淬火分配工艺对低碳低合金钢组织与性能的研究

研究了0.15C-Mn-Si-Cr低碳低合金钢在Ms点以下不同温度预淬火-碳分配工艺(QP工艺)及贝氏体转变对钢组织与性能影响。结果表明,实验钢经QP处理后获得贝氏体/马氏体复相组织,与淬火回火钢相比能获得更多的残余奥氏体量,随着淬火碳分配温度的升高,钢中残余奥氏体量增加,等温温度超过310℃后,钢中析出碳化物,残余奥氏体量减少。在250℃预淬火温度等温碳分配淬火,钢的冲击韧性显著高于传统的淬火回火钢。     

轴承钢的组织与强韧性

本文研究了GCr15轴承钢经碳化物固溶微细球化预处理及固溶贝氏体预处理后,淬火、回火及等温状态下,碳化物细化及马氏体混合组织对断裂韧性及强度的影响。试验结果表明,经固溶贝氏体处理及固溶微细球化预处理并淬火、回火后,可得到碳化物平均颗粒尺寸≤0.5μm的细小碳化物组织,与一般球化退火并淬火、回火组织相比,在相同的淬火温度下具有较高的强度与硬度,但其断裂韧性仍保持不变(或略有所提高);固溶微细球化处理后经一定时间保温的等温淬火,得到马氏体加贝氏体条状基体中分布着细小碳化物的微细混合组织,其断裂韧性及强度均显著提高,具有最佳配合的强韧性,且其第Ⅱ类显微内应力明显减小。扫描电镜观察分析表明,淬火、回火组织的断裂韧性试样,是以晶界断裂为主具有少量韧窝的混合型断口;经等温淬火得到马氏体与贝氏体组织,其断口为穿晶准解理断裂,且具有较高的撕裂棱。     

大直径锻造耐磨钢球热处理工艺的优化

通过对淬火温度、自回火温度和贝氏体等温转变时间对大直径锻造钢球的硬度、冲击韧性以及组织的影响的研究,对比分析了不同热处理工艺的微观组织和性能的关系.研究结果表明:锻后空冷利用余热淬火时,较优淬火温度为750℃;淬火后自回火温度较高时,钢球芯部马氏体/下贝氏体复相组织中贝氏体组织含量较高且硬度较低,为了保证淬火后钢球具有高硬度及自回火的过程,则较优自回火温度为160℃;随着贝氏体等温转变时间的延长,贝氏体含量及冲击韧性显著提高,当贝氏体等温转变时间超过110 s时,硬度明显降低,即贝氏体较优等温转变时间为110 s.与常规淬回火相比,可得到钢球组织和性能的较优匹配,综合性能优于淬回火处理.     

45Cr2NiMoVSi钢马氏体贝氏体复合组织的热磨损性能

通过对45Cr2NiMoVSi 钢进行常规油淬和等温淬火处理,获得单相马氏体组织和马氏体贝氏体复合组织。本文选用单相马氏体组织、马氏体 40%下贝氏体复合组织和马氏体 41%变态贝氏体复合组织经300℃、650℃回火,进行冲击热磨损试验。结果表明,无论是300℃回火还是650℃回火,复合组织尤其是马氏体变态贝氏体复合组织的抗热磨损性能优于单相马氏体组织。     

淬火-等温-回火(Q-I-T)对60Si2CrVA弹簧钢显微组织的影响

研究了淬火-等温-回火(Q-I-T)新工艺对60Si2CrVA弹簧钢显微组织的影响。通过残余奥氏体的测定、金相观测和TEM分析研究,结果表明:淬火-等温(Q-I)处理后获得50%~60%马氏体M(针束状)+30%~40%贝氏体B+大于10%残余奥氏体Ar组织;据统计贝氏体条宽度在100~500 nm之间,亚单元尺寸在50~250 nm之间,残余奥氏体以薄膜状分布于马氏体、贝氏体束条之间;经400℃回火后残余奥氏体大量分解,并析出部分细小碳化物。与传统淬火回火工艺相比,新工艺组织得到分割细化,并获得复相组织。     

45Cr2NiMoVSi钢马氏体—贝氏体复合组织的高温强韧性

大截面热作模具钢45Cr2NiMoVSi经常规油淬和不同温度等温淬火处理后,可获得单相马氏体组织,马氏体+40%下贝氏体复合组织和马氏体+41%变态贝氏体复合组织,再分别经300℃、650℃回火,结果均出现高温脆性现象。对于300℃回火的试样,高温脆性温度为400℃;而对于650℃回火,高温脆性温度则为500℃。当试验温度低于600℃,复合组织的强度与韧性的配合优于单相马氏体组织。     

