Spatial configurations,competition and welfare

Studies into the shapes of market areas abound and emphasize the hexagon as the optimal configuration. This paper demonstrates that a triangular or a square market area can be superior to a hexagonal one under certain behavioural conditions. Spatial configurations are evaluated on the basis of (1) the number of firms required to fill a given market area and (2) the level of welfare per unit area that these firms generate under alternative competitive conditions.     

Spatial heterogeneity,industry heterogeneity,and entrepreneurship

The prevalence of entrepreneurship varies not only across regions but also among industries. Using a unique panel dataset of 60 two-digit industries across 64 provinces from 2000 to 2010 in Vietnam, we investigate the importance of spatial and sectoral heterogeneity in an analysis of the determinants of entrepreneurship and empirically explore the interaction effect of geographic conditions and industry dynamism. Overall, our results confirm the significance of industry structural variables and their joint effect with geographic conditions in fostering new firm formation. Particularly, (i) growth-driven entries are generally higher in provinces that offer higher salaries; (ii) technology-intensive industries within regions that have strong knowledge spillover effects are appealing to new entries. Others noteworthy findings include: (i) ‘necessity entrepreneurship’ is prevalent in Vietnam, but limited to extractive and service industries that are typically labor intensive; (ii) firms tend to concentrate more in agglomerated locations. This effect, however, evaporates for high-tech industries; and (iii) industry profitability and niche dynamism all play a crucial role in stimulating new start-ups. We apply the system generalized method of moments to obtain empirical evidence in the study.     

Spatial prices,search behavior and location

This paper presents a model that links spatial prices with search behavior and location. Consumers are assumed to search for a product at the lowest overall costs where suppliers are spatially distributed. The expected result of this “shopping decision” is linked with a longer term “quantity decision” relating the customer’s location via bid prices for land with the expected costs of buying the product. We demonstrate various characteristics of this model via numerical simulations.     

权力/工厂/奇观——三种办公空间原型的生产范式

本文以亨利·列斐伏尔的关于空间与社会的关系原理及福柯的空间与个体的关系原理为工具,揭示三种办公空间原型的生产范式—权力/工厂/奇观的制造与运作机制,指出控制办公工作状态的管理手段—高压/监督/激励机制在办公空间生成中所起的关键作用。     

Spatial heterogeneities,institutions, and income: Evidence for Brazil

Political institutions are an essential component to explain income variation. Brazilian municipalities are characterized by a great contrast in the colonization process and its impacts on the current income level and distribution, and other development aspects. This study analyzes the spatial heterogeneity of the relationship between institutional quality and the municipalities' economic development. We use a spatial moving window method applied to weighted regressions—Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR). We find evidence that good institutions increase income and other variables related to economic development. In addition, the institutional quality influence on economic development measures is distinct across the Brazilian regions.     

Spatial externalities, neighbourhood rules and CA land-use modelling

This paper investigates which, how and to what extent land-use related neighbourhood effects play a role in urban dynamics. To justify the use of cellular automata land-use models for spatial policy support, existing neighbourhood rules need to be better founded. This research eliminates a number of uncertainties in the land-use model outcomes by introducing improved empirically founded and regional-specific neighbourhood rules. This allows for a better evaluation and justification of spatial policy scenarios and their effects on future land-use dynamics.     

Spatial and temporal PAH concentrations in Zaragoza,Spain

The concentration of seven polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) associated with the atmospheric solid phase was measured in the Zaragoza (North-East of Spain) atmosphere using fluorescence spectroscopy in the synchronous mode (FS). The PAH results were reported for four different urban and suburban places, located within the city and during the period October 1999-September 2001. The PAH data obtained indicated the importance of local sources generated from urban/industrial areas. Although the PAH total concentration was quite similar in all the sampling sites, the main differences were due to Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and Coronene (Cor) concentrations, reaching the highest values in the sites associated with heavy traffic (trucks, lorries, etc.). The temporal evolution of atmospheric solid phase PAH concentrations indicated a seasonal trend. Higher PAH concentrations were found during colder seasons for the four sampling sites. The influence of environmental parameters such as temperature, rain, relative humidity, wind speed and direction on the PAH emissions was analyzed observing a positive correlation between the total PAH concentration and the relative humidity and a negative one with the temperature. With regard to the wind direction, higher PAH emissions were detected when wind was coming from an east and north-east direction. Wind from a north-westerly direction showed lower PAH emissions associated with the cierzo wind which provided cleaner air.     

