypothesized that specific sludge volume index (SSVI) is lowest at an optimum process anoxic fraction and increases at higher and lower fractions. Using effluent ammonia:nitrate ratio as a surrogate for anoxic fraction, it was found that a simple empirical model based on a three solids retention time moving average nitrogen ratio was able to replicate the long-term SSVI variations in two independent oxidation ditches at a full-scale plant. Operating data from a second oxidation ditch plant during periods when a prefermenter was on- or off-line showed that SSVI also varies with RBCOD, greater RBCOD giving lower SSVI. It was concluded that best settleability occurs at about the same anoxic fraction as lowest effluent total nitrogen concentration, with an ammonia:nitrate ratio of about 1. An operating rule of thumb is to use dissolved oxygen control to maintain effluent ammonia and nitrate nitrogen concentrations about equal. A third oxidation ditch plant deliberately operated in this manner achieved 15-month median operating values for SSVI of 60mL/g and for effluent ammonia, nitrate and total N, respectively, of 0.2, 0.3 and 2.0mgN/L.     

福州市东区水厂气浮-生化除藻实验研究

试验采用先气浮后生化的工艺,将气浮工艺与生物接触氧化池集成为一体,利用气浮工艺去除原水中的浊度、氨氮、COD<,Mn>、藻类、UV<,254>等物质,同时还能为后续的生化工艺提供必需的溶解氧和一定的屏障作用,从而达到利用生物氧化方法进一步去除污染物质,减轻后续工艺负担和改善出水水质的目的.     

低温条件下微生物对沉积物氮释放的影响研究

通过室内静态模拟实验,研究了沉积物中氮的释放特性。将反应器密封后自然达到厌氧状态,温度与水库底部相近（7～8℃）,进行未灭菌和灭菌两个系列对比试验,连续监测两个系列装置中NO3^-N、NO^2-N、NH4^＋-N、TN、DO和pH的变化,并对试验前后沉积物中的总氮含量进行测定。结果表明,未灭菌装置沉积物中总氮减少量明显多于灭菌装置,而上覆水中可监测总氮少于灭菌装置,说明在厌氧条件下氮元素会在微生物作用下从沉积物中释放出来,并通过反硝化和厌氧氨氧化等作用以气态形式释放出水体。试验前后对底泥表面的硝化、亚硝化、反硝化和氨化细菌的数量通过计数进行了比较,发现厌氧后反硝化细菌和氨化细菌明显增多,说明厌氧过程中对氮释放起主要作用的是反硝化细菌和氨化细菌。