碳氮共渗提高空心圆柱滚子轴承寿命的研究

通过GCr15钢碳氮共渗,在表层获得大量的残余奥氏体。磨损中,马氏体组织剥落,残余奥氏体则成小岛状,进而在表面迁移发生形变诱发马氏体相变,使耐磨性得以提高。同时,共渗在空心滚子内表面造成的压应力对改善弯曲疲劳性能有利。     

双相钢中残余奥氏体对性能的影响及其热稳定化

用声发射法研究了一种低合金钢于双相区热处理所得残余奥氏体的马氏体相变。发现残余奥氏体的热稳定化程度和稳定性均与奥氏体的颗粒尺寸有关。颗粒愈小，热稳定化程度愈高，且愈稳定。不存在马氏体核胚的极小奥氏体颗粒不能仅靠过冷来使其转变。形变能诱发试验钢中残余奥氏体转变，且增加钢的塑性。但只有奥氏体颗粒尺寸有合适的分布，其中小部分稳定性很高，才能使马氏体相变随应变增加而逐渐发生并延伸到大的应变，使延伸率明显增加。     

双相钢中残余奥氏体对性能的影响及其热稳定化

用声发射法研究了一种低合金钢于双相区热处理所得残余奥氏体的马氏体相变，发现残余奥氏的热稳定化程度和稳定性均与奥氏体的颗粒尺寸有关。颗粒愈小，热稳定化程度愈高，且愈稳定，不存在马氏体核胚的极小奥氏体颗粒不能仅靠过冷来使其转变，形变能诱发试验钢中残余奥氏体转变，且增加钢的塑性，但只有奥氏体颗粒尺寸有合适的分布，其中小部分稳定性很高，才能使马氏体相变随应变增加而逐渐发生并延伸到大的应变，使延伸率明显增加     

Ni—Ti—Nb宽滞后形状记忆合金的形变诱发马氏体相变及其可逆性

用透射电镜、高分辨电镜、不同温度下的拉伸试验以及电阻率－温度曲线测试研究了Ｎｉ－Ｔｉ－Ｎｂ合金形变诱发马氏体相变及其可逆性，分析了形变诱发马氏体的稳定性和可逆性与其变体界面结构之间的关系。结果表明，Ｎｉ－Ｔｉ－Ｎｂ合金在Ｍｓ－Ｍｓ＾σ温度区间加应力时发生应力诱发马氏体相变，而在Ｍｓ＾σ以上温度加应力时，发生应变诱发马氏体相变。形变对Ｎｉ－Ｔｉ－Ｎｂ合金的应力诱发马氏体界面结构有明显影响，随着拉伸变     

残余奥氏体的摩擦诱发马氏体相变行为及其耐磨特性的研究

对18Cr2Ni4WA钢渗碳、淬火和冷处理,以获得不同残余奥氏体分布的试样,然后进行与T10金属盘对磨的边界润滑磨损研究。实验结果表明：磨损过程中确实存在摩擦诱发马氏体相变,并且碳含量低的残余奥氏体较碳含量高的残余奥氏体更易发生诱发相变。摩擦诱发马氏体对提高材料的耐磨性总是有利的,而残余奥氏体对耐磨性的影响却存在一个临界应力σc。当外加应力大于σc时,残余奥氏体对提高材料的耐磨性有利;当外加应力小于σc时,残余奥氏体对提高材料的耐磨性不利,并且当残余奥氏体和外加应力搭配适当时,耐磨性可达最高值。     

热处理工艺对低碳硅锰TRIP钢力学性能的影响

低碳硅锰钢经临界区等温淬火，残留有大量的奥氏体。该钢在Ma～Md温度之间形变，因钢中大量稳定的残余奥氏体的应变诱导马氏体相变和相变诱发塑性(TRIP)，可获得高的强度、塑性以及良好的强度与塑性的配合。通过对其力学性能测试与显微组织分析，对低碳硅锰钢热处理工艺及钢中残余奥氏体的相变诱发塑性行为进行了探讨。结果表明：钢在400℃等温淬火的热处理工艺，所获得的力学性能最佳。     

