电喷汽油机过渡工况进气流速的灰色GM(1,1)预测研究

进气流量的精确测量是车用汽油机空燃比精确控制的基础,发动机工作在过渡工况时,因进气状态变化,空气流量传感器的滞后响应影响了过渡工况空燃比的控制精度.本文提出了一种基于灰色理论的过渡工况进气流速的预测方法,以空气流量传感器测试的历史数据建立进气流速的灰色预测模型,并根据新测试的结果对模型进行修正,对车用汽油机加减速工况试验数据进行仿真,结果表明该方法能准确地预测过渡工况的进气流速.     

车用汽油机过渡工况空燃比的先进控制策略

详细论述了国内外汽油机过渡工况空燃比的滑模控制、自适应控制、模糊控制、神经网络控制的结构，分析了各种控制方法的优点和局限性。提出了一种基于信息融合的汽油机过渡工况空燃比控制策略，该方法同时监测汽油机节气门变化过程中节气门位置、进气流量、发动机瞬时转速和进气管内压力等动态参数及其变化率等信息，并进行信息融合处理，导出反映汽油机过渡工况空燃比的有效特征信息，减小过渡工况时油膜及氧传感器对空燃比控制的影响，实现过渡工况空燃比的精确控制。     

基于神经网络的预测算法在CNG发动机空燃比控制中的应用研究

针对天然气发动机本身的非线性特点和空燃比传输延迟的特性,提出了一种基于神经网络预测的空燃比控制策略,利用Matlab/Simulink建立控制器的算法模型,以dSPACE公司的MicoAutoBox为算法实施平台,在NQ150N型天然气发动机上进行了实验测试,实验结果表明,与普通PID控制算法相比,基于神经网络预测的控制算法稳态性能优良,能明显改善过度工况空燃比的控制效果.     

车用汽油机过渡工况空燃比的神经网络控制研究

针对车用汽油机过渡工况空燃比难于精确控制的特点，提出了一种空燃比的神经网络复合控制策略。控制系统通过神经网络控制和常规PI控制实现前馈反馈控制，常规PI控制器利用氧传感器信号实现反馈控制，保证系统的稳定性，且抑制扰动；神经网络控制实现前馈控制，提高控制系统过渡工况时的响应能力。神经网络采用径向基神经网络，其输入为影响汽油机进气量的两个主要因素发动机转速与节气门开度。通过在线学习常规PI控制输出，使系统的总控制输出由神经网络产生，系统具有较高的自适应功能，有效避免目前过渡工况空燃比控制需进行大量标定的不足。仿真结果表明该控制方法是有效的。     

基于RBF神经网络的电喷天然气发动机空燃比控制

电喷天然气发动机空燃比在工况突变时会剧烈波动,为提高控制精度,使用RBF神经网络和前馈PID控制算法相结合,由当前工况决定燃料基本喷射量,再由RBF神经网络预测的空燃比信号传递给PID控制器进行反馈调节。此外利用Matlab/Simulink软件进行仿真,建立了电喷天然气发动机空燃比仿真模型。仿真结果表明,该控制方法在节气门及发动机转速突变的情况下,过渡时间较PID算法明显减小,控制精度亦有提高。     

汽油机过渡工况空燃比信息融合控制研究

简要介绍了信息融合技术,根据汽油机过渡工况空燃比控制的要求与特点,探讨了基于信息融合的空燃比控制系统的基本层次结构.将信息融合的层次与空燃比控制的功能相对应,提出了汽油机过渡工况空燃比控制的信息融合模型,进而对汽油机空燃比系统中信息融合在不同层次上的实现方法进行了讨论.     

航空活塞式发动机瞬态空燃比控制与实验研究

针对航空活塞式直喷发动机瞬态空燃比难以精确控制、动态超调大等问题,采用PID神经网络控制策略对发动机瞬态工况空燃比进行控制.PID神经网络用于瞬态空燃比控制具有易于实现、较强自适应能力等优点.该策略包含前馈控制和反馈控制,并由前馈控制确定基本喷油量,PID神经网络作为反馈控制,实现瞬态工况的燃油补偿.在一台航空活塞式单缸机上进行了发动机瞬态空燃比控制实验,结果表明,瞬态工况下,相比于PID控制,PID神经网络控制下的过量空气系数超调量可以减小25%左右;节气门开度在5%~30%,之间以不同开度变化速率变化时,PID神经网络也能实现良好的控制效果.     

发动机精确空燃比控制方法的研究

提高电控汽油机的空燃比（α）控制精度,是改善发动机经济性、动力性和降低尾气排放的关键环节。通过对发动机稳态和过渡工况下出现空燃比控制偏差的机理进行了分析。实现了一种较为精确的空燃比控制方法。该方法根据所建立的发动机物理模型,利用宽域空燃比传感技术,通过调整喷油脉宽来反馈控制发动机的空燃比。     

基于LS-SVM逆系统的汽油机瞬态空燃比复合控制研究

为实现瞬态空燃比有效控制,提出基于逆模型前馈控制附加无模型自适应反馈控制的复合控制策略。利用最小二乘支持向量机(LS-SVM)建立空燃比系统逆模型,对瞬态空燃比模型中的进气量进行动态前馈补偿,并结合无模型自适应(MFAC)通过修正喷油量对空燃比进行反馈控制,对系统扰动、误差等实现修正。利用瞬态工况试验数据进行仿真,并与台架试验实际数据进行了对比。结果表明,LS-SVM逆模能高精度地逼近空燃比瞬态过程,结合MFAC反馈控制提高了系统的鲁棒性和抗干扰能力。因此该复合控制策略可行,可用于发动机瞬态工况空燃比的精确控制。     

汽油机空燃比测量方法

空燃比是对发动机的工作和排放具有重要影响的指标.为此,本文在综合介绍国内外空燃比测量方法原理的基础上,着重对几种较新的测量方法空燃比传感器、离子电流及利用神经网络进行预测等进行了介绍,以期为空燃比测量提供参考思路.     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.