Influence of gamma radiation on spectral photosensitivity of (Si<Subscript>2</Subscript>)<Subscript>1 − <Emphasis Type="Italic">x</Emphasis></Subscript> (ZnSe)<Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">x</Emphasis></Subscript> solid solution

Increase of the photosensitivity of the pSi-n(Si₂)_{1 ? x} (ZnSe) _x (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.01) structure exposed to gamma radiation with photon energy E _ph ≥ 2.3 eV has been demonstrated. It is shown that irradiation with dose up to 10⁴ rad raises and radiation with dose up to 10⁵ rad reduces the forward current of the pSi-n(Si₂)_{1 ? x} (ZnSe) _x structure.     

Fabrication and investigation of ultravialet Au-Zn<Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">x</Emphasis></Subscript>Cd<Subscript>1–<Emphasis Type="Italic">x</Emphasis></Subscript>S-Mo-structures

For the first time fabricated and investigated the photovoltaic characteristics of Au-Zn _x Cd_1–x S-Mofilm structural injection photo detectors sensitive to narrow the ultraviolet region of the electromagnetic spectrum, based on polycrystalline Zn _x Cd_1–x S layers. It was found by adjusting the flow of ZnS and CdS coming to the surface Mo substrate can control the shape of the spectral sensitivity of the Au-Zn _x Cd_1–x S-Mo-film structural injection photo detectors. The results will allow to optimize the structure of photo detectors and solar cells based on polycrystalline thin film solar cells.     

High-efficiency UV photocells based on Zn<Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">x</Emphasis></Subscript>Cd<Subscript>1 − <Emphasis Type="Italic">x</Emphasis></Subscript>S solid solutions

A procedure for generating UV photocells in the spectral band Δλ = 350–520 nm with internal amplification is presented. It is revealed that such photocells are characterized by a spectral sensitivity of S _λ ≈ 1.3 A/W at a spectral maximum (λ_max = 461 nm) and by an integral sensitivity of S _int ≈ (25–30) A/lm, which is higher by thousand times than similar parameters of common UV cells. It is shown that photocells based on Zn _x Cd_{1 − x} S solid solutions used as a part of a cascade photo converter make it possible to increase significantly the cascade photo converter efficiency with respect to the existing Si and CdTe photocells.     

Effect of gamma irradiation on photoconductivity and photosensitivity of Si<Subscript>1 − <Emphasis Type="Italic">x</Emphasis></Subscript>Sn<Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">x</Emphasis></Subscript> solid solutions

The results of studies of the structural feature and the effect of low-dose gamma irradiation (up to 105 rad) on the photoconductivity relaxation and the spectral photosensitivity of pSi-nSi_{1 − x} Sn _x (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.04) structures are described. It is shown that exposure to radiation leads to an increase in the relaxation time constant from 55 to 83 μs and an enhancement in the sensitivity of the structures in the short-wavelength emission spectrum, which is attributed to the radiation-stimulated gettering of crystal lattice defects localized in the near-boundaries regions between Si_{1 −x} Sn _x subcrystallites and Si_{1 − x} Sn _x -Sn and Si_{1 − x} Sn _x -SiO₂ phases.     

Thermodynamic evaluations of solar cooling cogeneration cycle using NaSCN–NH<Subscript>3</Subscript> mixture

The commercial refrigeration and air conditioning consumes more electric power for its operation. The solar vapor absorption refrigeration helps to minimize the electric power usage and it is renewable. Large size of solar collector area is required for producing the standalone power as well as cooling cycle. The integration of power and cooling cycle minimizes the number of components such as heat exchanger, separator and collector area. The main objective of the work is to integrate power and cooling for two outputs with single cycle using NaSCN–NH₃ as working fluid. The advantages of NaSCN–NH₃ are having high pressure and pure ammonia vapor at the exit of the generator. The integrated cycle is made by providing the turbine at the exit of the generator along with superheater. It has three pressures of generator, condensing and sink pressure, which is depending on separator and ambient temperature. At the separator temperature of 150°C with weak solution concentration of 0.30, it produces the cogeneration output of 284.80 kW with cycle and plant thermal efficiency of 0.49 and 0.20 respectively.     

