包装容器造型舒适度设计的三个层次

根据个体生理、心理、行为及文化程度的差异,包装容器造型舒适度设计可分为三个层次,即生理层次、行为层次和精神层次。生理层次主要体现在包装容器的比例、色彩、质感、尺寸、轻重、肌理、形制等指标中,行为层次主要体现在包装开启装置设计和包装提携与持握的结构设计中,精神层次则主要体现在容器造型与容器装潢设计两个方面。在进行包装容器造型舒适度设计时,需首先考虑在一定程度上满足人的某种生理或行为习惯需求,在此基础上,充分考虑用户的生活方式与思维惯性等因素,以使用户在使用包装容器的过程中获得高层次的精神享受。     

Analysis of in‐flight vibration of a twin‐engine turbo propeller aircraft

A data recorder was utilized to record in‐flight vibration of a twin engine turbo propeller (feeder) aircraft. The data recorded produced power spectral density (PSD) profiles which are currently used in laboratory settings to drive vibration tables in order to simulate a particular vehicle type. Overall Grms values were averaged and compared to previous research studies. The data collected from this research study could be utilized for packaging research when developing products and packages that will pass through a distribution cycle which includes transportation via a feeder aircraft. One example of this type of distribution cycle is the small parcel shipping environment. The PSD profiles which were analyzed from this research could simulate in‐flight aircraft vibration of the aircraft chassis in a laboratory environment. This will enable further research in the air transport environment. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The control of dissolved oxygen content in probiotic yoghurts by alternative packaging materials

Probiotic bacteria, added to yoghurt to impart health benefits, require a low‐oxygen environment for maximum viability. The aim of this experiment was to produce yoghurt with minimal oxygen content using packaging systems. Three packaging systems were evaluated for the effect they exert on the dissolved oxygen content of two types of yoghurt. High‐impact polystyrene (the Australian yoghurt industry's material of choice) was compared with new oxygen‐barrier material and an oxygen‐scavenging active packaging system. Stirred‐type and set‐type yoghurts were observed in each packaging material for dissolved oxygen content, over a normal shelf‐life for yoghurt. Oxygen‐barrier packaging combined with an oxygen‐scavenging material was found to be the most effective system, particularly when used with set‐type yoghurt. Set‐type yoghurt was found to be more conducive to oxygen reduction using packaging methods. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于情感需求的交互式白酒包装设计研究

目的从新生代消费者的情感需求出发,探寻满足其情感需求的白酒包装设计的有效方法。方法分析社会消费主力结构变迁和新生代消费者不同的情感需求,采取深度调查访谈和眼动追踪技术的手段来获取新生代消费者对白酒包装的多元化情感需求,再结合交互式包装设计理念,分析并研究白酒包装设计与新生代消费者情感需求之间的关系,提出在进行白酒包装设计方案时应顺应新时代潮流,体现鲜明个性,充分利用交互设计理念来进行创新,从而满足新生代消费群体对白酒包装的需求。结论基于情感需求的交互式白酒包装设计能增强新生代消费者与白酒包装的互动性,使消费者在消费过程中获得多元化的情感体验,从而达到促进消费的目的,更好地为企业和社会服务。     

试论包装污染与环境保护

从包装弃物对环境的污染，防治包装污染的意义以及怎样防治包装污染等方面进行了探讨，认为要防治包装污染，保护环境应大力发展绿色包包装，加强包装设计，包装生产和包装废话弃物回收利用等方面的管理。     

包装设计的视觉表述

从包装设计的创意分析、定位分析和包装的视觉表现3个方面,阐述了设计师在包装设计过程中应考虑的因素.通过设计表现以视觉可以认知的形态传递商品信息.使包装在市场流通环节中发挥更大的作用.     

Fact or friction: a model for understanding the openability of wide mouth closures

Understanding and improving openability is becoming more and more important in the packaging industry. Specific tests or focus groups can be used to determine whether users have problems with packaging; however, these are both time consuming and expensive. This paper outlines a method by which it is possible to predict openability for any kind of closure by utilizing simple and quick tests, and by mathematically adapting strength test data. The method is demonstrated on wide mouth closures, and shows that there are optimum values for jar diameter and friction for containers of this type to enable increased openability. The data indicates that the optimum diameter for a jar lid is around 73mm, and therefore lids of this diameter are the easiest for consumers to open. The process outlined can be used to improve openability of packaging while keeping costs to a minimum. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Towards patient‐centered packaging design: An industry perspective on processes,functions, and constraints

