Effect of environmental conditions on the properties of fresh and hardened concrete

The effect of varying environmental conditions, at the time of casting on the properties of fresh and hardened concrete was evaluated. The influence of air temperature, wind velocity, and relative humidity on plastic shrinkage, compressive strength, pulse velocity and pore structure of concrete was investigated. Results indicate that exposure conditions at the time of casting significantly affect plastic shrinkage of concrete. As expected elevated temperature affected porosity, compressive strength, and pulse velocity of concrete. Casting of concrete at elevated temperature decreased its compressive strength. Similarly, the pulse velocity of concrete cast at 45°C was less than that of cast at 30°C. The volume of total pores in the concrete specimens cast at 45°C was more than that of cast at 30°C. The lower pulse velocity and increased pore volume in the concrete cast at 45°C than that cast at 30°C may be attributed to the coarse pore structure formed in the former than the latter. Other weather parameters, such as relative humidity and wind velocity, also influence the properties of fresh and hardened concrete.     

掺珍珠岩水泥石孔分形维数及其与孔结构、强度的关系

通过压汞法测试不同龄期掺0-40%珍珠岩掺合料水泥石的孔结构参数,利用分形理论的相关知识研究这些水化物的孔体积分形特征,计算它们的孔分形维数D=3.3～3.5,分析并探讨该水泥石孔分形维数与孔结构参数、抗压强度之间的关系.结果表明水泥石孔分形维数与孔隙率、孔径、孔表面积有密切的关系,随着孔分形维数增大,孔隙率提高,孔径扩大、孔表面积增大,孔结构就越劣化,对应的材料抗压强度下降.因此孔体积分形维数可用于综合评定材料的孔结构特性.     

Bond of steel reinforcement with microwave cured concrete repair mortars

This paper investigates the effect of microwave curing on the bond strength of steel reinforcement in concrete repair. Pull-out tests on plain mild steel reinforcement bars embedded in four repair materials in 100 mm cube specimens were performed to determine the interfacial bond strength. The porosity and pore structure of the matrix at the steel interface, which influence the bond strength, were also determined. Test results show that microwave curing significantly reduces the bond strength of plain steel reinforcement. The reduction relative to normally cured (20 °C, 60% RH) specimens is between 21 and 40% with low density repair materials and about 10% for normal density cementitious mortars. The corresponding compressive strength of the matrix also recorded similar reduction and microwave curing resulted in increased porosity at the interface transition zone of the steel reinforcement. A unique relationship exists between bond strength and both compressive strength and porosity of all matrix materials. Microwave curing reduced shrinkage but despite the wide variation in the shrinkage of the repair mortars, its effect on the bond strength was small. The paper provides clear correlations between the three parameters (compressive strength, bond strength and porosity), which are common to both the microwave and conventionally cured mortars. Therefore, bond-compressive strength relationships used in the design of reinforced concrete structures will be also valid for microwave cured elements.     

Performance of metakaolin concrete at elevated temperatures

An experimental investigation was conducted to evaluate the performance of metakaolin (MK) concrete at elevated temperatures up to 800 °C. Eight normal and high strength concrete (HSC) mixes incorporating 0%, 5%, 10% and 20% MK were prepared. The residual compressive strength, chloride-ion penetration, porosity and average pore sizes were measured and compared with silica fume (SF), fly ash (FA) and pure ordinary Portland cement (OPC) concretes. It was found that after an increase in compressive strength at 200 °C, the MK concrete suffered a more severe loss of compressive strength and permeability-related durability than the corresponding SF, FA and OPC concretes at higher temperatures. Explosive spalling was observed in both normal and high strength MK concretes and the frequency increased with higher MK contents.     

孔隙水对湿态混凝土抗压强度的影响

湿态混凝土受压时会产生孔隙水压力,孔隙水压力的大小与混凝土的变形和裂纹的扩展速度相关。孔隙水压力的产生给混凝土的力学性能带来一些影响,但是目前这方面的理论研究甚微。尝试利用断裂力学的方法,来探讨湿态混凝土在承受单轴压缩荷载时,孔隙水压力对混凝土开裂、扩展和抗压强度的影响。研究结果表明:混凝土中的孔隙水压力减小了阻碍混凝土开裂的摩阻力,相当于楔体的“楔入”作用,加速了混凝土的损伤和微裂纹的扩展,与干燥态的混凝土相比,湿态混凝土的开裂应力和抗压强度都有所降低。     