Skills,Conflict and Spatial Planning in Northern Ireland

This article investigates the power of ‘walls’ to constrain thought and silence diverse voices of reason within planning. Using die Mauer (The Berlin Wall) as a linking metaphor, this article juxtaposes mid‐1950s planning in a spatially‐ and ideologically‐divided Berlin (Germany) against Harland Bartholomew's mid‐1950s planning in a racially‐divided Louisville, Kentucky (USA). It then juxtaposes the latter against a mid‐1950s narrative about efforts to desegregate housing in Louisville. This juxtaposition reveals that some people in Louisville used the Cold War divide between East and West to reinforce the long‐standing racial divide between blacks and whites. Moreover, it reveals that, by deferring to Cold War‐related racial politics that could not be questioned, Bartholomew's technical approach to planning silenced other voices of reason and thereby reflected and reproduced the race‐inflected politics of the Cold War divide. The article concludes by briefly considering what Bartholomew might have done differently in the context and by exploring what this juxtaposition of stories implies for planning in the context of the contemporary ‘war against terrorists’.     

Housing Implications of Social,Spatial and Structural Change

Over the past few decades Australia, like a number of other countries, has experienced a significant polarisation of household incomes as a result of social, demographic and economic changes. At the same time there has been a significant decline in home purchase rates amongst younger households. The paper uses micro data from the 1986 and 1996 censuses to explore some of the spatial and socio-economic implications of this change in housing tenure. It raises the question whether these changes are both related and interrelated. It suggests that tenure might be yet another factor that contributes to a process of social and spatial polarisation.     

在其中与不在其中：城市、大学与空间规划

首先讨论全球化格局中的城市与大学之间的关系,探讨大学的不同定义与资本主义发展史之间的关系;提出社会生产与再生产理论分析框架以及资本空间、地方空间和信息空间三种亚空间类型,进一步阐述大学的社会功用;再结合中国的现实,分析大学空间规划与政治经济之间的关系,指出中国的社会、城市与大学异形同构,具有高度政治集权和寻求经济自主权力最大化的共同特性。突破这一格局的希望仍然在于大学的教育。     

开发区空间拓展与城市空间重构——苏锡常的实证分析与讨论

以苏州工业园、无锡新区和常州新北区为实证研究对象,分析开发区空间拓展及其影响下的城市空间重构特征,并进而讨论城市空间优化的若干问题.     

德国空间秩序规划与城市规划、专项规划的空间要素管理与协调

德国经过长期的立法与规划管理实践,形成了联邦、州和地区的空间秩序规划与城市规划、专项规划相互协调的空间管理机制。三者除了在空间要素上各有侧重点,其依法管理的约束对象也存在差别。综合的、跨地方的、指导性的空间秩序规划通过具有强制约束力的目标约束公共机构,基于地方自治的城市规划依法对具体的建设实施进行管理,针对特定用途或综合用途协调的专项规划在特定项目上具有优先权。本文基于对德国空间研究与州域规划学会和杜塞尔多夫行政区地区发展32号办公室的采访,对比了三类规划的空间要素,对法定的"双向反馈原则"和有关冲突协调的法律规定进行解读,总结了德国规划实现有效空间管理的协调机制,为我国国土空间规划体系的依法构建提供借鉴。     

首都功能延伸区(白洋淀地区)空间发展规划构想

研究基于首都功能延伸区的分区概念,对首都周边区域及各核心城市的空间关系进行分析,并结合白洋淀地区的发展现状提出了白洋淀地区未来的总体定位和生态优先、极核带动、产业转型及扩大开放的空间发展战略,以期为环首都绿色经济圈和首都功能延伸区的构建提供有益的探索,推动保定市域和白洋淀地区的共荣发展。     

Spatial Planning and Policy Integration: Concepts,Facilitators and Inhibitors

While the concept of policy integration is not a new idea within spatial planning discourse, it is becoming increasingly prevalent. Frequently, however, the term is used without any clear definition of what it means, or how it might be achieved. The aim of this paper is to provide more clarity about the concept and to identify the types of actions in the field of planning where integration with policy can be improved. In so doing, the paper assembles a range of material from different disciplines, and identifies some of the key inhibitors and facilitators of policy integration.     