Medication packaging is essential to provide patients with guidance and correct use of their medicines for effective treatment. This research aims to increase knowledge about the medication packaging innovation process and its uptake towards patient‐centered packaging design. The study applied a qualitative research approach based on data from 25 in‐depth interviews with stakeholders involved in medication packaging design. The empirical data analysis revealed four themes that can improve and advance user‐centered packaging design: medication packaging innovation process, medication packaging functions and features, medication packaging design constraints, and patient‐centered medication packaging design. The findings suggest that medication packaging design is strongly affected by an emphasis on protective and safety packaging functions rather than on patients' needs. Packaging innovation usually is constrained by rigid incremental development processes, where compliance with regulations, extensive documentation, avoidance of manufacturing complexity, and considerations on cost prevail. These findings are discussed in relation to the three most evident trade‐offs for patient‐centered design: protection versus openability, utility versus cost, and complexity of manufacturability versus complexity of use. This research contributes with valuable input and additional evidence about the necessary shift to a user‐centered approach in a field that has not been design driven. This input complements previous research and provides an opportunity for industry decision makers and policy makers to lead patient‐centered packaging design that can benefit patients and relieve overloaded health care systems.     

老字号包装的叙事性设计研究

目的研究叙事学在老字号包装设计上的创新应用。方法以老字号的包装设计为研究重点,通过查阅文献法和实地调研等方法,掌握叙事学在包装设计中的应用现状,研究并总结叙事性在包装设计中所蕴含的共性,包括叙事主题、叙事易读、文化内涵和叙事表现等四个方面。以陕西食品类老字号德懋恭为例,分析其包装设计发展的一贯特性,并与叙事性包装设计的方法相结合对其产品的包装进行创新设计。结论中华老字号品牌为了适应时代发展的潮流,必然要进行品牌的升级转型。通过将叙事学理论延伸到包装设计中,可以改善老字号的包装设计,赋予产品包装更多功能价值,使产品信息和老字号品牌蕴含的文化被消费者更容易理解和接受,并为其他老字号包装设计的发展提供一个新的参考路径。     

Getting to grips with packaging: using ethnography and computer simulation to understand hand–pack interaction

The general population of many developed countries is aging. Despite many medical advances, aging brings with it a host of issues, not least of all the loss of strength and dexterity. Hence, everyday functions that were easily performed at a younger age can become difficult or even impossible. One major area of concern is the ability of elderly consumers to access food or medicines from packaged goods such as jars, bottles and child‐resistant closures. Many consumers avoid food in jars or have problems with medical compliance. Recently, the authors developed a new approach to packaging design termed the ‘three‐stranded approach’. Here, they outline numerical, experimental and analytical techniques for matching pack function to human ability. Within this work it became apparent that developing a more detailed understanding of how packaging is manipulated and gripped would be of use to packaging designers and engineers and hence enable the manufacture of easier‐to‐open packaging. This paper outlines some preliminary studies on the development of a computational model of a human hand as a tool for packaging design, and a supporting study on the various grips used by consumers. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Understanding the views of the UK food packaging supply chain in order to support a move to circular economy systems

This study set out to better understand the feelings of stakeholders from the UK food packaging supply chain towards a move to circular economy (CE) systems. The research areas studied included current and future challenges facing supply chain stakeholders, the consideration of transformative technologies (TT) to enable packaging solutions in the move to CE systems and what CE systems using TT would look like for the UK's chilled food packaging sector. A questionnaire was selected to obtain data from across the UK food packaging supply chain. Participants were selected from six industry stakeholder groups, with 24 completing the questionnaire. This study has clearly shown there is a large spectrum of solutions in a move to CE, each with their own benefits and limitations. TT has an ability to enable these, but in selecting the best one for a specific packaging solution, a decision maker must take into consideration business constraints of the supply chain and the consumer's behaviour towards new solutions.     

基于人性化理念的食品包装无障碍设计

目的 探析食品包装无障碍设计的人性化意义及策略。方法 通过归纳、梳理人性化设计和无障碍设计的相关概念,以食品包装设计为落脚点,多维度探究人性化设计理念下的食品包装无障碍设计思路。结果 食品包装无障碍设计要考虑弱势群体的行为机能、感知机能等生理障碍,探索更加合理的包装开封方式和视觉语言应用方法,挖掘弱势群体的心理接受程度,通过食品包装设计实现交互,引导消费者对食品包装形成积极的情感,真正实现设计服务于人的目的。结论 人性化设计与无障碍设计具有共通性,在食品包装设计中融入相关理念,能够协调产品与人的关系,使设计符合更多消费者（特别是弱势群体消费者）的需求,对促进人类平等包容、关怀尊重具有重要意义。     

