一种加权的DV-Hop定位改进算法

针对 DV-Hop 定位算法中在计算未知节点到锚节点距离时产生较大误差的问题,提出了一种改进的 DV-Hop 算法。改进算法对全网平均每跳距离和局部平均每跳距离进行了加权处理,得到了未知节点的平均每跳距离,又提出了一种改进的加权最小二乘法来得到未知节点的坐标,减小了节点的定位误差。仿真结果表明,在不需要增加额外的硬件设施的基础上,改进算法的定位精度相比于原算法明显提高。     

基于跳距修正加权DV Hop的WSN定位算法

针对DV Hop算法在估算平均每跳距离时存在较大的误差,提出一种跳距修正的加权定位算法。改进后算法是通过引入平均每跳距离误差修正值,进行加权处理,从而减少了跳距误差,避免了后续计算过程中误差的累积。仿真结果表明,改进的DV Hop算法在不增加硬件开销的基础上,能有效提高定位精度,降低定位误差,具有较好的稳定性,是一种实用的无线传感器网络(WSN)节点定位方案。     

一种改进的无线传感器网络节点定位算法

DV-Hop定位算法,其根据距离矢量路由得到的平均每跳距离和跳数来计算未知节点到锚节点的距离存在比较大的误差。针对此问题,提出一种改进算法。首先,使用整个网络中计算出的所有锚节点的平均每跳距离的无偏估计值的平均值来取代最相邻锚节点计算出的平均每跳距离;然后,通过选取符合条件的锚节点来参与未知节点的定位计算。仿真结果表明,该算法与传统的DV-Hop定位算法相比定位精度有较好的改善,具有一定的可用性.     

基于平均跳距修正的无线传感器网络节点迭代定位算法

针对无需测距DV-Hop定位算法存在较大定位误差的问题,从3个方面对其进行了改进:采用最小二乘法准则校正了信标节点间的平均每跳距离;基于对多信标节点平均每跳距离的加权处理修正了用于位置估计的平均每跳距离;通过设定定位精度门限,给出了对估计的定位节点坐标进行迭代求精的数值方法.给出了改进定位算法的实现流程,并对算法的性能进行了仿真研究.仿真结果表明,在适当增加节点计算量和通信开销的条件下,改进算法的定位精度和精度稳定性有明显改善,是一种可行的无线传感器网络节点定位的解决方案.     

一种基于误差距离加权与跳段算法选择的遗传优化DV-Hop定位算法

针对Distance Vector-Hop (DV-Hop) 定位算法存在较大定位误差的问题,该文提出了一种基于误差距离加权与跳段算法选择的遗传优化DV-Hop定位算法,即WSGDV-Hop定位算法。改进算法用基于误差与距离的权值处理锚节点的平均每跳距离;根据判断的位置关系选择适合的跳段距离计算方法;用改进的遗传算法优化未知节点坐标。仿真结果表明,WSGDV-Hop定位算法的性能明显优于Distance Vector-Hop (DV-Hop) 定位算法,减小了节点定位误差、提高了算法定位精度。     

定位算法在传感器网络中的改进策略

研究节点定位技术是传感器网络中的一个重要课题。针对DV-Hop定位算法适应节点均匀分布的网络这一特性,为了减小DV-Hop定位算法的定位误差,提出了节点的部署策略;针对平均每跳距离在求不同跳数的节点之间的距离时有着不同程度的影响,为了提高待定位节点的定位精度,提出了距离修正值策略。经过以上处理之后,得到了更加准确的平均每跳距离的估计值。实验表明,改进后的算法不仅提高了定位精度,同时也改善了定位的稳定性。     

一种基于变异系数的DV-Hop定位改进

无线传感器网络节点定位至关重要,有着广泛的应用前景。为减小DV-Hop算法在无线传感器网络节点定位中的误差,针对DV-Hop中平均每跳距离的计算方式进行了改进,利用变异系数的加权方式来求解平均每跳距离,使其更接近真实值。仿真结果表明,改进算法在定位精度、稳定性方面都具有更好的性能,是一种可行的定位解决方案。     

无线传感器网络中一种基于加权的DV-Hop定位算法

无线传感器网络节点定位至关重要,有着广泛的应用前景。为减小DV-Hop算法在无线传感器网络节点定位中的误差,针对DV-Hop中平均每跳距离的计算方式进行了改进,利用变异系数的加权方式来求解平均每跳距离,使其更接近真实值。仿真结果表明,改进算法在定位精度、稳定性方面都具有更好的性能,是一种可行的定位解决方案。     

