含不凝性气体的蒸汽气泡凝结过程研究

利用高速摄像仪对高过冷度下含不凝性气体的蒸汽气泡冷凝及破裂过程进行可视化研究,以分析不凝性气体对气泡微细化沸腾(MEB)过程的影响。实验结果表明:初始不凝性气体体积份额x0小于2.5%时,气泡突然破碎成大量微小气泡;x0在2.5%~7.5%之间时,较大气泡只会分裂成数个小气泡;x0大于7.5%时,气泡界面非常稳定,不会发生破碎和分裂现象。此外,当蒸汽气泡中含有较多不凝性气体时,气泡凝结过程减弱,液体对气泡的惯性冲击减小,气泡不易破裂。由此可表明,在气泡微细化沸腾发生时,不凝性气体的存在会阻碍加热面上气泡的破碎,从而降低传热能力。     

文丘里式气泡发生器渐扩段内单气泡输运过程研究

文丘里式气泡发生器渐扩段的流场结构、流动参数等对气泡制备性能起关键作用,因此,对具有矩形截面的文丘里通道渐扩段区域单气泡输运过程进行了可视化研究。分析发现,渐扩段气泡剧烈减速及变形过程对气泡最终的断裂和破碎起关键作用。气泡的减速过程虽只持续数ms时间,依然呈现加速减速和降速减缓两个明显阶段;气泡旋转过程呈现相似的变化规律。在液体流量2.4～6.9 m³/h范围内,对应最大旋转速度可达900～3 000 rad/s。气泡旋转过程持续时间较减速过程稍长,气泡最大旋转速度的位置出现在最大减速加速度位置的下游约2 mm处;液体流量和气泡尺寸对气泡旋转和变形过程有明显影响,液体流量越大或气泡尺寸越小,气泡旋转过程越剧烈,且旋转速度在更短距离内达到最大值;增大液体流量在一定范围内加剧了气泡的拉伸变形。这些可视化研究结果,为进一步揭示文丘里气泡发生装置内气泡的碎化机制、完善数值分析模型、优化设计等提供参考和帮助。     

文丘里式气泡发生器气泡碎化特性研究

熔盐堆在运行过程中须不断地去除氙等气体裂变产物。熔盐堆除气系统中气泡发生器的作用是通过向回路中注入一定量的直径为0.5 mm的小气泡,在扩散作用下吸收熔盐中的氙,最终气泡被分离出来,达到除氙的目的。在橡树岭国家实验室设计的基础上,本文为钍基熔盐研究堆设计气泡发生器,并在专门建造的水回路中对其工作特性进行了可视化研究。利用高速摄像系统跟踪气泡的运动和碎化过程,分析气液相流速对碎化后气泡尺寸的影响。结果表明：在实验条件下,当气体流量一定时,气泡尺寸随液体流量的增大而减小;当液体流量一定时,气泡尺寸随气体流量的增加而增大。     

过冷度对蒸汽气泡破碎及微气泡喷射过程的影响

为研究过冷度对蒸汽气泡破碎及微气泡喷射过程的影响,利用高速摄像机记录不同过冷度下过冷池中蒸汽气泡凝结过程。实验结果表明:在低过冷度(ΔTsub=17K)下,蒸汽气泡界面波动发展缓慢,气泡不会破碎,而是逐渐分裂凝结;在高过冷度(40KΔTsub75K)下,蒸汽气泡表面上的波动剧烈发展,随后气泡会突然破碎,并形成大量微气泡;在ΔTsub=30K时,气泡突然破碎前会有小气泡分裂现象发生。40KΔTsub75K时气泡破碎形成的微气泡的直径和速度在量级上与气泡微细化沸腾区域的微气泡接近。随过冷度的升高,微气泡的直径减小,速度增加,且蒸汽气泡破碎前其表面上波动的波数迅速增加,波动的最大幅值先增加后减少。     

基于扩散界面法的较大气泡上升过程数值模拟

基于扩散界面法和有限元法,对较大气泡在上升阶段的形态和速度进行了模拟,结果与实验吻合较好,说明该方法能准确地模拟气泡的运动特性。利用该模型,对初始直径不同的较大气泡上升过程中的形态、速度和振荡随时间变化的规律进行了分析。并分析了14mm直径的气泡在不同尺寸通道中上升过程的形态、速度的变化规律。结果表明:气泡的稳定形态随着气泡初始直径的增大由椭球形变为球帽形,且达到稳定形状的时间更长。气泡初始直径越大,气泡的顶端速度越快,并稍有波动。而气泡的底端速度开始快速增大使气泡向内凹陷,随后回落并在气泡顶端速度上下振荡。气泡上升通道越窄,气泡达到稳定形态的时间越长,顶端速度越小,气泡的高宽比越大。     