警示性语义表达在国产香烟包装设计中的正向研究

目的 国内香烟包装表达含蓄,对抑制与劝阻性语义表达的设计探索几近空白,针对中国当下新生代消费者,分析其对包装的认知偏好,基于用户情感设计探寻具有中国式警示语义的香烟包装设计方法及策略。方法 对比当前国内外香烟包装设计的现状,分析语义差异性表达对产品销售中用户行为的影响;聚焦国内新生代消费者的吸烟行为、价值观与消费观,借助眼动追踪等信息技术获取其对香烟包装的视觉偏好数据,结合深度访谈构建新生代消费者认知模型。结果 从抑制与劝阻消费行为的角度出发,构建国内香烟包装警示设计策略,形成一套中国文化背景下的香烟包装警示性语义表达设计规范,并利用数字化技术对设计方案的可行性进行多维评价。结论 基于中国新生代消费者吸烟行为与认知偏好的分析研究,通过信息技术赋能,进行警示性语义表达在国产香烟包装设计中的正向研究,提出中国文化背景下香烟包装警示性语义表达设计规范。致力于抑制新生代烟民数量增加的问题,用设计来发声,希望能为该领域的研究提供更多的启示。     

做有价值的设计：论包装设计的社会责任感

包装设计的商业性使得过度包装、技术洛可可式包装、相似化包装等诸多问题频频出现。面对这些问题,包装设计师要肩负起应有的社会责任,在包装设计时,关注环境保护,关注人的基本需求,关注文化,关注公共健康,做有社会价值的设计。     

Investigating customer perceptions of refillable packaging and assessing business drivers and barriers to their use

A collaborative UK government‐funded research project drawing on the design and sustainability expertise of the Department of Design and Technology at Loughborough University and the sustainability and product bank functions at The Boots Company set out to investigate the potential that refillable packaging systems can offer the consumer and the environment. In the past, refills have generally been categorized under one general heading and often branded as a failure. However, early in the project, the team identified that by taking a creative approach to interpreting refills, there are actually a wide range of different types of refills that can be differentiated with respect to their delivery approach and level of consumer/business interaction. Once these had been identified, collated and categorized, the team set out to investigate the consumer perceptions, and the business barriers and drivers found to influence the adoption and success of a number of different types of refillable packaging. This paper reports on those findings. It concludes that differentiating between refill types holds the key to developing more suitable and more successful refillable packaging systems as positive and negative attributes can be more accurately identified and responded to. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Sustainable packaging design: a holistic methodology for packaging design

This study describes a holistic methodology for sustainable packaging design. This methodology studies the combined systems of packaging and the packaged products across the whole distribution chain from manufacturer to end consumer and the life cycle from raw material extraction to the waste phase. It contains a number of indicators that are grouped into the following main categories: environmental sustainability, distribution costs, product protection, market acceptance and user friendliness. The methodology integrates a number of different analytical methods. It is intended to be used in packaging design and optimisation, for idea generation, decision support and as documentation of properties of existing packaging systems. The study describes experiences with the methodology from one case study in the Norwegian Food Industry. The experiences show that the methodology is very comprehensive, and gives a good overview of the properties of a packaging solution. It enables quantitative comparisons between different packaging solutions throughout the design process. The methodology reduces the risk of implementing sub‐optimal packaging solutions. An additional benefit of the methodology is gained by working in cross‐functional teams. One potential drawback is that the methodology can be resource and data intensive. The methodology can be used as a tool box in packaging design, i.e. it is not necessary to use all methods and quantify all indicators to gain benefit. However, all indicators and requirements should be evaluated and considered. In all cases, it should be considered to include additional indicators if important sustainability issues have not been addressed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Choice of Life Cycle Assessment Software Can Impact Packaging System Decisions

A number of software packages are available that are designed to facilitate making environmental comparisons between different packaging options, to facilitate ‘green’ packaging design and assessment of the environmental aspect of sustainability. Some of these (e.g. SimaPro and GaBi) are full‐fledged ISO 14040/14044‐compliant programs for life cycle assessment (LCA). Others are more limited, but are designed to be much simpler to use (e.g. COMPASS and Package Modeling). A systematic comparison of the evaluation of several packaging systems using COMPASS, SimaPro, GaBi, and Package Modeling found significant discrepancies in LCA results from different software systems. Availability of common impact categories among the software limited comparisons to four categories: greenhouse gas emissions, fossil fuel/non‐renewable energy, eutrophication, and water depletion. Given a common set of basic packaging containers as input, results from the LCA software systems being studied disagreed on which container had the greatest environmental impact, and in some cases results were more than an order of magnitude different between software. Discrepancies in results occurred in all four impact categories, and all four software systems disagreed with each other at multiple points in the comparisons. If there is to be increasing use of LCA analysis in guiding packaging design, this issue must be fully understood and resolved. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Reinventing refills: guidelines for design

