Impact of sewage treatment plants and combined sewer overflow basins on the microbiological quality of surface water.

In a small river catchment, microbiological quality of different sewage treatment plants under regular conditions and in case of heavy rainfall, when combined sewage overflow basins (CSOs) are activated, was examined regarding microbial indicators and pathogens. In the watercourse, no self-cleaning effects could be observed. Small compact treatment plants discharge treated wastewater with a poor microbiological quality compared to river water quality and the quality of treated wastewater of larger plants. During storm water events, concentrations of microorganisms downstream of sewer overflows were approximately two logs higher than during dry weather conditions. Concentrations of parasites decreased slowly during the overflow, in parallel to filterable matter and particle-bound substances. The annual load of microorganisms originating from CSOs significantly exceeds the load from treated effluent of the sewage plants. Thus, an improved hygienic quality of the water course could be achieved by preventing overflows and by enhancing sewage treatment plants.     

不同功能曝气生物滤池的设计要点

曝气生物滤池工艺是近年来国内外的研究热点,具有处理效果好,占用土地少,对环境影响小,造价和运行费用较低等优点,但由于其正处于探索、发展阶段,部分设计参数还没有统一的标准,在查阅国内外工程总结的基础上,阐述了滤速和负荷的作用、后置反硝化和前置反硝化工艺的特点,归纳了不同功能曝气生物滤池的设计要点。     

The performance of a novel combined sewer overflow with perforated conical screen

Increasing concern over the discharge of sewer solids from combined sewer overflows (CSOs) has encouraged the introduction of installations which incorporate either mesh or bar screen arrangements, or both. Gross solids create visual and aesthetic pollution if they reach watercourses. An entirely new arrangement for a CSO with a perforated screen of 6 mm diameter apertures is described in the paper. The arrangement is circular, with tangential flow across the screen to facilitate its cleaning. High velocities across the screen holes ensure that solids which have been prevented from discharging are swept clear from the screen. As a result, a sufficient screen area remains free from trapped solids to permit discharge of flow. The device has been designed to meet all anticipated performance criteria for the removal of solids, and to require a minimum of maintenance.A thorough testing programme in different conditions is described. Laboratory testing utilised a wide range of gross solids and flows to determine efficiencies of solids removal under all anticipated operating conditions. The performance of the CSO in a sewer environment was evaluated at a sewage treatment works with flows up to 1801/s using both raw and treated sewage to simulate storm sewage of different strengths. Both the device and its testing are described, together with the results of the testing programme.     

合流制溢流控制指标与标准制定研究

合流制溢流(combined sewer overflow,CSO)控制是城市水环境质量改善的关键一环,相关指标及标准制定尚显薄弱.基于技术的排放控制指标主要包括溢流频次、溢流体积控制率、污染物排放浓度限值、CSO效率及稀释度等,因这些指标缺乏对CSO水质水量控制效果的综合评价,进而提出雨季CSO污染负荷占比的指标;基...     

Probabilistic modelling of combined sewer overflow using the First Order Reliability Method.

This paper presents a new and alternative method (in the context of urban drainage) for probabilistic hydrodynamical analysis of drainage systems in general and especially prediction of combined sewer overflow. Using a probabilistic shell it is possible to implement both input and parameter uncertainties on an application of the commercial urban drainage model MOUSE combined with the probabilistic First Order Reliability Method (FORM). Applying statistical characteristics on several years of rainfall, it is possible to derive a parameterization of the rainfall input and the failure probability and return period of combined sewer overflow to receiving waters can be found.     

截流式合流制排水管网设计新思路

提出了一种以溢流井为分界线,将截流式合流制排水管网分解为一系列小型完全合流制排水管网的设计新思路,并以管网关联矩阵和节点连接特性矩阵为基础,以节点平衡原理和节点递归算法为核心,实现完全合流制排水管网的流量计算和水力计算.该方法能有效减小管网计算模型的规模,降低程序设计难度,提高程序的实用性.     

Effectiveness of combined sewer overflow treatment for dissolved oxygen improvement in the Chicago waterways.

