基于艾叶-丁香精油复配的番茄保鲜包装效果研究

探究艾叶-丁香精油复配对番茄的保鲜效果。首先,以艾叶及丁香精油浓度、浸泡时间为变量,采用单因素试验法筛选得到两种精油的最佳浓度及最佳浸泡时间;然后,以失重率和硬度为测试指标进行正交试验,得到最佳复配比例,并通过测定番茄果实的失重率、硬度、可溶性固形物（TSS）含量、抗坏血酸含量、过氧化物酶（POD）活性、丙二醛（MDA）含量来探究两种精油复配对番茄保鲜效果的影响。单因素和正交试验结果表明,当艾叶精油质量浓度为1.00 g/L、丁香精油质量浓度为0.50 g/L、浸泡时间为3min时,保鲜效果最佳。以该比例涂覆番茄,贮藏10d后,番茄果实的失重率和硬度分别为0.991%和21.2 N/cm2,较单因素试验中1.00 g/L艾叶精油组和0.50 g/L丁香精油组,失重率分别降低约30.26%、26.88%,硬度提高约26.42%、20.75%。艾叶精油和丁香精油复配对番茄保鲜有一定的提升效果。     

植物精油复配抑菌性能分析

目的 以对纸质品造成主要危害的黑曲霉、草本枝孢霉及球毛壳霉为实验菌株,研究牛至、柠檬草和丁香精油的复配抑菌性能。方法 采用滤纸片扩散法研究3种植物精油的抑菌效果,并检测其抑菌持久性;通过三因子二次正交旋转设计探索3种植物精油两两复配的复合抑菌性能,并确定最优复配配方,利用气相色谱法对最优复配防霉剂的主要化学成分进行定性分析。结果 牛至、柠檬草及丁香精油对黑曲霉的最低抑菌体积分数分别为0.05%,0.1%,0.2%,对草本枝孢霉的分别为0.05%,0.1%,0.2%,对球毛壳菌的分别为0.025%,0.05%,0.1%;牛至和柠檬草精油的最佳体积比为1∶1,其分级抑制体积分数的指数值为0.75,表现为相加作用。结论 牛至与柠檬草精油复配后抑菌效果最为突出,且2种主要抑菌物质香芹酚和柠檬醛并未发生化学反应。     

4种植物精油对草莓致病菌的抑制作用研究

通过研究小茴香、百里香、罗勒和迷迭香4种植物精油对灰霉、根霉及黑曲霉等草莓主要致病菌的抑制效果,筛选出对草莓有良好贮藏保鲜效果的植物精油。采用培养基稀释法进行筛选,并确定了其最低抑菌浓度。最后对该精油进行气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)分析和主要抑菌成分的气相色谱(GC)定量分析。结果表明,所选用的4种精油中,百里香精油具有广谱高效的抑菌性能,其对灰霉、根霉和黑曲霉的最低抑菌浓度均为2μL/L;百里香精油中的主要抑菌成分为百里香酚和香芹酚,且其相对质量分数分别为23.52%和3.76%,绝对质量浓度分别为181.594 9 mg/m L和27.665 6 mg/m L。     

Antioxidant Properties of Selected Plant Extracts and Application in Packaging as Antioxidant Cellulose‐Based Films for Vegetable Oil