The composition dependence of the effective thickness of the base layer in Al<Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">x</Emphasis></Subscript>Ga<Subscript>1 − <Emphasis Type="Italic">x</Emphasis></Subscript>P/GaP heterophotoconverters

The dependence between the composition of Al _x Ga_{1 − x} P heterophotoconverters and the effective thickness of their base layers was established. An empirical formula to estimate the effective thickness of a base layer as a function of the composition of solid-state solution (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.8) was proposed.     

Situation and measures of China’s CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> emission mitigation after the Paris Agreement

Global response to climate change has entered the phase of full implementation of the Paris Agreement. To control the global temperature rise below 2°C, all countries must make more efforts to reduce emission. China has combined its goal of emission reduction for combating climate change with its domestic sustainable development strategy to promote energy revolution and the transition of economic development to low-carbon patterns. Through reinforcing the commitment and action before 2020, the CO₂ intensity of GDP can decrease by more than 50% by 2020 compared with that of 2005, and the external commitment target of a 40%–45% decrease can be over fulfilled. Currently, under the new economic normal, China further strengthens the policy measure, vigorously saves energy, enhances energy use efficiency and the economic output benefit, and simultaneously develops new and renewable energy and accelerates energy structural decarbonization, so that the annual decrease rate of the CO₂ intensity of GDP keeps a high level of more than 4% and remains increasing. Thus, the decrease rate of the CO₂ intensity of GDP will exceed the GDP growth rate, and then CO₂ emission will peak around 2030. This will promote the fundamental turning of economic development mode, and lay a foundation for the establishment of a sustainable energy system with near-zero emissions and with new and renewable energy as the main body in the second half of this century. China implements the concept of green low-carbon development and accelerates the low carbon transition of energy and economy to achieve win-win results in economic growth and CO₂ emission mitigation, and these policies and actions will also provide experiences for many other developing countries. On the other hand, China will continue to play a positive and constructive leading role in the implementation of the Paris Agreement internationally, and promote the construction of new mechanisms of win-win cooperation, fairness and justice and common development for global climate governance. Moreover, China will make an effort to build a community of common destiny for mankind, promote pragmatic cooperation among countries, especially among developing countries, and take combating climate change as a new development opportunity for jointly moving toward climate-friendly low-carbon economic development path.     

Synthesis of TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> nanoparticle using sol–gel route and testing its photovoltaic performance in dye-sensitized solar cell

In the present work, sol–gel method is used to synthesize TiO₂ nanoparticle. The characterization of the prepared TiO₂ powder is done using Powder X-ray diffraction (powder XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS) and Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometry (UV-Vis). The XRD pattern reveals formation of anatase phase TiO₂. The SEM images reveal agglomeration of nanoparticles. The absorbance spectrum of TiO₂ nanoparticles was observed with excitonic peaks at 327 nm and the band gap came out to be ~3.2 eV. This prepared TiO₂ was tested for photovoltaic performance by using it in the Dye sensitized solar cell (FTO/TiO₂/N719/KI-I₂/Pt). Conversion of solar light energy to electricity was successfully done using this TiO₂. The fabricated cell showed an open-circuit voltage (V _OC) of 587 mV and short-circuit current density (J _SC) of 5.06 mA/cm². Maximum power (P _max) generated was 1.912 mW/cm² with a fill factor (FF) of 0.644 and a conversion efficiency of 1.91%.     

Modeling China’s energy dilemma: conflicts among energy saving,energy security,and CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> mitigation

This study analyzes China’s future energy scenarios stretching until 2050 under different policy portfolios of energy security (e.g., oil import dependency) and CO₂ emissions control. Four scenarios, namely, ① business as usual, ② strong oil import dependency (OID) control, ③ strong CO₂ emissions control, and ④ twofold emphasis on OID and CO₂ emissions control, are designed. The results reveal the existence of conflicts among China’s multiple objectives, particularly energy saving, energy security, and CO₂ mitigation. Based on the analysis, an improvement in China’s efficiency in fossil energy conversion and the promotion of the utilization of non-fossil energy such as nuclear, wind, and hydro energy are recommended. The over-development of coal-derived fuels should also be avoided because of incremental coal consumption and CO₂ emissions. Furthermore, research on and development of carbon capture and storage technologies should be promoted, while the energy efficiency loss caused by integrating these technologies into energy systems should be reduced in view of the high possibility of stricter standards for CO₂ emissions in the future.     