An Use Attainability Analysis (UAA) has been initiated to evaluate what water-quality standards can be achieved in the Chicago Waterway System (CWS). There are nearly 200 combined sewer overflow (CSO) locations discharging to the CWS by gravity. Three CSO pumping stations also drain approximately 140 km2. Because of the dynamic nature of the CWS the DUFLOW model that is capable of simulating hydraulics and water-quality processes under unsteady-flow conditions was used to evaluate the effectiveness of water-quality improvement techniques identified by the UAA including CSO treatment. Several CSO treatment levels were applied at gravity flow CSOs to evaluate improvement in dissolved oxygen (DO). The results show that pollutant removal at CSOs improves DO to a certain degree, but it still was not sufficient to bring DO concentrations to 5 mg/L or higher for 90% of the time during wet weather at most locations on the CWS. Flow from the pumping stations results in substantial stress on DO since a huge amount of un-treated water with a high pollution load is discharged into the CWS in a short period of time at a certain location. The simulation results indicate that CSO treatment does not effectively improve DO during wet-weather periods on the CWS.     

合流制排水系统雨季污染物溢流的截流与调蓄控制研究

截流式合流制排水系统是我国主要的排水体制之一。以昆明市主城区明通河合流制排水系统为背景,研究了雨季产污及迁移规律及削减入湖污染物的措施,并进行了工程示范。示范研究结果表明,在CODCr截留率小于80%、截流倍数n0=1~3、调蓄量2~20 mm(以不透水地面计),提高截流倍数或调蓄量均可显著提高污染物截留率。截流倍数与调蓄量可表述为截留系数的函数,截流倍数增加1等效于调蓄量增加8 mm,截留系数为CODCr截留比率的幂函数。     

合流制溢流污染控制系统决策

合流制溢流(CSO)污染控制以削减溢流进入受纳水体的污染物总量为目标。由于合流制排水系统的复杂性以及污染物传输、溢流过程的随机性和多变性,CSO污染控制涉及一系列错综复杂的理论与工程实际问题,因而需要进行科学的系统决策,以降低投资、提高效益。首先分析我国城市CSO污染控制存在的主要问题;再从解析合流制及其溢流污染控制系统的组成关系入手,从宏观、系统的角度分析CSO污染的产生与传输过程,构建CSO污染控制系统,并对几个主要子系统进行分析;最后提出CSO污染的系统控制原理,探讨子系统的合理衔接、匹配和控制方案的优化选择问题,为我国城市CSO污染控制提供一个清晰的思路。     

Micropollutants in stormwater runoff and combined sewer overflow in the Copenhagen area, Denmark

Stormwater runoff contains a broad range of micropollutants. In Europe a number of these substances are regulated through the Water Framework Directive, which establishes Environmental Quality Standards (EQSs) for surface waters. Knowledge about discharge of these substances through stormwater runoff and combined sewer overflows (CSOs) is essential to ensure compliance with the EQSs. Results from a screening campaign including more than 50 substances at four stormwater discharge locations and one CSO in Copenhagen are reported here. Heavy metal concentrations were detected at levels similar to earlier findings, e.g., with copper found at concentrations up to 13 times greater than the Danish standard for surface waters. The concentration of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) exceeded the EQSs by factors up to 500 times for stormwater and 2,000 times for the CSO. Glyphosate was found in all samples whilst diuron, isoproturon, terbutylazine and MCPA were found only in some of the samples. Diethylhexylphthalate (DEHP) was also found at all five locations in concentrations exceeding the EQS. The results give a valuable background for designing further monitoring programmes focusing on the chemical status of surface waters in urban areas.     

Characterization and evaluation of potential reuse options for wastewater sludge and combined sewer system sediments in Mexico.