应力对钢中贝氏体相变的影响

外加应力使贝氏体相变形核率增大，等温孕育期缩短，即使所加应力远低于母相的屈服强度．由于钢中γ→α γ′的形核驱动力较大(约为kJ／mol数量级)，贝氏体相变的嘭胀应变能很小，过小的外加应力对形核率的影响甚微．考虑在外加应力的影响下，会使界面能量有所下降，也可能发生碳原子的再分布，偏聚在晶界或其它缺陷，甚至碳化物析出都会显著地增大形核率和缩短孕育期，有待进一步实验给予证明．无应力下，贝氏体相变动力学可以用Avrami的等温相变方程来表述；应力下则符合应力下铁索体及珠光体相变的动力学模型(经修改的Avrami方程)．形变奥氏体促发贝氏体相变，但随后会发生奥氏体的力学稳定化，其机制可能和马氏体相变时的奥氏体力学稳定化不完全相同，仅形变形成的位错阻碍贝氏体以一定位向长大，使相变动力学迟缓．贝氏体相变时奥氏体力学稳定化的模型有待建立。     

3Mn-0.2C中锰钢形变诱导铁素体动态相变机理

利用Gleeble热模拟、SEM、EBSD和EPMA等方法,研究了3Mn-0.2C中锰钢热变形中发生的形变诱导铁素体相变的组织转变行为,分析了中锰钢形变诱导超细晶组织的形成机理及其在热变形后亚动态过程中的组织稳定性。结果表明,3Mn-0.2C中锰钢在α+γ两相区变形时会诱发形变诱导铁素体相变,通过相变形成由超细晶铁素体、细小残余奥氏体和马氏体组成的多相组织。形变诱导铁素体以不饱和形核和有限生长的模式进行相变,这是导致铁素体晶粒超细化的重要机理。同时,在超细晶铁素体晶界及三叉晶界处形成的细小富Mn残余奥氏体使形变诱导相变组织具有优异的组织稳定性。     

边界润滑条件下18Cr2Ni4WA钢的摩擦诱发马氏体相变及其耐磨特性的研究

用18Cr2Ni4WA钢,经渗碳、淬火和冷处理,以获得不同残留奥氏体含量的试样,进行了与T10钢金属盘对磨的边界润滑磨损试验研究.结果表明,磨损过程中确实存在摩擦诱发马氏体相变,且碳含量低的残留奥氏体较碳含量高的残留奥氏体更易发生诱发相变;摩擦诱发马氏体对提高材料的耐磨性是有利的,而残留奥氏体对耐磨性的影响却存在一个临界应力σc;当外加应力＞σc时,残留奥氏体对提高材料的耐磨性有利;当外加应力＜σc时,残留奥氏体对提高材料的耐磨性不利,并且当残留奥氏体和外加应力搭配适当时,耐磨性可达最高值.     

奥氏体不锈钢塑性变形过程中的应力分布

为了研究奥氏体不锈钢形变后的应力分布规律，以及与马氏体相变行为的关系，对形变后的奥氏体不锈钢板材进行残余应力测试分析，并在相应变形区域进行组织观测。测试中，对奥氏体不锈钢板材进行了单向拉伸试验，并采用无损检测法——X射线衍射(XRD)对不同变形条件下的应力值进行分析；最后，通过有限元模拟进行验证分析，得到了不同变形条件下的应力分布规律。结果表明，变形程度、变形温度、组织相变等因素均对变形后的应力分布规律有一定的影响；随着拉伸载荷的增加，变形复杂度增加，残余应力分布不均匀性增加，测得的应力值增大；随着温度升高，材料本身组织变化，应力值随之减小。     