On the possibility of applying <Emphasis Type="Italic">n</Emphasis>/(3C-SiC)–<Emphasis Type="Italic">p</Emphasis>/C<Subscript>DIAMOND</Subscript> white glow heterostructures with improved parameters in illumination systems with power consumption from solar radiation

The voltage-current characteristics and electroluminescence of a light-emitting-diode (LED) n/(3C-SiC)–p/ C_DIAMOND heterostructure with white glow without phosphor created on the basis of diamond film grown by the CVD method on n/(3C-SiC) substrates with a doped level of (5–8) × 10¹⁷ cm^–3 are considered It is shown the possibility to improve the characteristics of created LED structures by their irradiation with a flux of high-energy (5 MeV) electrons of a certain dose and heat treatment.     

《家庭型燃气发电&#183;热水&#183;采暖系统》

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世界石油大王——约翰&#183;戴维森&#183;洛克菲勒

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BP的传奇创始人——威廉&#183;诺克斯&#183;达西

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关于“kW&#183;h”（千瓦&#183;时）

可以与能量（功、热量）单位焦耳（J）并用的电能单位是“瓦（特]注小时”,表示符号为“w&#183;h”（1W&#183;h=3600J）。W是功率单位瓦（特],h是时间单位小时,W&#183;h是功率单位和时间单位组合的电能基本单位。     

Chemical–mechanical pretreatment of wood: Reducing downsizing energy and increasing enzymatic digestibility

A chemimechanical (CM) pretreatment method was devised, wherein wood chips are acid-treated to weaken the physical structure then disc-refined to produce a fibrous substrate. CM pretreatment was directly compared with a common dilute acid (DA) pretreatment method, wherein wood is mechanically downsized to a powder or fiber substrate and then acid-treated. It was hypothesized that the CM pretreatment sequence would reduce the energy required for size reduction and increase enzymatic digestibility of the pretreated substrate. By treating wood chips in a dilute sulfuric acid liquor before the mechanical downsizing step, the net specific energy (NSE) of disc-refining was reduced by up to 95%. At the optimal acid treatment and disc-refining conditions determined within this work, CM pretreatment could produce a highly digestible lignocellulose substrate (95% cellulose conversion) while requiring less than 100 kWh/tonne od NSE for mechanical downsizing. A comparison of CM and DA pretreated hardwood revealed that CM pretreatment produced a significantly more digestible substrate than DA pretreatment. Differences in the digestibility of CM and DA pretreated substrates were attributed to differences in physical structure. CM pretreatment produced a substrate that consisted primarily of single fibers and small fiber bundles, while DA pretreatment produced larger fiber bundles. Furthermore, the CM pretreated substrate had a more accessible pore structure, and an altered distribution of surface lignin.     

低碳经济与清洁发展——理想&#183;现实&#183;行动方案

低碳经济是减缓和适应全球气侯变化,保障国民经济可持续发展的重要途径和理想蓝图。本文基于笔者及所在团队的研究和积累．就低碳经济的理想与期盼、煤为基础的现实与无奈、清洁发展的行动与瓶颈等具有初始决定性、战略影响性的问题进行系统的分析与解读,指出中国煤为基础与世界油气为主的能源结构截然不同、中国经济的高位增长与欧美经济的低速运行截然不同．强调化石能源的传统式低位利用积重难返、危机日重,清洁能源的商业化规模利用尚需时日、任重道远。     

我刊获“节约&#183;环保&#183;文明”科普征文活动组织奖

2008年12月24日，“节约&#183;环保&#183;文明”科普征文活动召开总结大会。节能与环保杂志获得组委会授予的“组织奖”。     

中国&#183;天津甘泉集团公司

天津甘泉集团公司是国内重要的水工业设备及其控制产品的生产基地和技术中心，是地热利用、给排水工程设计、施工资质承包单位，经销网络遍及全国，产品行销全国。并出口欧洲、中东、东南亚等地区。     

中国&#183;天津甘泉集团公司

天津甘泉集团公司是国内重要的水工业设备及其控制产品的生产基地和技术中心,是地热利用、给排水工程设计、施工资质承包单位,经销网络遍及全国,产品行销全国。并出口欧洲、中东、东南亚等地区。     

中国&#183;天津甘泉集团有限公司

天津甘泉集团公司是国内重要的水工业设备及其控制产品的生产基地和技术中心，是地热利用、给排水工程设计、施工资质承包单位。经销网络遍及全国，产品行销全国。并出口欧洲、中东、东南亚等地区。