神府煤水煤浆管道输送试验研究

为获得神府煤水煤浆最佳管道输送参数,进行了水煤浆流变性试验,确定了水煤浆临界剪切速率。通过水煤浆剪切速率和剪切应力的关系确定神府煤水煤浆流变性模型,拟合出适于神府煤水煤浆流变性的数学方程。在不同管道直径和水煤浆浓度下,研究了水煤浆平均速率对管道压力损失的影响,得到了最佳水煤浆管道输送参数。结果表明:神府煤水煤浆临界剪切速率为40.74 s-1,水煤浆拟合后的流变方程符合宾汉塑性体模型,适宜泵送和管道输送。低浓度、低黏度的水煤浆更适合管道输送。在水煤浆平均流速相同的条件下,管道直径越小,管道压力损失越大。管道直径为200~300 mm时,神府煤水煤浆在管道输送中的压力损失在工业应用合理范围内,适宜管道输送。     

水煤浆技术的应用与发展趋势

从制浆工艺和水煤浆品种、水煤浆添加剂的研发、水煤浆生产智能化等方面介绍了我国水煤浆技术的发展情况;水煤浆制备技术的发展促使水煤浆燃烧应用技术多样化、锅炉装备水平不断提高;水煤浆生产向大型化、洁净化和采用低阶煤、配煤等方向发展;水煤浆的应用将向燃油炉、中小型工业炉和气化工业方向发展。     

水煤浆在处理淮化废液上的应用及展望

对水煤浆的应用现状进行回顾性综述。介绍国内废液水煤浆的研究概况、水煤浆技术用于处理淮化有机废液的研究,并对废液水煤浆的市场应用前景进行分析,认为废液水煤浆实现了废液的资源化利用,最后对应用废液水煤浆技术可能出现的问题进行了探讨。     

造纸黑液制备水煤浆添加剂的性能研究

在对水煤浆使用优势分析的基础上,综合了目前水煤浆的使用情况,并论述了水煤浆添加剂的发展概况,以及分析了造纸黑液作为水煤浆添加剂的可能性,在实验研究的基础上,确定了影响水煤浆添加剂发挥作用的各种因素,提出了水煤浆添加剂的最佳配置和使用条件。     

水煤浆加压气化技术存在问题探析

水煤浆加压气化工艺技术措施的应用,解决了煤气化的问题,满足水煤浆气化的需要。针对水煤浆加压气化技术中存在的问题进行研究,包括水煤浆加压气化出现的带灰带水、管道阀门磨损等问题,寻找解决水煤浆加压气化的问题的方法,促进水煤浆加压气化的成果。     

污泥水煤浆全生命周期综合评价

为了客观评价在水煤浆中掺入污泥的综合效果,以污泥水煤浆为研究对象,建立全生命周期综合评价模型,以对外供应1 t蒸汽为最终目标,以煤炭准备—水煤浆生产—水煤浆利用(普通水煤浆路线)为基准路线,对比评价煤炭、污泥准备—污泥水煤浆生产—污泥水煤浆利用(污泥水煤浆路线)全过程的技术性、经济性和环境效益。评价认为,污泥水煤浆路线全过程能源效率85.40%,全过程消耗煤炭135.69 kg、污泥32.94 kg、新鲜水487.44 kg,全过程投资8.10元,全过程成本129.08元,全过程废水、烟尘、SO2、NOx排放基本与普通水煤浆路线相当。     

粒度级配对混煤水煤浆浓度与黏度的影响

水煤浆浓度与黏度是衡量水煤浆性能的两个重要指标.粒度级配是影响水煤浆性能的关键因素,合适的粒度级配可提高水煤浆性能.以某水煤浆厂所用的精煤和分散剂为实验基础,研究了在该水煤浆厂常用的混配煤和两种常用的分散荆条件下,粒度级配和水煤浆浓度、黏度的关系,获得了使用不同分散剂时水煤浆性能最佳时所对应的粒度级配.     