Selected plant extracts including cinnamon, clove, ginger, green tea and thyme were investigated for their antioxidant activity by using both β‐carotene‐linoleate bleaching agar well diffusion and β‐carotene‐linoleate bleaching broth assays, and for radical scavenging activity against free radicals using a 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl assay. Undiluted plant extracts (except ginger oil) showed a yellow zone of β‐carotene ranging from 15.3 to 38.2 mm in diameter. At a concentration of 50 μL mL^‐1, thyme yielded the highest antioxidant activity (260%), followed by ginger (254%), cinnamon (108%), clove (106%) and green tea (101%), respectively. Conversely, at a plant extract concentration of 0.39 μL mL^‐1 solution in ethanol, green tea yielded the highest radical scavenging activity (94.3%), followed by clove (93.4%), cinnamon (91.1%), thyme (30.4%) and ginger (8.29%), respectively. The minimum oxidative bleaching inhibitory concentrations (MOBICs) of these plant extracts were determined using a β‐carotene‐linoleate bleaching broth dilution assay ranging from 0.195 to 50 μL mL^‐1. The MOBICs of plant extracts in a range of 0.195–1.56 μL mL^‐1 could reveal an ability to inhibit the oxidation of β‐carotene‐linoleate broth. Cellulose‐based film containing cinnamon, clove or green tea showed positive activity against β‐carotene‐linoleate oxidation and 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl radicals. Protective effects of plant extracts incorporated in cellulose‐based pouches in stabilizing soybean oil were tested by measuring their peroxide values and free fatty acid contents during accelerated storage. Green tea‐incorporated cellulose‐based pouches exhibited stronger antioxidant properties in soybean oil than do butylated hydroxyanisole‐incorporated cellulose‐based pouches. This study showed the potential use of plant extracts as antioxidants for food packaging application. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Active Packaging Films from Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol Copolymer and Clove Essential Oil as Shelf Life Extenders for Grass Carp Slice

Active packaging provides a way to prevent the food putrefaction effectively . Various studies provide information on the actual preservation effect of active packaging or the migration of active agents from active films into various food stimulants separately. However, there is little related data available regarding the combined analysis of release and preservation effect. In this work, we examined the properties of active food packaging films successfully produced by extrusion of ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) films with clove essential oil (C). The characterization of mechanical, thermal and barrier properties of the packaging polymers film showed that the addition of clove essential oil did not decrease their properties and C as plasticizer improved process fluidity of EVOH resin. The release of C from film to various food stimulants was measured by using HPLC, and Fickian diffusion models were used to fit the data with appropriate equation. The effects of E/C (ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer/clove essential oil) films on quality assessment of Grass Carp slice based on sensory analysis and biochemical indices during refrigerated storage (4 ± 1°C) were examined over the period of 10 days. Total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB‐N), total viable counts, pH, TBA, water holding capacity (WHC) and texture properties were evaluated. The results indicated that the active film containing 3% clove essential oil had different release parameters in four food stimulants and it could effectively maintain the fish freshness and extend the shelf life to 7–8 days during cold storage compared with control group, which was only 4 days. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effect of chitosan and alginate beads incorporated with lavender,clove essential oils,and vanillin against Botrytis cinerea and their application in fresh table grapes packaging system

Encapsulation of clove, lavender essential oils (EOs)m and vanillin into chitosan (CH) and alginate (AL) beads was prepared using a simple oil‐entrapped emulsion to inhibit Botrytis cinerea in table grapes. The overall encapsulation efficiency of AL beads was observed to be higher than that of CH beads. The release of EO from beads depended mostly on surrounding relative humidity. The inhibition efficiency of the beads was investigated with grapes packed in a clamshell by placing a permeable sachet containing beads inside and storing at 5°C for 28 days. Visible mould growth on the control grapes and grapes packed with CH beads containing clove EO was observed on Days 21 and 28, respectively. The grapes packed with AL beads containing clove EO were free from mould until Day 28. The qualities of the grapes during storage, including the CO₂ and O₂ concentration in the packaging, firmness, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, ascorbic acid content, and acceptability of grapes, were evaluated. The use of CH or AL beads releasing clove EO maintained the freshness, firmness, flavour, odour, and overall acceptability of the grapes better than the control.     

The effect of clove oil on the transdermal delivery of ibuprofen in the rabbit by in vitro and in vivo methods

The study was designed to evaluate skin permeation enhancement effect of essential oils from Eugenia caryophyllata (clove oil) in rabbits and to compare the in vitro absorption and in vivo permeation using ibuprofen as a model drug. The in vitro results indicated a significant permeation enhancement effect of the clove oil. The group with 1% oil appeared to the flux (239 μg/cm²/hr), and 3% oil was 293 μg/cm²/hr to some extent similar with 2% azone group (327 μg/cm²/hr). The enhancement ratio of clove oil was 7.3. In vivo results also demonstrated that clove oil showed a significant permeation enhancement effect, but the enhancement of clove oil was relatively weak than in vitro. The group with 3% oil exhibited the higher value of area under the curve (AUC) of 80.8 μg/mL·hr, which was 2.4 times the high of control. The AUC value of 3% oil group was similar to that of 2% azone group (89.8 μg/mL·hr). The GC-MS results indicated eugenol and acetyleugenol identified from clove oil might mainly contribute to enhance in vitro and in vivo absorption of ibuprofen because of its large quantities (90.93%).     