Combined sewer systems generate sediments that have characteristics similar to those of primary sludge. Mexico City has such a system composed of a network of pipes, regulation structures (dams, basins) and open channels. The annual generation of sediments is estimated at 2.8 Mm3, which includes 0.41 Mm3 of sludge. As a result, the total capacity for transporting water is reduced considerably, making it necessary to extract yearly an approximate 0.85 Mm3 of those materials and to send them to a final disposal site with a capacity that is being exhausted. As part of the local Governmental effort, this project evaluates the quality of sediments from 6 dams, 4 regulation basins, 2 open channels, and 3 transfer stations. Also, sludge from 20 wastewater treatment plants was sampled. The results showed an important presence of lead and hydrocarbons in some sediments, and some sludge samples contained arsenic and nickel above the limits. Moreover, microbial levels exceeded the limits in all the sediments and sludge samples. Erosion was linked to the generation of an important amount of sediments based on lead concentration. A classification was established to determine the degree of contamination of the sediments as well as the required treatment to allow their potential reuse.     

曝气生物滤池处理农村生活污水效率与微生物群落分析

以北京大兴区农村生活污水为处理对象,设计了4个反应柱,研究了3种填料结构、2种气水比条件下曝气生物滤池(BAF)对农村生活污水处理效率及微生物群落的影响。结果表明:(1)1~#、2~#、3~#柱气水比相同、填料结构不同,BOD5、CODCr和氨氮的去除率达到84.51%~96.49%;4~#柱与2~#柱填料结构相同,但气水比小,BOD5和CODcr处理效果差;4个柱TP的去除率低,需要强化除磷。(2)1~#、2~#、3~#柱OTU数量差异很小,说明微生物种类数量基本相同;2~#柱特有OTU数远大于4~#柱,说明填料结构相同条件下较大气水比有利于增加微生物种类。(3)1~#、2~#、3~#柱优势菌群主要有6种,在不同高度的优势菌群种类基本相同,但数量上有所差异;仅变形菌门中可能含有聚磷菌,这也是除磷效果差的原因之一。     

银川市某高密度城区合流制溢流污染特性研究

针对合流制管网系统溢流污染严重且易造成受纳水体出现黑臭现象等问题,以银川市第一污水处理厂片区为例,基于雨洪管理模型(SWMM),在短历时设计降雨和典型年长历时降雨条件下,模拟分析了研究区域溢流排口溢流量及溢流污染物负荷对不同降雨条件的响应关系及其对受纳水体水质的影响。结果表明：雨天合流制管网系统的溢流量及溢流污染负荷量较大,且无论是短历时还是长历时降雨条件下,均具有随着降雨量的增加而增大的特点;厂前溢流污染浓度大,超过受纳水体自净能力,短期内水体水质处于黑臭状态。本研究对银川市黑臭水体治理及溢流污染防治方案的制订具有重要的参考价值。     

Effect of full and partial-bed configuration on carbon removal performance of biological aerated filters

A comparative study to explore the characteristics of partially and fully packed biological aerated filters (BAFs) in the removal of carbon pollutant, reveals that the partial-bed reactor can perform comparably well with the full-bed reactor. The organic removal rate was 5.34 kg COD m(-3) d(-1) at Organic Loading Rates (OLR) 5.80+/-0.31 kg COD m(-3) d(-1) for the full-bed, and 5.22 kg COD m(-3) d(-1) at OLR 5.79+/-0.29 kg COD m(-3) d(-1) for the partial-bed. In the partial-bed system, where the masses of biomass were only 41-51% of those of the full-bed, the maximum carbon removal limit was still between 5 to 6 kg COD m(-3) d(-1). At organic loadings above 5.0 kg COD m(-3) d(-1), the carbon removal capacity in both systems was limited by the mass and activity of microorganisms. The SRT in the full and partial-bed reactors was primarily controlled by the biomass loss in the effluent and during backwash operation. The SRT was reduced from 20.08 days at OLR 4.18+/-0.20 kg COD m(-3) d(-1) to 7.62 days at OLR 5.80+/-0.31 kg COD m(-3) d(-1) in the full-bed, and from 7.17 days to 4.21 days in the partial-bed. After all, SRT values in the partial-bed were always lower than those in the full-bed.     

Series of surveys for enteric viruses and indicator organisms in Tokyo Bay after an event of combined sewer overflow.