拟因子设计法在断裂韧性研究中的应用

ZG-18铸钢是一种不含镍的铸造结构钢,用代替飞机上的某些受力模锻件。虽然在同强度条件下铸钢的塑性、冲击韧性及疲劳强度比锻钢差,但其K_IC和(da/dN)却优于锻钢,所以从破损安全设计观点来考虑,用ZG-18铸钢代替锻钢作受力件是可行的。为了找到具有最佳断裂韧性的工艺条件,我们运用拟因子设计法研究了试验温度,热处理工艺以及硫含量等因素对K_IC的影响。结果表明:
(1)ZG-18铸钢回火马氏体组织的K_IC平均值是356kg·mm^-3/2,而上贝氏体组织的K_IC平均值是247kg·mm^-3/2,相差将近45%。
(2)ZG-18铸钢最佳热处理工艺是低于250℃等温处理或油淬后低温(<300℃)回火,这样可获得马氏体组织,其断裂韧性最高,强度也较高,其它性能也不差。
(3)无论是等温回火还是油淬回火,降低硫含量将使K_IC提高,故应尽量降低材料的硫含量。     

回火温度对贝氏体/马氏体复相海洋用钢的组织和性能影响

利用扫描电镜、透射电镜等实验方法,研究不同回火温度下试验钢的组织性能变化情况.结果表明:经控轧控冷获得了贝氏体/马氏体复相海洋用钢,其中贝氏体体积分数约占30%;随着回火温度的升高,试验钢的屈服强度先上升后又略有下降,在600℃达到最大值,为983 MPa,抗拉强度明显下降,延伸率先降低后升高,在600℃回火温度达到最大值为19.6%,之后又开始降低,冲击功在400℃和600℃出现明显回火脆性;在550℃回火温度试验钢取得最佳力学性能,其中抗拉强度和屈服强度分别为1050MPa和981 MPa,延伸率为16.6%,-40℃低温冲击功为19.9 J.分析认为,回火过程中马氏体板条断裂消失,贝氏体相互合并形成准多边形铁素体,析出物逐渐回溶和重新析出,造成力学性能的变化差异.     

1 500 MPa级贝氏体/马氏体复相高强度钢的疲劳特性

对于一种C-Si-Mn-Cr合金,通过900 ℃奥氏体化20 min、空冷及280 ℃和370 ℃回火2 h,获得了抗拉强度为1 500 MPa的新型贝氏体/马氏体(B/M)复相组织高强度钢.利用疲劳实验研究了B/M复相高强度钢的疲劳极限,并采用C-T试样测定了疲劳裂纹扩展速率曲线.结果表明,B/M复相高强度钢的疲劳极限超过700 MPa,疲劳裂纹门槛值约为12.7 MPa*m1/2;经370 ℃回火的B/M复相高强度钢疲劳裂纹扩展速率较280 ℃回火时低;这种钢的疲劳性能较常规调质处理的高强度钢有所改善.     

调质低碳贝氏体钢的组织和性能

研究了C-Mn-Mo-Cu-Nb-Ti-B系低碳微合金钢915℃淬火和490~640℃回火的调质工艺对钢的组织及力学性能的影响.用扫描电镜和透射电镜对实验钢的组织、析出物形态和分布以及断口形貌进行观察,采用X射线衍射仪分析钢中残余奥氏体的体积分数.结果表明:调质后,实验钢获得贝氏体、少量马氏体及残余奥氏体复相组织,贝氏体板条宽度只有250 nm,残余奥氏体的体积分数随着回火温度的升高而降低,经淬火与520℃回火后残余奥氏体的体积分数为2.1%.调质后析出物的数量激增,6~15 nm的析出物占70%以上.实验钢经过915℃淬火与520℃回火后,其屈服强度达到915 MPa,抗拉强度990 MPa,-40℃冲击功为95 J.细小的析出物及窄的板条提高了钢的强度.板条间有残余奥氏体存在,改善了实验钢的韧性.     