丁香精油涂布纸箱对水蜜桃的保鲜效果

目的研发一种以丁香精油为抑菌剂的涂布纸箱,并研究不同浓度丁香精油对水蜜桃保鲜效果的影响。方法将不同浓度的丁香精油与聚乙烯醇涂布到瓦楞纸板上制备成涂布纸箱,测试抗菌纸板对灰霉、交链孢、黑曲霉的熏蒸抑菌效果;并以水蜜桃为研究对象,研究不同浓度丁香精油对水蜜桃保鲜效果的影响。结果抗菌纸板的抑菌率随着丁香精油浓度的增加而逐渐增强,丁香精油涂布纸箱可明显降低水蜜桃的腐烂率,并维持其感官品质,贮藏13 d后,体积分数为0.6%的丁香精油涂布纸箱对水蜜桃的保鲜效果最佳,其感官品质分数为6.2,腐烂率仅为26%。结论丁香精油涂布纸箱对灰霉、交链孢霉、黑曲霉等霉菌具有抑制作用,可减缓水蜜桃的腐烂,延长其货架寿命4~5 d。     

百里香精油的抑菌作用及其对鲜切冬瓜的保鲜效果

通过GC-MS对百里香精油的化学成分进行了鉴定,研究了百里香精油对不同真菌和细菌的抑制效果及最低抑菌浓度,考查不同浓度百里香精油/壳聚糖复合保鲜液在室温条件下对鲜切冬瓜的保鲜效果。结果表明:百里香精油具有明显的抑菌作用,结合壳聚糖能够有效抑制鲜切冬瓜的腐烂,保持鲜切冬瓜的品质,延长其货架寿命。其中0.08%的百里香精油结合1%壳聚糖对鲜切冬瓜的保鲜效果最佳。     

The Effect of Clove Oil on the Transdermal Delivery of Ibuprofen in the Rabbit by In Vitro and In Vivo Methods

The study was designed to evaluate skin permeation enhancement effect of essential oils from Eugenia caryophyllata (clove oil) in rabbits and to compare the in vitro absorption and in vivo permeation using ibuprofen as a model drug. The in vitro results indicated a significant permeation enhancement effect of the clove oil. The group with 1% oil appeared to the flux (239 μg/cm²/hr), and 3% oil was 293 μg/cm²/hr to some extent similar with 2% azone group (327 μg/cm²/hr). The enhancement ratio of clove oil was 7.3. In vivo results also demonstrated that clove oil showed a significant permeation enhancement effect, but the enhancement of clove oil was relatively weak than in vitro. The group with 3% oil exhibited the higher value of area under the curve (AUC) of 80.8 μg/mL·hr, which was 2.4 times the high of control. The AUC value of 3% oil group was similar to that of 2% azone group (89.8 μg/mL·hr). The GC-MS results indicated eugenol and acetyleugenol identified from clove oil might mainly contribute to enhance in vitro and in vivo absorption of ibuprofen because of its large quantities (90.93%).     

丁香精油等改性PE膜及其对抑菌保鲜性能的影响

目的研究经丁香精油等抗菌、抗氧化剂改性的聚乙烯(PE)薄膜的物理性能和保鲜性能。方法利用丁香精油、乙二胺四乙酸二钠(EDTA-2Na)和维生素E改性PE树脂,并对成形后的改性PE膜进行相应性能的测试和分析。结果丁香精油具有较好的抑菌效果,最佳质量分数为5%;以维生素E复合EDTA-2Na为抗氧化剂,维生素E质量分数为2%,EDTA-2Na质量分数为1%时,取得了良好的抗氧化结果。精油和抗氧化剂的添加提高了PE膜的刚性与阻隔性。结论经丁香精油、维生素E和EDTA-2Na改性的PE薄膜具备一定的抑菌性、抗氧化性,且其水蒸气和氧气的阻隔性能也得到了改善。经丁香精油、维生素E、EDTA-2Na(质量分数分别为5%,2%,1%)改性的PE薄膜能有效延长草莓的货架期。     