中国水煤浆行业现状及发展环境分析

水煤浆是一种技术成熟的燃料和化工原料，本文通过研究水煤浆技术及水煤浆行业在国内的生产销售、市场供求情况，综合该行业所处的政治法律环境、经济环境、社会环境、技术环境对水煤浆行业进行PEST分析，进而得出水煤浆行业发展面临的机会与威胁，为水煤浆行业的相关方提供决策依据。     

大同市水煤浆工业发展的现状与前景

论述了水煤浆对我国能源的重要性以及大同市发展水煤浆对全市乃至山西省调整产业结构和煤炭产品结构的意义 ,介绍了大同目前发展水煤浆的现状 ,年产 30 kt的水煤浆厂恢复生产 ,在建的 30 0 kt/a水煤浆厂将扩建为 1 Mt/a,水煤浆即将成为大同市的主要煤炭产品之一 ,大同市的煤炭产品结构也将从根本上得到改变。     

水煤浆制备工艺现状及发展趋势

制备工艺是决定水煤浆浆体性能的重要因素，影响其储运和使用。综述了近年来水煤浆制备工艺的最新研究进展，包括不同种类水煤浆的制备工艺及制备环节中药剂制度、粒度级配方式的使用，按制浆原料的不同将水煤浆分为传统水煤浆和环保水煤浆，其中传统水煤浆是指制浆原料以煤基成分为主，如精煤水煤浆、低阶煤水煤浆和煤泥水煤浆，环保水煤浆则是在制浆原料上掺配了如生物质、工业废液和固体废弃物等，既可充分利用废弃物热值，又能降低处置成本，是资源化综合利用废弃物的新途径。分析对比了常规锅炉、循环流化床锅炉以及气化炉等应用场景对水煤浆的性能要求，其中常规锅炉要求水煤浆的黏度低、粒度细，制备工艺上通常采用单段磨矿工艺，循环流化床锅炉因其独特的悬浮流化燃烧方式，对水煤浆粒度和黏度的要求不高，可通过不排渣的运行方式，减少大密度床料的消耗，提高对制浆原煤的灰分含量以及灰熔融温度的包容性，气化对水煤浆的性能要求比燃烧更高，其中气化炉要求水煤浆的浆体浓度高、反应活性好，且为保证较好的雾化效果，气化水煤浆要求水煤浆颗粒的细粒度、低浆体黏度；对水煤浆制备技术的发展趋势进行了展望，提出探索低阶煤改性提质方法、超细颗粒对浆体特性的影响、拓...     

Olfactory-based behavioral interactions among five species in the southern pine bark beetle group

Olfactory-mediated behavioral interactions were investigated among the five scolytid species comprising the southern pine bark beetle group. Behavioral response, as determined from field trap catch data, showed that each species was attracted in greatest numbers to the pheromonal blend produced by conspecifies. Interspecifically,D. frontalis displayed no cross-attractancy toIps pheromonal blends, but was weakly attracted to the pheromonal blend of femaleD. terebrans. ThreeIps species displayed varying degrees of cross-attraction as well as to theDendroctonus pheromonal blends. More specifically,I. calligraphus was attracted toI. avulsus and, to a very limited extent, also to the maleD. terebrans pheromonal blend.I. avulsus was somewhat more cross-attractive thanI. calligraphus and showed attraction to the pheromonal blends of femaleD. frontalis, male and femaleD. terebrans, maleI. calligraphus, and maleI. grandicollis. I. grandicollis showed the greatest degree of cross-attraction, particularly in response to theDendroctonus pheromonal blends.Research support in part by CSRS grant 86-CRCR-1-2270, NATO grant CRG.0710/86 and Texas Agricultural Experiment Station project MS1525 (while M.T.S. and T.L.P. were with Texas A&M University). The findings, opinions, and recommendations expressed herein are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the U.S. Department of Agriculture.     

Density-Dependent Reduction and Induction of Milkweed Cardenolides by a Sucking Insect Herbivore