转炉炉壳热应力分析

根据实际转炉建立实体模型。以有限元为手段,考虑了炉衬和炉壳材料的物性参数随温度变化的特点和炉衬与炉壳之间膨胀间隙,计算了转炉炉壳在温度载荷和炉衬膨胀压力同时作用下的热应力。所得结果可为转炉炉壳设计提供依据。     

焦炭热性能指标意义浅析

通过对焦炭在高炉内的历程及其变化规律的剖析,阐述焦炭热性能指标的意义,形象地把焦炭在高炉内的损耗分为三部分(M1,M2,M3)。指出M2对焦比及焦炭价格有一定的指导作用。     

Results of treatment of cancer of the cardia

Cancer of the cardia is traditionally discussed with cardiac cancer of the lower portion of the esophagus and upper gastric cancer invading the esophagus, and the specific characteristics of cancer of the cardia have never been clearly defined. We reviewed the outcome of 172 patients with adenocarcinoma of the cardia who had undergone radical surgery between 1949 and 1994 in the Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery of the Cancer Institute Hospital. The centers of the tumors were located within 2 cm above and below the boundary between the esophagus and the stomach, and their longitudinal diameter was less than 8 cm. We divided the patients into an early period (1949-1979; n = 79) and a late period (1980-1994; n = 93), and focused on the historical transition. There were no differences in patient gender or histology between the two periods. However, the late period was associated with fewer cases of esophageal invasion and shorter longitudinal diameter, as the age of the population advanced. The number of advanced cancers such as the localized and infiltrative type had decreased, and early cancer and early clinical stage had become more common, but despite the fact that the number of early cancers had increased, extended dissection, such as thoracic and paraaortic lymph node dissection, was performed more frequently. By clinical stage, the long-term outcome markedly improved in Stage I patient in the late period, and tended to improve in Stage II and III patients. This appears to have been attributable to the prevention of micrometastasis by extended dissection, although the number of early cancers is another major potential cause. There were no differences in the outcome of Stage IV patients between the two periods, and further advances in multimodality therapy must be awaited. The range of resection is basically proximal gastrectomy, and if there are adequate indications, the prognosis is favorable. In view of the status of lymphatic flow and lymph node metastasis, and long-term results, lateroaortic lymph node dissection is important. Since the number of early cancer patients has been increasing, if intraabdominal recurrence is prevented, intrathoracic lymph node dissection will contribute greatly to the outcome of such patients.     

The effect of amount of possession of the trait of hostility on accuracy of perception of hostility in others.

Some theories of personality hold that an individual's perception of others is influenced by his own personality characteristics; more specifically, that a trait of low social value will be projected more into others, and that insight into the possession of these characteristics reduces this distortion. These 2 hypotheses were tested by having a group of college students rate each other (including themselves) on degree of friendliness or hostility. Agreement with group rating about self yielded the insight score. In general, the hypotheses were supported; the "friendly" Ss were most accurate in their perception of others, and insight was positively associated with accurate perception. From Psyc Abstracts 36:04:4HL16M. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Comparison of rates of infection of two methods of emergency ventricular drainage

The rates of infection of two methods of external ventricular drainage in use at Atkinson Morley's Hospital--namely, (a) percutaneous drainage with Rickham reservoirs and (b) tunnelled ventriculostomies--were compared in this retrospective review. Percutaneous drainage of CSF with Rickham reservoirs was associated with a 27% rate of infection as identified by positive microbiological cultures; tunnelled ventriculostomy catheters had a 10% infection rate. The difference in the infection rate between the two methods was statistically significant (P < 0.015). Other variables examined, including the age and sex of the patients and the reasons for ventricular drainage, were not associated with an increased rate of infection. Most infections from either method were caused by a coagulase negative staphylococcus. The average duration of ventricular drainage before identification of positive cultures was 5.7 days for Rickham reservoirs and 6.0 days for ventriculostomies.     

浅析《野草》的版画特征

鲁迅先生一生热爱美术作品,对版画中木刻兴趣尤甚.<野草>作为其"写心之作",亦呈现出一些与木刻版画一致的审美特征:一是具有木刻版画的色彩特征,多对比、多冷色,有阴郁的美感;二是具有木刻版画的力度特征,环境描写、人物刻画处处刀锋毕现,遒劲有力,有一种"力之美".     

四辊破碎机车刀架的改造

针对四辊破碎机车刀架车削中存在的几个问题,详细介绍了电动车刀架的结构和工作原理,建立主要设计参数的数学表达式,并进行适当的分析。改造后,这种电动车刀架运行平稳、可靠、方便、省力,取得了预期的效果。     

Effect of antibiotics of chemotaxis of human leukocytes

The effect of 20 different antibiotics on chemotaxis by human neutrophils was studied. Human leukocytes incubated with chloramphenicol, rifampin, sodium fusidate, and tetracyclines in vitro showed markedly depressed migration. The mechanisms by which these antibiotics affect leukotaxis are discussed.