计算机在化工中的应用

随着计算机技术的发展和广泛应用,计算机在化学化工领域的使用倍受关注。文章介绍了两种在化工过程中使用的计算机软件类型,包括其特点及在化工领域的应用情况,并讨论了两个软件在化工过程中的共同使用。     

过程系统工程在焦化厂的应用途径

重点针对焦化工艺设计集成、质量预测模型、节能控制等方面论证了传统焦化企业应用过程系统工程方法的有效途径。结果表明,以过程系统的观点把握焦化厂的流程设计和集成的方向,系统层次可得到进一步优化。而应用神经网络或遗传算法等先进的过程系统工程手段建立煤焦生产中焦炭质量预测模型,会使预测模型的实用性得到进一步提升。从过程系统工程观念出发,应用各种优化节能技术,可使焦化厂节能工作进入崭新阶段。     

Trends beim Einsatz von Realzeitrechnern für Forschung und Entwicklung in der Technischen Chemie

Trends in the use of real-time computers for research and development in industrial chemistry. Computers are integral parts of the complex equipment of chemical production plants. They are tools for computer aided process control. In production plants as well as in research and development laboratories, dedicated computer systems are used more and more. E. g., nearly all measuring devices will be controlled by their own microprocessors in the near future. In chemical engineering, however, the most significant developments are taking place in the software domain. The main trend in applications-software developments is the enhanced importance of the support of the plant operators by means of improved user interfaces. Within the research and development field, the software must be more flexibly adaptable to changes in the process equipment and due to changing control algorithms than in production plants. Moreover, efforts are being made to improve control by exploiting as much as possible a priori knowledge on the system in question. A current development in this direction, which will become stronger with time, is known under the heading ?expert systems”?, in which heuristic know-how of operators is made available and usable in process computers to improve control.     

化学工业"两化融合"发展与过程系统工程:挑战和前景(二)——"两化融合"发展对过程系统工程的挑战及前景

论述了化学工业"两化融合"发展,趋向精细化、服务化和可持续化,对过程系统工程(PSE)提出挑战.研究了过程系统工程应从产品工程/纳米过程系统工程、间歇过程系统工程、供应链的优化与协同、多尺度过程集成及绿色过程系统工程5个方面提供技术支撑的前景.     

塑料模具型腔数控加工过程优化设计

基于计算机辅助制造/计算机辅助设计技术,采用UG8.5软件,对塑料模具型腔数控加工过程进行了优化设计。对塑料模具型腔数控加工切削工艺环节上的各参数指标进行优化和完善,将其与传统的计算机辅助设计/计算机辅助工程技术结合,并且使用知识库中的计算推理,从而得到该加工系统中关于切削工艺的参数指标,最大化地提高塑料模具型腔数控的加工效率及产品质量。以塑料模具型腔数控加工切削工艺为研究对象,通过分析切削刀具的运动轨迹和模式,研究其轨迹从而得到算法,再结合数据和知识库,得到了一套关于塑料模具型腔切削加工工艺系统的优化和升级方案,从而为后续的研究应用提供相应的技术支持。     

Data structures in the analysis of biochemical processes

Modern software engineering has been applied to create a program system for control of twenty fermentors and various other apparatus used in biochemical engineering by a process computer. The computer controls more and more processes, therefore the software continually requires changes, extensions and improvements.Structuring of programs and data is important to reduce software errors and to make the programs more clear. This paper deals with data structuring and presents the organisation of biochemical process data structures, which have been found useful in a pilot plant.     

Microscale and Nanoscale Process Systems Engineering: Challenge and Progress

This is an overview of the development of process systems engineering (PSE) in a smaller world. Two different spatio-temporal scopes are identified for microscale and nanoscale process systems. The features and challenges for each scale are reviewed, and different methodologies used by them discussed. Comparison of these two new areas with traditional process systems engineering is described. If microscale PSE could be considered as an extension of traditional PSE, nanoscale PSE should be accepted as a new discipline which has looser connection with the extant core of chemical engineering. Since "molecular factories" is the next frontier of processing scale, nanoscale PSE will be the new theory to handle the design, simulation and operation of those active processing systems.     