PLA/PBSA 纳米活性包装薄膜的性能研究

目的研究可降解材料聚乳酸(PLA)/聚丁二酸丁二醇酯-聚己二酸丁二醇酯共聚物(PBSA)薄膜在添加有机纳米蒙脱土(MMT)和精油后的抗氧化性和保鲜性能。方法采用挤出共混改性和挤出流延法加工制备出PLA/PBSA/MMT/精油纳米复合薄膜,对其力学性能、透湿性、透气性、抗氧化性等进行探讨,并研究对樱桃的保鲜作用。结果添加了DK4型号MMT的PLA/PBSA薄膜的抗拉强度得到提高,薄膜的水蒸气透过率、透气率得到降低,但是对樱桃保鲜的各项指标与对照组无明显差异。在此基础上添加丁香精油后,力学性能得到提升,抗氧化作用明显,并且对改善樱桃的保鲜效果显著增加。结论添加了DK4型MMT和丁香精油的PLA/PBSA薄膜有着较好的改性效果,并且有良好的保鲜效果。     

Effect of Garlic Oil and Modified Atmosphere Packaging on the Quality of Chilled Shrimp

This research aimed to investigate the effect of essential oils extracted from garlic (Allium sativum L.) and modified atmospheric (MA) conditions on maintaining the quality of chilled Pacific white shrimps (Litopenaeus vannamei). Clean fresh shrimps (headless, shell‐off and devein) were dipped into 15 mg/ml of garlic oil for 15 min. Approximately 100 g of shrimps with or without dipping into the garlic oil was placed on polyethylene terephthalate trays and packed under two MA conditions (modified atmosphere packaging 1: 40% CO₂ + 60% N₂ and modified atmosphere packaging 2: 60% CO₂ + 40% N₂) using nylon/PE pouches. The shrimps with or without dipping into the garlic oil packed under normal atmospheric condition using PE pouches were prepared as the control. The samples were then stored at 8°C ± 2°C for three weeks and taken every two times a week. Shrimp samples were subjected to physical, chemical and microbiological analysis as well as sensory evaluation. The results showed that either garlic oil or MA conditions had proven to help preserving the quality of chilled white shrimps because they slowed down both chemical degradation and microbial spoilage. The shrimps dipped in garlic oil and/or packed under MA conditions had lower pH, total volatile base nitrogen and trimethylamine values as well as total viable counts than the control sample. 60% CO₂ + 40% N₂ in combination of garlic oil helped prolonging the shelf life of the shrimps stored at 8°C ± 2°C from 6 to 18 days. Thus, applying both garlic oil and low O₂ atmospheric conditions were more effective on maintaining shrimp quality than applying only garlic oil or MA conditions. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Quality Evaluation of Grated Graviera Cheese Stored at 4 and 12°C using Active and Modified Atmosphere Packaging

The effect of active [oxygen absorber (OA) combined with an ethanol emitter (EE)] and modified atmosphere (100% Nitrogen) packaging in combination with a high barrier experimental polyethylene terephthalate‐silicon oxides//low density polyethelene film on shelf‐life extension of grated Graviera cheese stored at 4 and 12°C was investigated. Microbiological (total viable counts, Pseudomonads, lactic acid bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae and Yeasts/Moulds), physico‐chemical (pH, thiobarbituric acid and colour) and sensory (odour and taste) changes occurring in the product were monitored as a function of treatment and storage time (10 weeks). Sensory shelf‐life was approximately 1, 1.5, 4.5, 6, 9 and at least 10 weeks for control samples (12 and 4°C), for N2 packaged samples (12 and 4°C) and samples packaged with the OA + EE (12 and 4°C), respectively. At the point of sensory rejection, yeasts and moulds increased from 2.00 to 3.60 and 5.55 log CFU/g for control samples stored at 4 and 12°C, respectively. Similarly, for samples stored under nitrogen, yeasts and moulds reached 2.00 and 2.32 log CFU/g at 4 and 12°C, respectively. Yeasts and moulds in samples with the OA + EE remained below 2 log CFU/g throughout the entire storage period, irrespective of storage temperature. pH varied between 5.72 and 6.49 depending on specific treatment. Malondialdehyde absorbance ranged between 0.05 for fresh samples and 0.79 mg/kg at the time of sensory rejection of samples. Light parameters L and b decreased while parameter a increased during storage, reflecting a gradual discolouration of all samples and especially those stored at 12°C.     