上海人口空间变迁的现象、原因及后果初探

依托人口普查和经济普查的数据平台,对2000—2010年上海市人口的居住和就业的空间变迁进行较为详实的呈现。研究发现,上海常住人口的居住空间变迁有2个特点：居住空间呈现圈层特征,其密度向外递减,且随着时间推移不断向外扩散;同时,不同年龄组人口在居住空间上呈现高度分化的态势。造成这种变迁现象的一个主要原因是劳动年龄的净迁入人口大量进入中心城周边地区。人口普查和经济普查数据的叠加分析表现出这样一种现象：就业在中心城区的空间聚集度远高于居住,而向中心城周边地区的扩散速度则远低于居住,其后果是职住分离状况的加剧。在上海市应对未来人口规模的持续增长的情境下,该研究可提供一个基于城市功能与空间结构调整的视角。     

空间数据库更新模式、技术与方法

空间数据库更新技术的研究已成为测绘科技领域研究的重点与热点之一。本文首先对当前空间数据库更新形势和任务,更新模式以及制约空间数据更新的主要因素进行了分析,然后以EPSW2008为例对相应的技术与方法进行探讨,可供空间数据库建设与管理的有关人员参考。     

En-gendering Effective Planning: Spatial Mismatch,Low-Income Women,and Transportation Policy

Welfare-to-work transportation programs are predicated on a conceptualization of the spatial mismatch hypothesis that focuses on the central-city residential locations of welfare participants, rapidly expanding job opportunities in the suburbs, and the long commutes needed to connect them. Feminist scholarship and travel behavior research, however, show that the travel patterns of low-income single mothers are not consistent with this behavior, resulting in a policy mismatch between many welfare recipients and their transportation needs. The research reviewed in this article indicates that policymakers and planners should do more to address the transportation needs of these low-income women. Policies must account for the important role of gender in determining where welfare recipients will look for work, how they are likely to conduct their job searches, and the mode by which they travel to both employment and household-supporting destinations.     

Spatial segregation,inequality, and opportunity bias in the slums of Bengaluru

The existence of slums or informal settlements is common to most cities of developing countries. In India, slums contain a wealth of diversity that is masked by a high level of poverty and rather insufficient access to resources. Recent studies have identified that the conventional perception of slums as distinctive homogeneous settlements is incorrect, rather slums are diverse and complex systems that cannot be addressed through one-size fits all approaches. In this paper we investigate Tilly's theory on group segregation and how it reproduces or reinforces inequality within the slums of Bengaluru. We apply statistical techniques (correspondence analysis and regression) to novel field data from 37 slums in Bengaluru. First, we find high levels of spatial and group segregation by religion across the slums of Bengaluru. Second, we find that segregation leads to opportunity bias among slum dwellers, which inhibits equitable access to jobs in the labour market. Finally, the results show that insufficient access to resources constrain the income generation and leads to emerging coping strategies. The results indicate that group identity is key to addressing disparity and how solving inequality can drastically impact group identity. Our results show that targeting horizontal inequality (as compared to vertical inequality) may increase the rate of successful interventions for each of the segregated groups of slum dwellers.     

Understanding China's Urbanization: The Great Demographic,Spatial, Economic,and Social Transformation

正Year:2016Publisher:Edward Elgar Publishing Limited ISBN:9781783474738(432 pages,in English)China’s urbanization is one of the great earth-changing phenomena in recent times.The way in which China continues to urbanize will have a critical impact on the world economy,global climate change,international relations,and a host of other critical issues.Under-     

类型、样式、场地、现代性:论杨廷宝的建筑空间形式

通过对杨廷宝先生1927-1957年作品的阅读,探讨杨廷宝先生在类型学的基础上表现出的两个相互辩证的设计理念:经由对场地、地形与功能的回应,逐渐发展出的地域性与现代性;以及他在古典样式建筑的语境下,如何探索空间形式与功能体量的设计策略.