This paper draws on the findings of a Department for Environment and Rural Affairs funded collaborative research project run by the Loughborough Design School in collaboration with Boots Alliance GmbH and presents guidelines for design teams regarding the design of successful, sustainable, refillable packaging. The study focused on “body wash” products in the area of personal care. A broad range of qualitative methods were used to create a background framework, develop design concepts, and test the viability of the design solutions. Two concepts were turned into high‐fidelity prototypes and tested in multi‐activity user focus groups. The prototypes were also evaluated from an environmental perspective using the Eco Indicator 99. Discussion is focused around general findings regarding refillable packing and also on specific findings related to “concentrates mixed in the parent pack.” The findings from this study have dramatically increased levels of understanding about the potential implications of refillable packaging and how it might be successfully used by business. A range of guidelines for the design of refills have been identified, which help to build a clearer picture of the requirements of successful refillable packaging design. Additionally, a much more detailed understanding of consumer perceptions, business challenges/opportunities, and environmental savings associated with “concentrated refills that are mixed in the parent pack,” has been identified. It has been seen that to be successful refills must perform for the consumer, the environment, and business, and although this may sound unsurprising, it is challenging to achieve. It means they must offer good quality; be very easy to use and appropriately delivered; be clearly communicated; be offered through a brand consumers like; and represent good value, whilst radically reducing the amount of packaging manufactured and distributed. Incorporating carefully considered consumer and environmental needs into the brief is critical to the successful development of refillable packaging.     

Life cycle inventory of HDPE bottle‐based liquid milk packaging systems

This study aims at providing a relatively straightforward methodology to serve as a decision‐making tool when more than one packaging solution could be available to a user. It involves a life cycle inventory (LCI) analysis and comparison of three currently available 3.79 l (1 gallon) packaging systems for liquid milk. Two of the primary container types studied use reusable plastic crates (RPCs) for stacking and shipping, while the third type is a heavier duty container that does not require secondary shipping containers. The three primary containers studied are identified as original, cube and stackable throughout this paper. The study shows that the use of RPCs for controlled environment distribution reduces the material requirements of the primary containers and therefore reduces the overall CO₂ emissions. It was also found that though the transportation‐related emissions varied between the packaging systems for the two end‐of‐life scenarios considered, it had the lowest overall effect on the CO₂ emissions and use of energy. The study concludes that transportation weight limits must be considered as a limiting factor in package design for liquid products, as trailers ‘weigh out’ before they ‘cube out.’ As related to the LCI impacts, this study found that the original and cube container‐based packaging systems have better overall per functional unit performance in comparison with the stackable design. It was also noted that scorecards based on the Wal‐Mart format do not accurately define the environmental impacts posed by packaging systems. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Measurement and Analysis of Physical and Climatic Distribution Environment for Air Package Shipment

There has been a significant growth in the air package shipment business, which involves the multi‐modal movement of a package in transportation and material handling systems that encompass conveyors, carts, trucks, delivery vans and aircrafts of various sizes and shapes. This study was aimed at establishing the ‘air package shipment’ conditions experienced by packages transported by air under ‘normal conditions of transport’. Air package shipment data (temperature, humidity, pressure, shock and vibration) were collected for several domestic and international routes through instrumented packages. The collected data were supplemented by previous research to measure and quantify this multi‐modal shipping environment. This study also compared industry‐accepted American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) pre‐shipment test methods with the general requirements of package design qualification testing as outlined in 49 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 178, Subpart M. This review revealed that the design qualification testing for certain distribution‐related hazard elements is not currently representative of the normal conditions of air transport. The data gathered in this study were analysed to represent the current ‘normal conditions of transport’, i.e. beginning‐to‐end delivery of air packages. The study used the time spent by the package in each of the segments of transportation to determine a ‘single profile’ or ‘test’ that would represent the average and normal expected levels for each hazard element and would serve as the basis of a minimum level for performance testing to establish normal conditions of transport by air. The recommended test methods and levels can be easily adopted by existing distribution packaging testing labs globally. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.