尿素含量对Ti-10%Mg多孔材料孔隙结构和抗压性能的影响

以尿素为造孔剂,采用粉末冶金法在630℃真空条件下烧结制备Ti-10%Mg多孔材料,研究了造孔剂含量对其孔隙结构、物相成分、孔隙率及抗压性能的影响。研究表明,造孔剂含量为25%(w)时,烧结体的孔隙大小均匀,主要相为Ti和Mg,造孔剂添加量未对其物相产生明显影响;随着造孔剂含量的增加,烧结体的孔隙率随之增加,抗压强度和弹性模量随之降低;Ti-10%Mg多孔材料的抗压强度和弹性模量分别为16~183MPa和1.87~10.15 GPa,理论上可以作为人体骨骼的替代材料。     

Characterizing pore volume,sizes, and connectivity in pervious concretes for permeability prediction

Methods of characterizing the pore structure features in a cement-based material with open pore structure, called pervious concrete, and the use of these pore structure features in permeability prediction is the focus of this paper. Porosity of several pervious concrete mixtures is determined using volumetric and area fraction methods whereas stereology and mathematical morphology based methods are used to extract the characteristic pore sizes. The characteristic pore sizes determined using several methods relate well to each other. A Weibull probability distribution function is found to adequately model the pore size distribution in pervious concretes. The values of porosity and the morphologically determined pore sizes, along with the pore phase connectivity represented using an electrical conductivity ratio, are used in a Katz–Thompson type relationship to predict the permeability of pervious concretes. It is shown in this paper that maximization of water transport behavior of pervious concretes is best achieved by increasing the pore connectivity factor.     

粉煤灰对泡沫混凝土物理力学性能的影响

研究了粉煤灰掺量和水灰比对粉煤灰掺量较大的泡沫混凝土的干密度和抗压强度的影响,利用经验公式计算泡沫混凝土的孔隙率,重点研究泡沫混凝土的孔隙率和干密度、抗压强度的关系。研究结果表明随着粉煤灰掺量的增加泡沫混凝土的干密度和抗压强度均呈下降的趋势。当粉煤灰掺量由25%上升到30%时,不同水胶比的泡沫混凝土干密度下降均超过了60 kg/m3;粉煤灰掺量由30%提高到40%时,不同水胶比的泡沫混凝土抗压强度下降的趋势都明显减小。以粉煤灰取代水泥后,孔隙率和干密度的拟合公式为 Y =27126.8-64295.9X +38334.4X 2,相关系数为0.9097;孔隙率和抗压强度的拟合公式为Y =58.7-142.2X +86.3X 2,相关系数为0.9802。     

Anisotropic compressive properties of porous copper produced by unidirectional solidification

Porous copper whose long cylindrical pores are aligned in one direction has been fabricated by unidirectional solidification of the melt in a mixture gas of hydrogen and argon. The compressive yield strength of the porous copper with the cylindrical pores orientated parallel to the compression direction decreases linearly with increasing porosity. For the porous copper whose pore axes are perpendicular to the compressive direction, the compressive yield strength slightly decreases in the porosity range up to 30% and then decreases significantly with increasing porosity. The compressive stress–strain curves depend on the compressive direction with respect to the pore direction, which are due to the stress concentration around the pores and the buckling of the copper between the pores. From two different types of stress–strain curve, the energy absorption capacity of the porous copper with the pores parallel to the compressive direction is higher than that perpendicular to the compressive direction at a given porosity.     

Effect of hot-dry curing environment on the intrinsic properties of repair materials

The paper examines the properties of five different types of repair materials, including conventional cementitious, polymer and polymer-modified repair mortars. Assessment was carried out on the basis of the engineering properties (compressive strength, tensile strength and modulus of elasticity), pore structure (porosity and pore size distribution), transport properties (permeability and diffusion) and shrinkage. These properties were measured up to the age of 28 days after curing in a hot-dry environment.

The epoxy resin repair mortar showed superior strength and transport characteristics with a very fine pore structure; however, its modulus of elasticity was remarkably low when compared with that of normal- and high-strength concretes. A hot-dry curing environment adversely affects the shrinkage and performance-related properties of conventional repair mortars; however, small improvements could be achieved by the use of mineral admixtures (fly ash and silica fume). The paper discusses also the different testing techniques which could be used to assess the potential performance of concrete repair mortars.     

莰烯基冷冻浇注成型法制备定向通孔氧化铝陶瓷

由莰烯、氧化铝、Texaphor 963组成的陶瓷料浆,在温度梯度的诱导下,用冷冻浇注成型法制备了氧化铝陶瓷坯体,经干燥、烧结后,制备出了高孔隙率、高强度的定向通孔氧化铝陶瓷.通过扫描电镜观察其孔结构,并对其孔隙率、抗压强度和收缩率进行分析测试.结果表明:料浆的固体含量和烧结温度显著影响试样的气孔率、抗压强度和收缩率;...     