TRIP钢中残余奥氏体相变与断裂机制研究

文章以CR600TRIP工业成品钢为研究对象,利用彩色金相和EBSD等技术手段,在详细考察TRIP钢的微观组织,特别是残余奥氏体分布规律的基础上,进一步利用定量变形和SEM原位拉伸试验,对钢中残余奥氏体的相变行为和钢的断裂机制进行了考察分析。研究发现,钢中残余奥氏体的相变顺序表现出显著的选择性,而其断裂机制主要为微孔聚集型断裂。     

High-energy X-ray diffraction study on the temperature-dependent mechanical stability of retained austenite in low-alloyed TRIP steels

The stability of the retained austenite has been studied in situ in low-alloyed transformation-induced-plasticity (TRIP) steels using high-energy X-ray diffraction during tensile tests at variable temperatures down to 153 K. A detailed powder diffraction analysis has been performed to probe the austenite-to-martensite transformation by characterizing the evolution of the phase fraction, load partitioning and texture of the constituent phases simultaneously. Our results show that at lower temperatures the mechanically induced austenite transformation is significantly enhanced and extends over a wider deformation range, resulting in a higher elongation at fracture. Low carbon content grains transform first, leading to an initial increase in average carbon concentration of the remaining austenite. Later the carbon content saturates while the austenite still continues to transform. In the elastic regime the probed {h k l} planes develop different strains reflecting the elastic anisotropy of the constituent phases. The observed texture evolution indicates that the austenite grains oriented with the {2 0 0} plane along the loading direction are transformed preferentially as they show the highest resolved shear stress. For increasing degrees of plastic deformation the combined preferential transformation and grain rotation results in the standard deformation texture for austenite with the {1 1 1} component along the loading direction. The mechanical stability of retained austenite in TRIP steel is found to be a complex interplay between carbon concentration in the austenite, grain orientation, load partitioning and temperature.     

Phase transformation and fatigue properties of austempered ductile irons

A series of studies were carried out regarding ausferrite transformation, the growth of ferrite from austenite, during isothermal holding. The mechanical properties associated with microstructures of alloyed and unalloyed austempered ductile irons (ADIs) were also investigated. Heat released from ausferrite transformation has been quantitatively measured in a previous study. The effect of alloying elements on the heat evolution rate and on the morphology of ausferrite has also been discussed. Mechanical property testing was carried out on specimens of ductile iron austempered at 593 K and 633 K for 2 hrs. Tensile properties and high-cycle fatigue life tests were also made. In addition, phase transformation of ADIs during ultrasonic vibration treatment was also investigated. SEM micrographs of deformed samples indicate and confirm the occurrence of stress-induced transformation of ADIs. The alloyed ADIs isothermally-held at 633 K develop an optimum tensile strength, elongation and superior impact toughness and good high-cycle fatigue strength. These properties are attributed mostly to a large amount of dispersed blocky austenite. This retained austenite may become work hardened during deformation.     

X90管线钢的微观组织和残余奥氏体稳定性分析

利用金相、扫描电镜（SEM）、电子背散射衍射（EBSD）、X射线衍射（XRD）和磁性法等手段对 X90管线钢中夹杂物、显微组织、残余奥氏体的含量、形貌及分布进行了分析,并通过分析冲击和拉伸试验前后残余奥氏体含量的变化,研究了残余奥氏体的稳定性。结果表明： X90管线钢中的夹杂物不严重,主要为 D类球状氧化物夹杂; X90管线钢的显微组织以板条贝氏体为主,也含有少量的粒状贝氏体和残余奥氏体; X90管线钢中的残余奥氏体不稳定,在冲击和拉伸试验时发生马氏体转变。     

锻造及热处理工艺对耐磨钢组织及耐磨性能的影响

研究了锻造变形量与热处理工艺对一种新型耐磨钢显微组织、硬度和耐磨性的影响,并用彩色金相法定量分析了钢中马氏体+残留奥氏体含量。结果表明:不同变形量下耐磨钢组织均为贝马复合相,贝氏体板条厚度由30%变形量的524 nm降低到70%变形量的292 nm,马氏体+残留奥氏体体积分数由25.4%增加至41.1%;与直接进行260 ℃等温转变时相比,先在Ms点以上的330 ℃保温5 min,再进行260 ℃等温转变时的贝氏体板条厚度减少了357.2 nm,磨损量降低了0.02 g,且平均摩擦因数由0.311降至0.212。     