The effect of aphid population size on host-plant chemical defense expression and the effect of plant defense on aphid population dynamics were investigated in a milkweed-specialist herbivore system. Density effects of the aposematic oleander aphid, Aphis nerii, on cardenolide expression were measured in two milkweed species, Asclepias curassavica and A. incarnata. These plants vary in constitutive chemical investment with high mean cardenolide concentration in A. curassavica and low to zero in A. incarnata. The second objective was to determine whether cardenolide expression in these two host plants impacts mean A. nerii colony biomass (mg) and density. Cardenolide concentration (microgram/g) of A. curassavica in both aphid-treated leaves and opposite, herbivore-free leaves decreased initially in comparison with aphid-free controls, and then increased significantly with A. nerii density. Thus, A. curassavica responds to aphid herbivory initially with density-dependent phytochemical reduction, followed by induction of cardenolides to concentrations above aphid-free controls. In addition, mean cardenolide concentration of aphid-treated leaves was significantly higher than that of opposite, herbivore-free leaves. Therefore, A. curassavica induction is strongest in herbivore-damage tissue. Conversely, A. incarnata exhibited no such chemical response to aphid herbivory. Furthermore, neither host plant responded chemically to herbivore feeding duration time (days) or to the interaction between herbivore initial density and feeding duration time. There were also no significant differences in mean colony biomass or population density of A. nerii reared on high cardenolide (A. curassavica) and low cardenolide (A. incarnata) hosts.     

Ancestral semiochemical attraction persists for adjoining populations of siblingIps bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

Three species ofIps pine bark beetles in Hopping's group IX (S.L. Wood'sgrandicollis group),Ips confusus, I. lecontei, andI. paraconfusus, are parapatrically distributed in the American Southwest. They share post-Pleistocene altitudinal ecotones with their host pines. Adjacent to these areas of host overlap, we tested the hypothesis that aggregation pheromones produced by male beetles and/or host volatiles are sufficient to elicit the speciesspecific colonization behaviors typical of these threeIps species in nature. A more distantly related species,I. pini (Hopping's group IV, S.L. Wood'spini group) was used for outgroup comparison. Under the influence of pheromone, males ofI. confusus andI. paraconfusus do not discern among unin-fested log bolts of host and nonhost pine prior to bark contact. Males responding to pheromones emanating from infested bolts are similarly undiscriminating. Females ofI. confusus andI. lecontei olfactorily discern the combination of conspecific males in host pine from other possible beetlepine combinations; females ofI. paraconfusus do not. FemaleI. pini discerned conspecific pheromone from that ofI. lecontei. The bark beetle predator,Enoclerus lecontei, is attracted by, but does not discriminate among, the male-produced volatiles of these Group IXIps species. These results support a hypothesis that divergence in pheromonal responses by these group IXIps species has evolved following their speciation, having been manifested first in the female sex. Evolutionarily, the derived pheromonal messages have preceded their behavioral discrimination by these beetles. Additional speciesspecific cues may operate between the sexes in the field that may preclude heterospecific pairings.     

Interspecific response to sex pheromones,and calling behavior of severalAttagenus species (Coleoptera: Dermestidae)

Females of severalAttagenus species demonstrated calling behaviors similar to those previously reported forA. elongatulus. Attagenus rufipennis females did not call until they were 12–14 days old. OtherAttagenus species called at approx. 4 days of age. All species exhibited diurnal periods of calling activity. Interspecific pheromone responses were tested, withA. megatoma megatoma, A. megatoma canadensis, A. megatoma japonicus, andA. schaefferi spurcus showing equal cross-responses. Male response to females was demonstrated inA. rufipennis andA. bicolor. Attagenus rufipennis, bicolor, andelongatulus males responded only to female extracts of their own species.Mention of a proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Allelopathic interactions among algae

Five species of green algae isolated from the Cleveland County, Oklahoma, area and a commercially obtained yellow-green alga were tested for allelopathic interactions. Axenic cultures ofPandorina morum Bory were stimulated in three sterile filtrates from nonaxenic cultures ofScenedesmus incrassatulus var.mononae G.M. Smith, with the oldest filtrate showing the least stimulation. By measuring the growth of axenic cultures inoculated into sterile filtrates of old cultures, instances of inhibition and stimulation were recorded in three screening experiments.Cosmarium vexatum West filtrate was inhibitory to the five other species, a characteristic probably important in its role of producing waterblooms in ponds and swamps. The allelopathic effects of filtrates of the five other species onBolrydium becherianum Vischer could be a key to its restriction to terrestrial sites. Instances of heat lability of the active substances were noted. These interactions, both allelopathic and stimulatory, probably play a significant role in the succession of algal blooms in nature.     