Evaluation of channel-like porous-structured titanium in mechanical properties and osseointegration

The porous titanium with a channel-like pore structure fabricated by infiltration casting followed by selectively dissolving the precursor woven three dimensional(3 D) structure technique was comprehensively investigated by means of mechanical tests, in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Such porous structure exhibited superiority in compressive, tensile strength and osseointegration. At 40% porosity, the average compressive and tensile strength reached about 145 MPa and 85 MPa, which was superior to that of other porous titanium, e.g., Selective Laser Melting or powder sintered ones, and was comparable to that of the human cortical bone. Without any bioactive surface treatment, this porous titanium exhibited good cell adhesion, rapid cell proliferation and excellent osseointegration. Based on the study, the 0.4 mm pore size resulted in the most rapid cell proliferation and the maximal BV/TV ratio and trabecular bone number of the new bone that ingrew into the porous titanium. To balance the excellent osseointegration and adequate mechanical properties, the optimal structural parameters were 0.4 mm pore size with40% porosity. This porous titanium is very promising for orthopedic applications where compressive and tensile load-bearing is extremely important.     

Creep analysis of concrete containing rice husk ash

This paper presents an experimental study on the mechanical properties of concrete added with rice husk ash (RHA) as a supplementary cementitious material. The compressive strength, modulus of elasticity and creep were obtained experimentally from specimens with different RHA contents (0%, 10%, 15% and 20% of binder). The results show that the addition of RHA in concrete can improve both the compressive strength and modulus of elasticity and reduce the creep of concrete. The examination of pore micro-structure of hardened concrete using both the mercury intrusion porosimetry and scanning electron microscope techniques demonstrates that RHA particles can react with calcium hydroxide originated from cement hydration to produce additional C-S-H, which can fill voids and large pores and thus reduces the porosity related to capillary pores and voids. In addition, the release of absorbed water, which is retained in the small pores of RHA particles at early days, can improve cement hydration and thus reduce the porosity related to gel pores.     

创新构型泡沫TiAl的制备及其力学响应特征

兼有金属和陶瓷特性的TiAl金属间化合物泡沫材料具有明确的性能优势和目标需求,在高温隔热材料、酸碱环境下的过滤材料、催化剂载体等领域有广阔的应用前景。本文首先采用Ti/Al元素粉末反应烧结制备了TiAl合金粉体,然后采用脱溶-烧结工艺制备了孔隙分布均匀、通孔型单孔结构的泡沫TiAl,该工艺可实现孔隙率、孔径、孔形等可控。准静态压缩测试表明,TiAl属于脆性泡沫材料,超过弹性区到达上屈服点时,材料瞬时坍塌失效。同时,随孔隙率的增大,TiAl的屈服强度、杨氏模量和弹性区域均减小,屈服强度与孔隙率的响应关系满足Gibson-Ashby模型。     

Microstructural characteristics,porosity and strength development in ceramic-laterized concrete

Interfacial bonding between constituent materials and pore sizes in a concrete matrix are major contributors to enhancing the strength of concrete. In a bid to examine how this phenomenon affects a laterized concrete, this study explored the relationship between the morphological changes, porosity, phase change, compressive, and split tensile strength development in a ceramic-laterized concrete. Varying proportions of ceramic aggregates, sorted from construction and demolition wastes, and lateritic soil were used as substitutes for natural aggregates. Strength properties of the concrete specimens were evaluated after 7, 14, 28 and 91 days curing, but morphological features, using secondary electron mode, were examined only at 7 and 28 days on cured specimens, using Scanning electron microscope (SEM). From all the mixes, selected samples with higher 28 day crushing strength, and the reference mix, were further characterized with more advanced analysis techniques, using the mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray Diffractometer, and SEM (backscatter electron mode-for assessment of the interfacial transition properties between aggregates and paste).The reference mix yielded higher mechanical properties than the concrete containing secondary aggregates, this was traced to be as a result of higher peaks of hydration minerals of the concrete, coupled with its low tortuosity and compactness. However, a laterized concrete mix containing both 90% of ceramic fine and 10% of laterite as fine aggregate provided the optimal strength out of all the modified mixes. Although, the strength reduction was about 9% when compared with the reference case, however, this reduction in strength is acceptable, and does not compromise the use of these alternative aggregates in structural concrete.     