采前喷施复合保鲜液对蓝莓贮藏品质的影响

目的 研究采前喷施丁香提取液结合壳聚糖对蓝莓贮藏品质的影响.方法 以蓝莓为材料,采用3种处理方法(丁香提取液、壳聚糖、丁香提取液结合壳聚糖)对采后蓝莓进行低温((1±0.5)℃)贮藏,并设置对照组,研究不同处理方式对蓝莓贮藏品质变化的影响.结果 与对照组比较,处理组均能够延缓蓝莓的生理代谢,其中采前喷施丁香提取液结合壳聚糖的复合保鲜液对蓝莓的保鲜效果优于单独处理,能够更好地降低采后蓝莓的腐烂率、呼吸强度和乙烯生成速率,抑制果实的硬度、可溶性固形物含量、花色苷含量的下降,保持蓝莓的多聚半乳糖醛酸酶、过氧化氢酶和脂氧合酶活性,并且显著降低采后蓝莓果实表面的霉菌和酵母菌的菌落总数(P<0.05).结论 采前喷施丁香提取液结合壳聚糖对采后蓝莓果实的贮藏效果最好,能够明显降低蓝莓果实的生理代谢,保持更好的贮藏品质.     

壳聚糖/肉桂精油复合涂膜对罗非鱼肉的保鲜效果研究

目的 研究低温贮藏条件下壳聚糖/肉桂精油复合涂膜对罗非鱼肉的保鲜效果,以期延长罗非鱼肉的货架寿命,探索贮藏保鲜罗非鱼肉的新方法。方法 在4 ℃贮藏条件下,测定对照组CK、壳聚糖涂膜组CS,以及3种壳聚糖/肉桂精油复合涂膜组CSC1、CSC2、CSC3(精油质量分数分别为0.3%、0.6%、0.9%)的罗非鱼肉的菌落总数、pH、色差值、挥发性盐基氮含量、感官评价等品质指标的变化,并比较不同涂膜处理对罗非鱼肉的保鲜效果。结果 在贮藏期间CSC3组对罗非鱼肉的保鲜效果较好,贮藏第10天时细菌总数为5.91 lg(CFU/g),pH值为6.53,色差值为7.31,挥发性盐基氮含量为0.28 mg/g,感官评分值为9.03分。结论 4种处理方式在4 ℃条件对罗非鱼鱼肉均具有保鲜效果,但CSC3组的保鲜效果最佳,与CK组相比可延长罗非鱼肉货架寿命4 d。     

Microbiological quality and shelf-life of chilled cod fillets in vacuum-skin and modified atmosphere packaging

The microbiological quality and shelf-life of fresh cod fillets (Gadus morhua) packed under modified atmospheres (CO₂/N₂/O₂, 40:20:40) were compared to air and vacuum-skin packed fillets. Packed fillets were kept at 0 ± 1°C and chemical and microbiological analyses as well as sensory assessment were carried out after 4, 6 and 8 days. The decomposition process was evaluated through microbial and enzymatic proteolysis by means of total volatile nitrogen measurement, acetic acid values, surface pH and organoleptic tests. The microbiological quality was established by evaluating the growth of microbial species responsible for spoilage (total bacteria count. Gram-negative bacteria, H₂S-producers) and identifying isolated species. Modified atmosphere packaging gave the best results and the high oxygen content did not affect the microbiological quality in the presence of 40% carbon dioxide. Vacuum-skin packed fillets gave less satisfactory results owing to poor chemical and microbiological indices, even if they we-e always better than fillets maintained in air.     