国外生物降解聚合物的种类及主要组分

据１９９６～１９９８年国外有关文献的汇集,由美,日,德等国主要研制,生产的生物降解聚合物种类为：１,单一型生物降解聚合物;（１）合成酯（酸）类;（２）淀粉基材料;（３）天然高分子材料;２、复合型生物降解聚合物;（１）不同种类的烃基互聚物;（２）烃酯（酸）／聚酯（３）脂肪族聚酯／芳香族聚酯共聚物;（３）淀粉基复合型,（５）光／生物降解聚合物;３、可生物降解水溶性聚合物。     

Plant-determined variation in the cardenolide content,thin-layer chromatography profiles,and emetic potency of monarch butterflies,Danaus plexippus L. Reared on milkweed plants in California: 2.Asclepias speciosa

The pattern of variation in gross cardenolide concentration of 111Asclepias speciosa plants collected in six different areas of California is a positively skewed distribution which ranges from 19 to 344 g of cardenolide per 0.1 g dry weight with a mean of 90 g per 0.1 g. Butterflies reared individually on these plants in their native habitats ranged from 41 to 547 g of cardenolide per 0.1 g dry weight with a mean of 179 g. Total cardenolide per butterfly ranged from 54 to 1279 g with a mean of 319 g. Differences in concentrations and total cardenolide contents in the butterflies from the six geographic areas appeared minor, and there were no differences between the males and the females, although the males did weigh significantly more than females. The uptake of cardenolide by the butterflies was found to be a logarithmic function of the plant concentration. This results in regulation: larvae which feed on low-concentration plants produce butterflies with increased cardenolide concentrations relative to those of the plants, and those which feed on high-concentration plants produce butterflies with decreased concentrations. No evidence was adduced that high concentrations of cardenolides in the plants affected the fitness of the butterflies. The mean emetic potencies of the powdered plant and butterfly material were 5.62 and 5.25 blue jay emetic dose fifty units per milligram of cardenolide and the number of ED₅₀ units per butterfly ranged from 0.28 to 6.7 with a mean of 1.67. Monarchs reared onA. speciosa, on average, are only about one tenth as emetic as those reared onA. eriocarpa. UnlikeA. eriocarpa which is limited to California,A. speciosa ranges from California to the Great Plains and is replaced eastwards byA. syriaca L. These two latter milkweed species appear to have a similar array of chemically identical cardenolides, and therefore both must produce butterflies of relatively low emetic potency to birds, with important ecological implications. About 80% of the lower emetic potency of monarchs reared on A. speciosa compared to those reared onA. eriocarpa appears attributable to the higher polarity of the cardenolides inA. speciosa. Thin-layer Chromatographie separation of the cardenolides in two different solvent systems showed that there are 23 cardenolides in theA. speciosa plants of which 20 are stored by the butterflies. There were no differences in the cardenolide spot patterns due either to geographic origin or the sex of the butterflies. As when reared onA. eriocarpa, the butterflies did not store the plant cardenolides withR _f values greater than digitoxigenin. However, metabolic transformation of the cardenolides by the larvae appeared minor in comparison to when they were reared onA. eriocarpa. AlthoughA. eriocarpa andA. speciosa contain similar numbers of cardenolides and both contain desglucosyrioside, the cardenolides ofA. speciosa overall are more polar. ThusA. speciosa has no or only small amounts of the nonpolar labriformin and labriformidin, whereas both occur in high concentrations inA. eriocarpa. A. speciosa plants and butterflies also contain uzarigen, syriogenin, and possibly other polar cardenolides withR _f values lower than digitoxin. The cardenolide concentration in the leaves is not only considerably less than inA. eriocarpa, but the latex has little to immeasurable cardenolide, whereas that ofA. eriocarpa has very high concentrations of several cardenolides. Quantitative analysis ofR _f values of the cardenolide spots, their intensities, and their probabilities of occurrence in the chloroform-methanol-formamide TLC system produced a cardenolide fingerprint pattern very different from that previously established for monarchs reared onA. eriocarpa. This dispels recently published skepticism about the predictibility of chemical fingerprints based upon ingested secondary plant chemicals.Lepidoptera: Danaidae.Apocynales: Asclepiadaceae.This study was supported by U.S. National Science Foundation grants DEB 75-14265 and 78-10658 to Amherst College and BSR-8119382 to the University of Florida with L.P. Brower as Principal Investigator and DEB75-14266, DEB78-15419, and DEB-81-19391 to the University of California at Davis with J.N. Seiber as Principal Investigator.     