WSN中基于最佳指数的加权DV-Hop算法

DV-Hop算法是一种低成本、低定位精度的无需测距定位算法,在粗精度定位中应用广泛。为提高DV-Hop算法定位精度,从减小锚节点的平均每一跳距离误差和减小未知节点平均每一跳校正值误差两方面考虑。首先,用最佳指数值下的公式计算锚节点平均每一跳距离。然后,将未知节点的校正值加权处理,使所有的锚节点根据与未知节点距离的远近影响校正值的大小。MATLAB实验证明,改进的基于最佳指数值下的加权DV-Hop算法比DV-Hop算法、加权DV-Hop、最佳指数值下DV-Hop算法定位精度分别提高2%左右、1.65%左右、1.15%左右,同时不会增加网络硬件成本。     

一种无线传感器网络中 DV-Hop定位的改进算法

针对无线传感器网络中经典定位算法 DV-Hop 存在定位精度低的缺陷,提出了一种改进算法。在传统 DV-Hop 算法的基础上,首先采用最小均方误差准则校正信标节点的平均每跳距离,然后对各未知节点到参考信标节点的平均每跳距离进行加权处理,最后通过参数分析,对未知节点进行位置修正。仿真实验结果表明,改进算法相比于传统的 DV-Hop 定位算法以及已有的改进算法具有很高的定位精度,并且无需增加额外的硬件设施。因此在工程上具有很好的实用性。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Development of the readout system for waveguide multilayer optical card

Waveguide multilayer optical card （WMOC） is a novel storage device of three-dimensional optical information. An advanced readout system fitting for the WMOC is introduced in this paper. The hardware mainly consists of the light source for reading, WMOC, motorized stages addressing unit, microscope imaging unit, CCD detecting unit and PC controlling ＆ processing unit. The movement of the precision motorized stage is controlled by the computer through Visual Basic （VB） language in software. A control panel is also designed to get the layer address and the page address through which the position of the motorized stages can be changed. The WMOC readout system is easy to manage and the readout result is directly displayed on computer monitor.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

A method for calculating the center position of collimated light

It is a key problem to accurately calculate beam spots＇ center of measuring the warp by using a collimated laser. A new method, named double geometrical center method （DGCM）, is put forward for the first time. In this method, a plane wave perpendicularly irradiates an aperture stop, and a charge couple device （CCD） is employed to receive the diffraction-beam spots, then the geometrical centers of the fast and the second diffraction-beam spots are calculated respectively, and their mean value is regarded as the center of datum beam. In face of such adverse instances as laser intension distributing defectively, part of the image being saturated, this method can still work well. What＇s more, this method can detect whether an unacceptable error exits in the courses of image receiving, processing and calculating. The experimental results indicate the precision of this method is high.     

Collinear phase-matching study of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and Inp

The collinearly phase-matching condition of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and InP is theoretically studied. In collinear phase-matching, the optimum phase-matching wave hands of these two crystals are calculated. The optimum phase-matching wave bands in GaAs and lnP are 0.95-1.38μm and 0.7-0.96μm respectively. The influence of the wavelength choice of the pump wave on the coherent length in THz-wave tuning is also discussed. The influence of the temperature alteration on the phase-matching and the temperature tuning properties in GaAs crystal are calculated and analyzed. It can serve for the following experiments as a theoretical evidence and a reference as well.     

Effects of the alloy compositions on the phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals

Composition dependence of bulk and surface phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals are studied in the framework of the modified random-element-isodisplacement model and the Bom-Huang approximation. The numerical results for Several Ⅱ - Ⅵ and Ⅲ- Ⅴ compound systems are performed, and the polariton frequencies as functions of the compositions for ternary mixed crystals AlxGa1-xAs, GaPxAS1-x, ZnSxSe1-x, GaAsxSb1-x, GaxIn1-xP, and ZnxCd1-xS as examples are given and discussed. The results show that the dependence of the energies of two branches of bulk phonon-polaritons which have phonon-like characteristics, and surface phonon-polaritons on the compositions of ternary mixed crystals are nonlinear and different from those of the corresponding binary systems.