不锈钢闭塞腐蚀电池与腐蚀控制

海水中含有大量的氯化物,在有氯离子存在的条件下不锈钢设备容易发生点蚀、缝隙腐蚀以及应力腐蚀等腐蚀形式,这几种腐蚀形式主要的腐蚀机理为闭塞电池腐蚀。通过对闭塞腐蚀电池机理及防护措施的整理和归纳,为不锈钢设备安装调试和防腐蚀维护提供了一定的理论依据,更好的为材料腐蚀防护工作服务。     

新型无磁高强度A10不锈钢的耐海水腐蚀性能

通过盐雾试验、海水浸泡试验、实际海域挂片试验及应力腐蚀试验结合表面形貌观察和显微组织分析,研究了新型无磁高强度A10不锈钢及其对比材料917钢的耐海水腐蚀性能。结果表明:A10不锈钢在海水中全面腐蚀速率低,腐蚀试样表面光亮、无锈、无点腐蚀、无裂纹;而在相同条件下,917钢锈蚀严重。A10不锈钢在海水中的耐蚀性远优于917钢的,且具有优良的抗应力腐蚀开裂性能。     

海水腐蚀对几种金属材料耐磨性能的影响

研究TC4钛合金、Hastelloy C-276合金、Inconel 625合金和Monel K500合金与316不锈钢对磨时在纯水和模拟海水下的摩擦磨损行为,评价海水腐蚀环境对几种耐海水腐蚀材料耐磨性的影响以及316不锈钢与几种金属配副的磨损行为。结果表明,四对摩擦配副在纯水润滑条件下的摩擦系数明显大于其在海水润滑条件下的摩擦系数,海水具有较好的润滑作用。在腐蚀磨损过程中,腐蚀磨损交互作用量占总腐蚀磨损量的比例ΔV/V为45%~86%,表明在海水环境下腐蚀与磨损的交互作用不可忽视。与不同金属对磨时,316不锈钢对偶材料的磨损量表现出不同的趋势,这可能与摩擦过程中存在的电偶腐蚀有关。     

金属材料长周期海水腐蚀规律研究

常用金属材料在我国的青岛、舟山、厦门和榆林4个海域的飞溅、潮差、全浸3个海洋区带中暴露1、4、8和16年的长周期腐蚀试验工作进行了研究，得到了长周期的海水腐蚀数据及其腐蚀规律．提出了一种海水腐蚀性的评价方法和一种综合评价材料耐蚀性的方法．     

磨蚀试验装置研制及疏浚管用钢耐磨蚀评价

设计了一种旋转型腐蚀磨损试验装置,并采用锌棒抑制磨蚀过程中腐蚀的发生,可以测量磨蚀过程中纯磨损和纯腐蚀失重。试验结果显示,该装置运行稳定,试验数据可靠。利用此装置对比评价了不同材料在模拟海水疏浚工况条件下的耐磨蚀性能,结果与疏浚现场磨蚀对比数据一致,表明该试验装置能够准确评价材料在疏浚过程中的耐磨蚀性能,为疏浚作业中耐磨蚀材料的选择提供了依据。     

QAl10-4-4、QAl9-4和ZCuAl10Fe3铜合金在模拟海洋环境中的腐蚀行为

为了系统研究QAl10-4-4、QAl9-4、ZCuAl10Fe3三种铜合金在海洋环境中的腐蚀行为,在实验室进行了人造海水全浸试验、盐雾/干/湿交替循环试验、电偶腐蚀试验和电化学测试等一系列腐蚀模拟试验。结果表明:这三种铜合金在模拟海洋环境全浸条件下的腐蚀速率排序为QAl10-4-4ZCuAl10Fe3QAl9-4,在模拟海洋环境潮差条件下的腐蚀速率排序为ZCuAl10Fe3QAl10-4-4QAl9-4;当0Cr17Ni4Cu4Nb不锈钢作为阴极,三种铜合金作为阳极时,三种铜合金的腐蚀速率排序为QAl9-4QAl10-4-4ZCuAl10Fe3,电偶腐蚀倍率为QAl10-4-4ZCuAl10Fe3QAl9-4;同时,三种铜合金表面氧化膜的腐蚀阻滞作用大小排序为QAl10-4-4QAl9-4ZCuAl10Fe3,材料抗介质腐蚀能力的排序为QAl10-4-4ZCuAl10Fe3QAl9-4。     

工业纯钛与铜镍合金的电偶腐蚀及电绝缘控制

采用电偶腐蚀试验方法研究了工业纯钛(TA2)与铜镍合金(B10)在不同面积比及不同海水流速条件下的电偶腐蚀倾向以及腐蚀程度,通过在两电偶对材料间串联不同阻值的绝缘电阻考察能有效防止电偶腐蚀发生的电绝缘判据。结果表明,TA2与B10在海水中具有较强的电偶腐蚀倾向,偶接后B10作为阳极腐蚀加重,且随着TA2/B10面积比的增大和海水流速的提高而加剧;试验条件下,两电偶对材料间绝缘电阻阻值高于56 kΩ时,可有效控制电偶腐蚀的发生。     