气泡破裂产生膜液滴理论模型的建立与验证

本文研究了常温、常压条件下自由液面单气泡破裂产生膜液滴现象。在明确该过程物理机理及气泡破裂环状物模型基础上,应用瑞利射流不稳定性分析理论结果,通过合理假设,建立了自由液面单气泡破裂产生膜液滴的物理模型。通过引入瑞利断裂时间判据,对时间变量进行离散,数值求解该理论模型,可获得气泡破裂产生膜液滴的初始参数,包括膜液滴数量、尺寸、速度、初始位置。将模型计算结果同已有实验数据对比,二者符合较好,证明了模型的正确性。     

附加惯性力对气泡破裂的影响

从气泡破裂的力平衡机理出发,采用流体体积函数( VOF)模型研究竖直窄流道中单个气泡受到附加惯性力作用后变形破裂的情况.通过定义气泡破裂点处的速度和观察气泡破裂时的颈部最短距离来描述表面张力、附加惯性力大小及初始形状对气泡破裂的影响.结果表明:表面张力、附加惯性力和初始形状对气泡的破裂有很大影响,它们直接影响流体对气泡的射流作用,最终可能导致气泡破裂.     

微细化沸腾传热实验研究

气泡微细化沸腾是沸腾到达某个临界热负荷后,加热面温度升高不大,与该临界热负荷相比,热流密度大幅提高的沸腾现象。本文在设计完成一可视化实验装置的基础上,通过高速摄影仪观察并结合采集的壁温数据,对常压下直径为10 mm铜加热面上的池式气泡微细化沸腾现象进行了研究,并讨论了液体过冷度对其的影响。实验发现,气泡微细化沸腾状态下,加热面上生成1层极其不稳定的气膜,气液交界面上不停地有大量微小气泡生成并以极高速度射入过冷液体中。随加热面热流密度的增大,气膜厚度波动周期缩短,气膜最大厚度减小,所生成微小气泡的直径也明显减小。实验中获得的最高热流密度达9 MW/m²。     

横向震荡条件下水中气泡速度特性实验研究

针对横向震荡条件下气泡的速度特性进行实验研究。设计横向震荡实验台,通过高速摄像机记录横向震荡条件下气泡的运动状态,通过追踪气泡的运动轨迹,提取气泡的运动参数,得到不同横向震荡周期(T)下气泡的速度和轨迹。对比不同横向震荡T下气泡的运动状态,结果表明:横向震荡引入的附加惯性力和液面晃荡对气泡水平速度、竖直速度和气泡轨迹均有明显影响;横向震荡T越长,气泡水平速度的峰值越大,气泡的轨迹越曲折,气泡竖直速度越小。与附加惯性力相比,流场对气泡的冲击作用对气泡水平速度的影响更大。     

流动沸腾中气泡生长过程的LB方法模拟

利用基于格子Boltzmann(LB)方法开发的气液相变数值模型,考察在竖直方向重力加速度恒定的情况下,水平方向加速度对工质为水的流动沸腾中气泡生长过程的影响,可以发现:气泡脱离直径与水平方向加速度呈指数减小关系,气泡脱离频率与水平方向加速度呈指数增大关系;气泡脱离时,前接触角随水平方向加速度增大而增大,后接触角随水平方向加速度增大而减小,但当水平方向加速度增加到一定程度时,气泡前后接触角均趋于恒定;气泡脱离后,水平方向加速度越大,气泡越是贴近下边界运动。     

Numerical simulation on void bubble dynamics using moving particle semi-implicit method

In present study, the collapse of void bubble in liquid has been simulated using moving particle semi-implicit (MPS) code. The liquid is described using moving particles and the bubble–liquid interface was set to be vacuum pressure boundary without interfacial heat mass transfer. The topological shape of bubble can be traced according to the motion and location of interfacial particles. The time dependent bubble diameter, interfacial velocity and bubble collapse time were obtained under wide parametric range. The comparison with Rayleigh and Zababakhin's prediction showed a good agreement which validates the applicability and accuracy on MPS method in solving present momentum problems. The potential void induced water hammer pressure pulse was also evaluated which is instructive for further material erosion study. The bubble collapse with non-condensable gas has been further simulated and the rebound phenomenon was successfully captured which is similar with vapor-filled cavitation phenomenon. The present study exhibits some fundamental characteristics of void bubble hydrodynamics and it is also expected to be instructive for further applications of MPS method to complicated bubble dynamics problems.     

Magnetic fields in the Planck theory of sonoluminescence

Sonoluminescence(SL) observed in the cavitation of water may be explained by the Planck theory of SL that treats the bubbles as collapsing miniature masers having optical waves standing in resonance with the dimensions of bubble cavity,Microwaves are created from the Planck energy of the standing waves provided the bubble wall may be treated as a perfect blackbody surface.In the ultraviolet,liquid H2O is srongly absorbent and the bubble approaches a Planck blackbody enclosure.The micrwaves are created at frequencies proportional to the bubble collapse velocity and are absorbed by the dipoles of the H2O and other bubble wall molecules.Intense electric fields develop as the liquid H2O bubble wall undergoes dielectric polarization.By this theory,free electrons are created in SL as the electric fields breakdown;the presence of free electrons is required if any magnetic field effect is to be observed in SL.Both local and global magnetic effects on SL are described.The local effect is based on the magnetic pressure due to the electrons moving as currents inside the bubble.The global effect is an accumulatio of local effects at the voids throughout the liquid H2O causing a reduction in the bulk modulus.Numerical solutions of the Rayleigh-Plesset(R-P) equation are presented that show the effect of applied magnetic field on SL to be the global effect causing a reduction in the bulk modulus.Consistent with the Planck theory of SL,the R-P simulations show the suppression of Sl intensity with magentic field to be parabolic and the SL intensity to be linear with collapse velocity.     