Optimization of flow stress in cool deformed Nb-microalloyed steel by combining strain induced transformation of retained austenite, cooling rate and heat treatment

In this study cool deformation was incorporated in the overall thermo-mechanical processing of a Nb-microalloyed steel. Included in this was the effect of cooling rate subsequent to hot rolling on precipitate formation in the ferrite phase. The results show that increasing the cooling rate prevents precipitate formation in the ferrite phase at the cool deformation temperature. As well, the amount of retained austenite under the low cooling condition in the temperature range of cool deformation, 700-300 °C, was measured by neutron diffraction. It is then shown that strain-induced transformation of retained austenite to martensite is the main factor in increasing the strength of cool deformed Nb microalloyed steel. Combining accelerated cooling, strain-induced transformation of austenite to martensite during cool deformation and a subsequent heat treatment stage to increase precipitation maximizes the flow stress of the steel. Finally, it is shown that this process also lowers the yield strength/ultimate strength ratio.     

热变形对塑料模具钢SDFT600贝氏体相变的影响

利用热模拟试验机、热膨胀仪、扫描电镜等研究了热变形对塑料模具钢SDFT600连续冷却过程贝氏体相变的影响。结果表明,在适用于塑料模具钢模块锻造生产的参数条件下,热变形会促进贝氏体相变。相同连续冷却速率下,动态CCT试样贝氏体开始转变温度高于静态CCT试样,0.5 ℃/s时两者差值达到96 ℃;热变形会降低过冷奥氏体的稳定性,0.5 ℃/s时动态CCT试样的贝氏体含量较高;连续冷却速率小于0.1 ℃/s时,动态CCT试样残留奥氏体含量低于静态CCT试样;热变形条件下试样的硬度均匀性较好,有利于提高大模块的最终质量。     

New insights to the promoted bainitic transformation in prior deformed austenite in a Fe-C-Mn-Si alloy

The varying trends of the amount and rate of bainitic transformation with strains at low temperature were investigated through metallography, X-ray diffraction and dilatometry. The results show that deformation at 573 K promotes bainitic transformation, whereas the promotion degree on bainite transformation by ausforming is nonlinear with strains. The amount of bainite in deformed austenite first increases and then decreases with the increase of strains. There exists a maximum value of the promotion effect corresponding to a critical small strain at a low temperature. Bainitic transformation rate can be increased by ausforming at low temperature, whereas a large strain weakens the acceleration effect. The amount of bainite in deformed materials is synthetically depended on the effect of enhanced nucleation and repressed growth. In addition, the volume fraction of retained austenite is not completely consistent with carbon content, indicating that ausforming plays a important role in determining the amount of austenite.     

Effect of Prior Cold Deformation on the Stability of Retained Austenite in GCr15 Bearing Steel

In this work, the effect of prior cold deformation on the stability of retained austenite in GCr15 bearing steel was investigated after quenching and tempering treatment. The thermal stability was evaluated by calculating thermal activation energy for decomposition of retained austenite using differential scanning calorimeter. The mechanical stability was investigated according to the strain-induced martensitic transformation behavior of retained austenite under the standard compression testing. It is found that the prior cold deformation not only accelerates the carbide dissolution during the austenitization process but also contributes to the carbon partitioning in the tempering stage due to the higher density of phase boundaries, which results in the improvement of the thermal stability of retained austenite. Due to the enhanced carbide dissolution, the higher carbon content in the prior austenite will intensify the isotropic strain of martensitic transformation. As a consequence, the film-like retained austenite is likely to form under a higher hydrostatic pressure and thus shows a higher mechanical stability. Additionally, it is noteworthy that the benefits of the prior cold deformation to the stability of retained austenite would be saturated when the cold deformation degree is larger than 40%.