Review of information management in computer-aided engineering

The database sector of information technology is a rapidly developing area of academic and commercial interest, but until recently it has had little impact on the chemical engineering industry. Database-management systems (DBMSs) have been used as the foundation for some proprietary computer-aided process engineering (CAPE) packages, but the potential also exists for individual users of CAPE applications software to create their own tailor-made design environments by integrating packages around a DBMS. Unfortunately, traditional DBMSs are not designed to handle the complex static and dynamic nature of process engineering design data. This paper briefly examines this “data problem”, reviews a variety of proposals to deal with it and, finally, points to a need for database tools to be specifically designed for process engineering applications.     

Toward agent-based process systems engineering: proposed framework and application to non-convex optimization

Agent-based computer systems are surprisingly effective at solving complex problems. Built by combining autonomous computer routines, or agents, with low-bandwidth communication capabilities, these systems typically perform significantly better than the individual routines operating alone. One source of this improvement lies in the cooperative collaboration among the individual agents that compose the system. This work proposes a modular framework for implementing agent-based systems for engineering design. Using a variety of different algorithmic agents, the key ideas are highlighted by identifying multiple identical global optima for a non-convex optimization problem with numerous local minima. The results show that inter- and intra-agent collaboration have a significant impact on system performance. Further, the system can be parallelized with little or no penalty. By observing and analyzing the interactions among individual agents, we gain insights that will aid in the development and management of a conceptual design system for truly hard and large problems.     

动态模拟技术与化学工程

介绍了化工过程动态模拟技术及相应软件的发展与应用状况 ,总结了动态模拟技术的最新进展。指出动态模拟技术应当与动态优化技术相结合 ,动态计算机网络管理将实现石油化工过程的连续实时优化 ,动态模拟技术将向工艺流程和生产方案的合成、能量系统集成、结合生态工业园区实例进行动态流程模拟等方向发展     

Polymer reaction engineering: From reaction kinetics to polymer reactor control

Polymer reaction engineering is a relatively “young”, very broad, multidisciplinary, rapidly developing field. It is the combination of polymer science, chemistry and technology with process engineering principles. The outcome of this high degree of synergism has evolved over the last fifteen or so years towards an area that includes any or all of the following: polymerization and post-polymerization (chemical modification) reaction kinetics; mathematical modelling and process simulation; polymer reactor design and scale-up; sensor development and process monitoring; and polymer reactor optimization, state estimation and computer control. This article will attempt to give an overview of the results obtained in our laboratory over the last seven years from systematic studies of polymer reaction engineering and polymer production technology problems. These problems cover all aspects of polymer reaction engineering mentioned above. Going from fundamentals to practice, the basic premise of the article is that only by adopting a holistic approach can one devise effective strategies in order to achieve the final objective of more efficient polymer reactor design and control, and hence improved production systems of polymeric materials.     

基于EMMS范式的离散模拟及其化工应用

化工过程通常涉及化学、化工、过程系统工程3个层次,而每个层次又包含微尺度、介尺度和宏尺度,如化工层次的颗粒、颗粒团和反应器尺度。每个层次中的微尺度单元都自然适用离散模型,即通过跟踪每个单元的运动获得整个体系演化的宏观规律。但由于单元数量巨大,工程模拟往往依赖经过统计平均的连续介质模型。由此带来的精度问题,特别是忽略了介尺度结构的问题,随着对化工过程效率和绿色度等要求的提高而日渐突出。介绍了通过问题、模型、软件和硬件结构的一致性提升离散模拟的精度、能力和效率的方法、进展及其在复杂分子体系、颗粒流、气固流态化等方面的应用,展示了通过离散模拟实现虚拟过程工程的可能性。     

COMPUTER AIDED DRYING TECHNOLOGIES

A great progress has been done in computer software and hardware, which obviously broaden the application of computers to drying technologies. This paper provides the state-of-the art in computer-aided tools for drying environment. The following applications of computers are identified and discussed in depth: mathematical modeling and simulation for process calculation and equipment design (microscale approach– at the level of a single drop or particle, and macroscale approach– at the level of a dryer or drying system); process control; modeling tools; software packages; artificial intelligence systems; databases and information transfer.     