Modified dynamic matrix control

DMC (Dynamic Matrix Control) has been used successfully in industry for the last decade. It can deal with constraints and unusual dynamic behavior directly. It also shows a good control performance for the servo problem. Relatively, it can’t reject disturbances systematically. We propose a modified DMC method to control the regulatory process more efficiently. The proposed DMC method makes the control output by subtracting the estimated disturbance from the control output of the original DMC. Here, the disturbance is estimated by a new disturbance estimator. It shows better control performances than the original DMC.     

Soil nutrient depletion by agricultural production in Southern Mali

The degree of soil mining by agricultural production in Southern Mali is assessed by calculating nutrient balances: differences between the amount of plant nutrients exported from the cultivated fields, and those added to the fields. Export processes include extraction by crops, losses due to leaching, to erosion, and to volatilization and denitrification. Inputs include applications of fertilizer and manure, restitution of crop residues, nitrogen fixation, atmospheric deposition of nutrients in rain and dust, and enrichment by weathering of soil minerals. Nutrient balances are calculated for N, P, K, Ca, and Mg. Both pessimistic and optimistic estimates are given.The resulting figures indicate, even when the most optimistic estimates are used, large deficits for nitrogen, potassium and magnesium. For the region as a whole, the calculated deficits are -25 kg N/ha,-20 kg K/ha, and -5 kg Mg/ha. Further, acidification is to be expected, in particular in areas where cotton is grown. The deficits are caused by traditional cereal crops, but also by cotton and especially by groundnut. The latter two crops are fertilized, but insufficiently. It is important to note, that the negative figures are not automatic recommendations for application of a specific amount of additional fertilizer. For phosphorus and calcium the balance of the region as a whole appears to be about in equilibrium, but locally large variations may occur.Erosion and denitrification are important causes of nutrient loss, accounting respectively for 17 and 22% of total nitrogen exports. Atmospheric deposition and weathering of minerals in the soil are still important nutrient inputs that contribute as much as nutrients as organic and mineral fertilizer combined. Nutrient depletion is very large in comparison to the amount of fertilizer applied. Drastic options, such as doubling the application of fertilizer or manure, or halving erosion losses, even if feasible, would still not be enough to make up for the calculated deficits.The annual value of withdrawn nutrients, if related to prices of fertilizers, varies between 10,000 and 15,000 FCFA/ha (40-60 US $/ha). Since the estimated average gross margin from farming in this area is 34,000 FCFA/ha (123 US $/ha), soil mining appears to provide an amount equal to 40% of farmers' total income from agricultural activities.     

Influence of life history differences of two tachinid parasitoids ofHelicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on their interactions with glandular trichome/methyl ketone-based insect resistance in tomato

The effects of glandular trichome/methyl ketone (2-tridecanone and 2-undecanone) -based insect resistance in the wild tomato,Lycopersicon hirsutum f.glabratum C.H. Mull, accession PI 134417, onArchytas marmoratus (Townsend) andEucelatoria bryani (Sabrosky) (Diptera: Tachinidae), both parasitoids ofHelicoverpa (=Heliothis)zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), were investigated in the laboratory.A. marmoratus deposits larvae (planidia) on the foliage of its host's food plant; planidia attach to passing hosts, penetrate the cuticle, and develop in the host pupae.E. bryani larviposits directly into its host; its larvae develop in the host larva.A. marmoratus planidia are killed by glandular trichomes of PI 134417 and also by trichomes of hybrid lines with no methyl ketones. The methyl ketones are toxic to planidia, but at least part of the effect is due to other factors, possibly physical entanglement. Both species can be affected indirectly by methyl ketones in the diet of the host. 2-Undecanone reduces the percentage ofA. marmoratus larvae that reach pupation. This effect is evidently due to premature death and desiccation of the host pupa caused by 2-undecanone. 2-Tridecanone in host diets had no effect onA. marmoratus. InE. bryani, 2-tridecanone in the diet of the host reduced the number of parasitoids yielded by each parasitized host, although not the overall percentage of hosts parasitized. 2-Undecanone in the diet of the host had no effect onE. bryani.We thank M. Woodall for typing; V.B. Covington, D. Bumgarner, and B. O'Brien for technical assistance; L.A. Jones for assistance with gas chromatography; P.H. Adler for supplyingE. bryani puparia to initiate colony; and Drs. F. Gould, G.C. Rock, and M. Barbercheck for comments.