Combined sewer overflows (CSOs) have been recognised as one of the serious sources of pollution to the water environment during rain events, although field surveys to investigate the effect of their magnitude and duration on receiving waters have been very limited. The fates of enteric viruses (norovirus G1, G2, enteroviruses) and coliforms were determined in the wastewater treatment plant on a fine day and on a rainy day. Not all microorganisms were reduced in the primary treatment, but were reduced in the secondary treatment. Occurrences of enteric viruses and levels of coliforms were surveyed in the receiving coastal area after a CSO event, with the profiles of the enteric viruses in the coastal seawater being almost at the same positive ratio for 4 d after the CSO event.     

区域特征参数及降雨等级差异性对合流制系统溢流影响模拟研究

针对地形坡度、土壤渗透性能、不透水面积率、年径流总量控制率、截流倍数、截流井上游管段设计重现期六类合流制区域特征参数及降雨因素对合流制溢流总量及溢流频次的影响,利用S WMM模型模拟研究了合流制区域特征参数对溢流结果的影响权重、合流制区域特征参数组合正交方案的差异性及降雨因素与引入的溢流比概念的响应关系.结果表明,合流...     

复合式曝气生物滤池脱氮效果影响因素研究

以某城市污水处理厂二级出水为原水,通过中试研究了复合式曝气生物滤池(CBAF)用于再生水回用的脱氮效果的主要影响因素,包括碳源投加量、气水比和水力负荷。试验结果表明,当碳源投加量为15～25mgCODCr/L,气水比为2:1,水力负荷为10m3/(m2.h)时,CBAF运行工况最优,脱氮性能稳定良好。当进水氨氮浓度为1.0～17.4mg/L,总氮浓度为7～23mg/L时,出水氨氮浓度始终低于2mg/L,总氮浓度低于15mg/L,出水水质满足《城市污水再生利用景观环境用水水质》(GB/T18921—2002)的相关要求。     

曝气生物滤地在污水回用中去除氨氮的试验研究

采用曝气生物滤地(BAF)工艺处理某污水处理厂模拟二级出水,研究了水力负荷及滤料层高度对NH_3-N去除效果的影响.试验结果表明,当进水NH_3-N≤25 mg/L时,平均NH_3-N去除率达到93.12%,出水NH_3-N可降至3 mg/L以下.当水力负荷为1.44 m~3/(m~2·h),HRT为1.8 h时,氨氮的去除效果最好,去除率达到95.32%,出水NH_3-N在1.5 mg/L以下.BAF对NH_3-N的去除作用主要发生在滤料的中上层.     

聚丙烯与沸石填料曝气生物滤池处理生活污水的研究

进行上向流单级曝气生物滤池处理生活污水的试验,对聚丙烯与沸石填料的处理效果和附着微生物特性进行比较.在BOD5容积负荷为3kg BOD5/(m3·d),NH3-N表面负荷为O.5 gNH3-N/(m2·d),气水比为10:1的室温运行状况下,聚丙烯与沸石填料滤池对CODCr的去除效率均达到85%以上,二者差异不大.聚丙烯填料滤池对NH3-N和TN去除率分别为87%和36 9/6;由于沸石的离子交换作用和内部的缺氧环境,滤池的硝化作用和TN的去除率分别提高了11%和19%.两种填料生物量和生物活性变化趋势相似,随着水流方向生物量逐渐降低,生物活性呈现明显的倒V形,微生物活性在有机物由富集转向缺乏时达到最高.试验结果表明,沸石填料的特殊结构更有利于提高工艺的脱氮效果,与聚丙烯填料相比更适合用于曝气生物滤池处理生活污水.     

廊坊市城市污水处理回用前景

廊坊市是京津走廊上的新兴城市。近年来,随着人口的增加、城市规模的扩大、社会经济的发展,水资源短缺状况已非常严重。与此同时,上游污水的大量下泄和本地污水排放日益增多,不仅污染了水环境,也使本已紧缺的水资源雪上加霜。在这种情况下,加强城市污水处理回用不仅意义重大,而且前景广阔。该文从需求迫切、用途广泛、资源充足、技术成熟、效益显著5个方面阐述了廊坊市城市污水处理回用有着巨大的市场前景,是廊坊市的朝阳产业,前景十分广阔。