总线技术在ABS 2#变电所监测系统中的应用

介绍了ABS装置的变电所监测运行管理系统运用现场总线技术的情况,内容包括系统的构成、功能、特点、硬件及软件的配置等。采用该技术将现场的PC、动力控制中心(MCC)和上位计算机联系在一起相互交换信息,达到了更高的设计要求,为设备的在线监测管理提供了一种理想的解决方案。该在线状态监测不仅在低压配电系统中可以推广应用,而且在高压供电系统中同样具有广阔的应用前景。     

计算机模拟辅助的催化反应工程研究与工艺技术开发

针对催化反应动力学、催化剂颗粒工程设计、反应器分析及工艺系统开发的科学、技术与工程问题,在原化工部科技局制定的开发工作框图基础上,结合高技术研究所研发工作的发展要求,发展了计算机模拟辅助的催化反应工程研究与工艺技术开发方法,该方法更加突出了计算机模拟在多尺度研发工作中的重要性,旨在缩短研发周期,保证项目高效实施。同时对催化反应工程研究与工艺系统开发的相关发展进行综述、探讨和展望。     

Information technology support in the chemical process design life cycle

Information technology has been becoming increasingly important in all areas of engineering during the last few years. Much of the progress achieved in chemical engineering would not have been possible without the enabling methods and tools provided by information technology. This trend will continue in the future but most likely with a considerably wider scope. While individual software tools and services have been in focus until recently, their integration into engineering work processes is an emerging and challenging area of research and development. This contribution attempts to highlight state of the art and future trends in supporting the activities during the life cycle of a chemical process by means of information technology. Emphasis will be largely on the process and plant design process rather than on procurement, manufacturing, and distribution of materials in the supply chain.     

工程塑料零件CAPP的研究与开发

以ＸＳＣＡＰＰ系统为例，试图说明如何利用计算机技术，成组技术，人工智能，知识工程，工艺理论学为基础，以计算机为工具，工程塑料加工为研究对象，以生成工艺过程文件为目标，采用专家系统的方法，研制开发工程塑料零件ＣＡＰＰ的方法。     

Process Systems Engineering: Halfway through the first century

The area of chemical engineering which has become known as Process Systems Engineering developed initially out of the availability of a tool, the high-speed digital computer. Coincidentally, 50 years ago, computers appeared for the first time, and as they became more generally available and useful, chemical engineers were amongst the first to recognise and exploit their potential for large scale calculations. Most of the efforts of early process systems engineers were focused on circumventing the limitations of early computers, particularly their lack of speed and of storage capacity to handle the very large problems whose solution was an ultimate aim. Over the last few years these constraints have practically vanished. However, some of the discipline's most important long-term achievements have come in the form of a better understanding of large-scale concepts; these have resulted from the need to analyse and decompose problems and procedures so that they might be accessible to computing machines of limited capacity. This has also made them more accessible to we human computing machines of likewise limited capability. The first half century of process systems engineering was dominated by mathematics. Over the next half century, mathematics will be taken for granted, and emphasis will shift to information and understanding: how it can be represented, captured, accessed, transferred and exploited. The ability to perform very large numerical calculations in a simple and routine manner will encapsulate the mathematical achievements of the last 50 years and make them accessible to all chemical engineers. Future research can thus concentrate on new areas. The current ready availability of computers is already having a major effect on the way in which all chemical engineers and scientists work. In the future, computers will become not just available, but ubiquitous, providing instantaneous access to the sophisticated mathematical and informatic tools which have been and will be developed. It is difficult to predict the impact of this ubiquity, and any prediction is likely to be an underestimate. Still harder to assess are the consequences of not just the power and ubiquity of computer tools, but their connectivity. This will provide fast, worldwide connection between computer software and computer users on an unprecedented scale, and seems likely to create a qualitative change in the way in which engineers will use creatively their expanding range of powerful tools.     

工业园区生态化发展的挑战与过程系统工程的机遇

生态化成为过程工业园区可持续发展的必然选择。基于多要素、跨介质、多过程和多目标协同的园区内在特征,其生态化过程有赖于过程系统工程的研究范式和方法。在介绍过程工业园区生态化历程及特点的基础上,提出园区生态化趋势与研究需求;重点综述了在工业园区尺度上应用过程系统工程方法驱动其生态化发展的研究现状;分别就可持续性分析评价、节能、节水、碳管理、物质集成、多重网络集成优化及园区信息化等展开系统化评述。提出工业园区生态化给过程系统工程发展带来的挑战和机遇。