叔丁醇基凝胶注模工艺制备轻质、高强莫来石多孔陶瓷

以叔丁醇为成型溶剂, 莫来石粉为起始原料, 采用凝胶注模成型方法制备出轻质、高强莫来石多孔陶瓷. 莫来石多孔陶瓷中的孔隙形成于干燥过程中叔丁醇的快速挥发, 孔隙分布均匀且相互连通. 随烧结温度升高, 气孔率、开气孔率和比表面积分别由77.8%、76.0%和10.39m²/g下降到67.6%、65.5%和4.26m²/g, 而抗压强度则由3.29MPa显著提高到32.36MPa, 材料孔径大小受烧结温度影响较小, 孔径尺寸呈单峰分布, 且几乎所有的气孔都为开口气孔, 透气度与孔径尺寸具有一致的变化关系. 莫来石多孔陶瓷在高气孔率条件下仍然保持高强度的主要原因是材料中均匀的孔隙结构、孔径尺寸小且相对集中、以及因烧结颈的形成在空间上所表现出的一种颗粒搭接骨架结构.     

Effect of fly ash fineness on compressive strength and pore size of blended cement paste

This paper presents an experimental investigation on the effect of fly ash fineness on compressive strength, porosity, and pore size distribution of hardened cement pastes. Class F fly ash with two fineness, an original fly ash and a classified fly ash, with median particle size of 19.1 and 6.4 μm respectively were used to partially replace portland cement at 0%, 20%, and 40% by weight. The water to binder ratio (w/b) of 0.35 was used for all the blended cement paste mixes.Test results indicated that the blended cement paste with classified fly ash produced paste with higher compressive strength than that with original fly ash. The porosity and pore size of blended cement paste was significantly affected by the replacement of fly ash and its fineness. The replacement of portland cement by original fly ash increased the porosity but decreased the average pore size of the paste. The measured gel porosity (5.7–10 nm) increased with an increase in the fly ash content. The incorporation of classified fly ash decreased the porosity and average pore size of the paste as compared to that with ordinary fly ash. The total porosity and capillary pores decreased while the gel pore increased as a result of the addition of finer fly ash at all replacement levels.     

采用定向SiC纳米线烧结制备高强多孔 SiC陶瓷

利用直接墨水打印方法制备了由定向SiC纳米线交错叠层组成的具备网络状孔隙结构的高强SiC多孔陶瓷.制备的碳化硅多孔陶瓷具有高的通孔结构和完全由定向SiC纳米线组装而成的结构特征.研究了烧结温度对定向SiC纳米线多孔陶瓷的微观结构、相组成演变及力学性能的影响.研究结果表明:烧结温度低于1900℃时,SiC纳米线能保持高长...     

粉煤灰-偏高岭土基地质聚合物的孔结构及抗压强度

地质聚合物因其优异的力学性能、化学稳定性、耐高温等性能,在建筑、耐火、有毒有害离子固化等领域备受关注。本研究通过压汞法(MIP)、FT-IR、SEM测试分析了粉煤灰-偏高岭土基地质聚合物的孔径分布、凝胶结构及断裂方式,探讨了偏高岭土掺量对其结构与性能的影响。结果表明:地质聚合物的孔径分布随水灰比的调整存在大范围的变化,最可几孔径由几个纳米到100nm。当水灰比固定时,偏高岭土掺量由25%(质量分数)增加至60%(质量分数),地质聚合物中气孔均以凝胶孔为主,最可几孔径由40nm减小至26nm,总气孔率无显著变化,但有害孔的孔隙率明显由3.6%降至0.09%。偏高岭土掺量的增加,提高了凝胶相多元环结构中[AlO_4]的数目,使材料呈均匀化、致密化结构,尤其是改善了未反应粉煤灰颗粒与凝胶相之间的界面结合。偏高岭土掺量为60%时,裂纹在粉煤灰颗粒堆积气孔或薄弱界面周围的快速扩展得到有效控制,抗压强度显著提高,7d龄期时强度达到75.5 MPa。     

Hydroxyapatite scaffolds processed using a TBA-based freeze-gel casting/polymer sponge technique

A novel freeze-gel casting/polymer sponge technique has been introduced to fabricate porous hydroxyapatite scaffolds with controlled “designer” pore structures and improved compressive strength for bone tissue engineering applications. Tertiary-butyl alcohol (TBA) was used as a solvent in this work. The merits of each production process, freeze casting, gel casting, and polymer sponge route were characterized by the sintered microstructure and mechanical strength. A reticulated structure with large pore size of 180–360 μm, which formed on burn-out of polyurethane foam, consisted of the strut with highly interconnected, unidirectional, long pore channels (~4.5 μm in dia.) by evaporation of frozen TBA produced in freeze casting together with the dense inner walls with a few, isolated fine pores (<2 μm) by gel casting. The sintered porosity and pore size generally behaved in an opposite manner to the solid loading, i.e., a high solid loading gave low porosity and small pore size, and a thickening of the strut cross section, thus leading to higher compressive strengths.