ULTRASOUND INDUCED AND LASER ENHANCED COLD FUSION CHEMISTRY

The standard model of sonoluminescence suggests that the coulomb barrer to deuterium fusion may be overcome by high bubble gas temperatures caused by compression heating if the bubble diameter remains spherical during bubble collapse.However,in the more likely collapse geometry of a pancake shape,the temperature rise in the bubbles is negligible.But the collapsing pancake bubble is fund to significantly increase the frequency of the infrared energy available in the vibrational state of the water molecules at ambient temperature.For a collapse to liquied density,ultraviolet radiation at about 10eV is fund.Although the ultraviolet radiation is of a low intensity,higher intensities may be possible if the bubble collapse is enhanced by visible and infrared lases.Neither hot nor cold fusion is predicted in bubble collapse but the ultraviolet energy at about 10eV developed in the bubble is sufficient to provide the basis for a new field of chemistry called ultrasound induced and laser enhanced cold fusion chemistry.     

Simulation technique for dynamic evaporation processes

A new higher-order hyperbolic scheme is proposed. This scheme is applicable simultaneously to compressible and incompressible fluids. A sharp interface of two fluids is described by one grid throughout computation. The code is applied to laser-induced evaporation dynamics and vapor explosions. Among fundamental processes in vapor explosions, two important models are tested. One is the interaction of a shock wave with a liquid drop and subsequent break-up of a drop. Another one is the collapse of a bubble near a wall. Although the liquid jet appears, the mushroom structure is created inside a bubble and this combined structure deforms the wall surface only in a simple topological way without mushroom structure.     

Sonoluminescence and the probability of isothermal bubble collapse

Computations of air bubble collapse dynamics usually neglect thermal conduction.but recent computations show about a 3-fold reduction in bubble gas temperature if thermal conduction is included.However,an isothermal collapse at ambient temperature is even more likely because the air molecuses collide with and stick to the bubble walls during bubble expansion and are not available for compression heating during collapse.The probability of isothermal collapse is shown to depend on the mean free path of the air molecules moving through the H2O vapor molecules within the bullbe during bubble expansion and is sensitive to the lowering of ambinet temperature to the freezing point.     

Transient Boiling of Sodium in Seven-Pin Bundle under Transient Overpower Conditions

Transient sodium boiling experiments were conducted in an electrically heated 7-pin bundle under transient overpower conditions. In each run the heater power was gradually raised at almost constant rate under forced convection.

The observed coolant voiding was initially limited to the central subchannel on account of an appreciable time lag in temperature rise occurring between the central and peripheral subchannels. This would appear to call for calculations with two-dimensional voiding model.

The bulk pressure rises registered upon initial vaporization were markedly lower than the vapor pressure corresponding to the incipient-boiling (IB) wall superheat. The pressure pulse generated upon vapor bubble collapse correlated reasonably well with the re-entrant liquid velocity, but the measured value was very much smaller than predicted theoretically from sodium hammer analysis.     

Sodium boiling experiments in a 19-pin bundle under loss-of-flow conditions

An experimental study was conducted on transient sodium boiling in a 19-pin electrically heated LMFBR fuel subassembly mockup under loss-of-flow conditions. In each run the inlet flow was reduced or stopped at constant heater power. There was no strong effect of temperature ramp rate on incipient-boiling (IB) wall superheat. The observed coolant voiding was initially limited to the center subchannel because of steep temperature gradient in the bundle. The bulk pressure rise registered upon initial vaporization was markedly lower than the vapor pressure corresponding to the IB wall superheat. The pressure pulse generated at vapor bubble collapse correlated reasonably well with the re-entrant liquid velocity, but the measured value was very much smaller than the calculation by sodium hammer analysis.     

基于扩散界面法的液态铅铋合金中气泡上升行为模拟

基于扩散界面法,对单个氮气气泡在液态铅铋合金内从静止到充分发展整个过程中的动力学行为进行数值模拟,得到气泡形变特性和气泡上升速度随时间的变化关系,将模拟结果与Grace经验关系图对比,发现模拟得到的气泡形变结果在Grace经验关系图中均可找到且很好地吻合,从而验证了扩散界面法在模拟液态铅铋合金中气泡上升行为的可行性和准确性。同时基于界面扩散法的模拟,对比了5种不同初始直径的氮气泡在液态铅铋合金中的上升行为,发现初始直径较小的气泡在上升过程中扰动会更剧烈,初始直径较大的气泡在上升过程中易发生分裂现象。