疏水改性海藻酸钠衍生物包埋丁香油的释放性

目的通过化学方法将月桂醇与海藻酸钠接枝共聚形成两亲共聚物,对丁香油进行包埋形成微胶囊,使其具有一定的缓释性和良好的抗菌效果。方法利用两亲共聚物包埋丁香油形成包合物,采用单因素实验法,以包埋率为指标,评价月桂醇与海藻酸的接枝率对包埋率的影响,并在此基础上评价接枝率对缓释性以及不同环境下的稳定性和抗菌性能。结果在一定范围内包埋率随着接枝率的增大而升高;丁香油微胶囊的挥发率为14.11%,远低于丁香油的挥发率61.25%;释放试验中,丁香油微胶囊的缓释性明显优于未改性海藻酸纳,丁香油微胶囊能稳定缓慢地释放抗菌成分,控制大肠杆菌的生长。结论月桂醇改性海藻酸钠包埋丁香油形成的微胶囊具有一定的缓释和抗菌性能,突破了丁香油因挥发性强而存在的应用限制。     

Thermal-Diffusivity Measurements of Mexican Citrus Essential Oils Using Photoacoustic Methodology in the Transmission Configuration

Photoacoustic methodology in the transmission configuration (PMTC) was used to study the thermophysical properties and their relation with the composition in Mexican citrus essential oils providing the viability of using photothermal techniques for quality control and for authentication of oils and their adulteration. Linear relations for the amplitude (on a semi-log scale) and phase, as functions of the sample’s thickness, for the PMTC was obtained through a theoretical model fit to the experimental data for thermal-diffusivity measurements in Mexican orange, pink grapefruit, mandarin, lime type A, centrifuged essential oils, and Mexican distilled lime essential oil. Gas chromatography for distilled lime essential oil and centrifuged lime essential oil type A is reported to complement the study. Experimental results showed close thermal-diffusivity values between Mexican citrus essential oils obtained by centrifugation, but a significant difference of this physical property for distilled lime oil and the corresponding value obtained by centrifugation, which is due to their different chemical compositions involved with the extraction processes.     

Effects of active chitosan-flaxseed mucilage-based films on the preservation of minced trout fillets: A comparison among aerobic,vacuum, and modified atmosphere packaging

The objectives of the current study were to examine physical–mechanical, structural, and morphological characteristics of chitosan-flaxseed mucilage films enriched with Ziziphora clinopodioides essential oil (ZEO; 0%, 0.25%, and 0.5%) and sesame oil (SO; 0% and 0.75%) and to provide useful information for the preservation of minced trout fillet's using antimicrobial films under aerobic, vacuum, and modified atmosphere conditions for 16 days. The films showed thickness, tensile strength, puncture force, puncture deformation, water vapor transmission rate, water vapor permeability, swelling index, and oxygen permeability values ranging 0.082–0.86 mm, 33.34–46.83 MPa, 25.69–53.08 N, 11.45–28.45 mm, 17.48–26.73 g/m² h, 8.57–12.49 × 10⁻⁴ g mm/m² h Pa, 12.45–38.43%, and 3.02–13.32 × 10⁻¹² cm³/m² s Pa, respectively. The following order of effect on the microbial spoilage population of treated samples was found in the applied packaging methods: modified atmosphere packaging > vacuum packaging > aerobic packaging. The final microbial population of treated samples was 0.35–4.91 log CFU/g lower than the controls after 16 days of refrigerated storage. At the end of the storage, the total volatile base nitrogen, peroxide value, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances of untreated samples were 34.02–48.6 mg of N/100 g, 1.43–2.32 meq of peroxide/1000 g, and 3.33–4.24 mg of malondialdehyde/kg, respectively. The lowest corresponding values were recorded for the treated samples with ZEO 0.5% + SO 0.75% films by 14.26–17.73 mg of N/100 g, 0.48–0.86 meq of peroxide/1000 g, and 1.08–1.48 mg of malondialdehyde/kg, respectively.