干湿交替环境状态对碳钢海洋腐蚀行为的影响

目的研究干湿交替海水环境对碳钢腐蚀速率的影响。方法以青岛小麦岛海域海水为试验介质,使用周期间浸设备,以60 min为一个循环,在浸没/干燥时间分别为10 min/50 min、20 min/40 min、30 min/30 min三种不同干湿比的干湿交替条件下,对碳钢试片和电化学试样分别试验3、7、14、21、28 d后取出。通过失重法和电化学测试方法,研究了腐蚀速率的变化情况,使用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、能量色散谱仪(EDS)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分别研究了腐蚀产物成分、腐蚀产物形貌和除锈后的腐蚀形貌。结果失重法和电化学方法表明,碳钢在三种干湿比条件下的腐蚀速率为全浸条件下的3～8倍,且碳钢的腐蚀速率随着干湿比的增大而增大,但是增大的幅度越来越小。随着干湿比的增大,碳钢表面生成的锈层变薄,腐蚀产物中γ-FOOH和氧的含量升高,Fe_3O_4的含量降低。结论干湿交替环境的干湿比越大,对碳钢腐蚀的加速作用越显著,且这一加速作用存在极大值。     

海水流速对典型金属管材腐蚀行为的影响

利用管路模拟腐蚀试验装置和电化学分析手段对比研究了4种典型海洋用金属管路材料在静态和动态海水环境中的腐蚀行为。结果表明,在静态海水环境中,碳钢的腐蚀速率远高于304不锈钢、B10铜合金和纯钛TA2。4种材料在3~10m/s流速内均为湍流腐蚀。流速为10m/s时,B10铜合金的动态腐蚀敏感性比304钢强,主要原因是在动态海水中B10的活化溶解区明显宽于304不锈钢,其成膜速度较慢。在静态和动态海水冲刷环境条件下,TA2由于在表面形成致密稳定的钝化膜,基本不发生腐蚀,是耐海水腐蚀性能最优异的管路材料。     

390 MPa级复合钢板极地低温环境适应性分析

目的 验证复合钢板的极地低温环境适应性。方法 采用爆炸复合的方法制备低温复合钢板。通过全浸腐蚀试验、间浸腐蚀试验、腐蚀磨损试验、系列温度冲击试验、系列温度动态撕裂试验和全厚度止裂试验,分别评价复合钢板的耐蚀性、耐磨性能、低温断裂性能及止裂性能,并对复合钢板的低温断裂性能及极地低温环境适应性进行分析。结果 全浸腐蚀条件下,复合钢板基层材料的腐蚀速率是复层材料的105倍;间浸腐蚀条件下,复合钢板基层材料的腐蚀速率是复层材料的350倍;全浸和间浸状态下,复层钢板的腐蚀速率均远小于基层钢板,复层材料的耐蚀性远远好于基层材料。模拟海水条件下,复合钢板复层317L不锈钢的磨损量为0.003,基层FH40钢的磨损量为0.75,基层材料的磨损量是复层的250倍,复层材料的耐磨性远远好于基层材料。分析了20组大厚度规格低温钢的韧脆转变特征温度与止裂温度的相关性关系,指出了现有规范与标准以冲击功作为低温钢断裂性能技术指标的局限性,建立了止裂温度与动态撕裂韧脆转变特征温度相关性方程,给出了低温钢极地环境低温服役下的韧脆转变特征温度建议值,确定了复合钢板极地低温环境服役的最低温度。结论 模拟海水环境下,复合钢...     

Mechanisms of erosion-corrosion on a cobalt-base alloy and stainless-steel UNS S17400 in aggressive slurries

Two materials, which are candidates in the construction of drill bits, have been studied in severe liquid-solid impingement conditions. Analysis of the weight loss was carried out on Stellite X40 (Co-base) and UNS S17400 (stainless steel) materials at 30, 60, and 90° angles of impingement under erosion-corrosion conditions at the free-corrosion potential and with applied cathodic protection. A preliminary analysis of the corrosion behavior of the materials in static conditions was the starting point for the electrochemical analysis. A more extensive corrosion analysis under erosion-corrosion conditions was carried out through direct current (DC) potentiodynamic tests with varying angles of impingement. The results were used to identify the contribution of mechanical erosion and electrochemical corrosion for both materials under different angles of impingement and to determine the extent of interaction between corrosion and mechanical-erosion processes.     

Corrosion-erosion of TiN-PVD coatings in collagen and cellulose meat casing

The meat casing industry works with highly fibrous materials and low pH conditions. The pumps propelling the gel must therefore be highly corrosion-erosion resistant. In fact, the most common failure in this medium is corrosion, erosion or, most commonly, a combination of both. Coatings are thus required to protect the pump surface and maintain the operational conditions. TiN-PVD coatings seemed to be an attractive alternative amongst the range of options to extend pump lifetime. However, despite the greater chemical inertia expected of TiN, the combined effect of corrosion and erosion can induce a fast attack on the material. The present paper analyses failure of a TiN coating with a single-layer configuration in contact with an edible slurry of collagen used in the meat casing industry. The degradation mechanism comprises two different steps. Firstly, the acidic components reach the base steel through the pores, promoting severe dissolution of the steel substrate and leaving the TiN coating without support. Secondly, the coating detaches under working conditions and merges with the casing solution. Finally, the fibres together with the hard particles erode the pump walls, leading to fast deterioration.     

轻水堆包壳锆材服役环境下延寿策略及研究进展

综述了核反应堆用锆合金的涂层研究现状。主要论述了非金属类涂层、金属类涂层以及MAX相涂层。其中MAX相既具有金属的性质,又具有陶瓷的性质。分析了包壳材料服役环境下的腐蚀行为,包括正常工况下的过热水氧化腐蚀和含锂离子的水溶液腐蚀行为,同时也关注了离子辐照行为以及事故工况下的高温蒸汽腐蚀行为。现有涂层材料普遍具有局限性,研究多侧重于高温蒸汽腐蚀。出现了一些新材料,比如可形成致密氧化膜的MAX相、硅涂层等,但是其正常工况下的应用前景不明。相比而言,金属类涂层在抗腐蚀方面更具优势,然而其抗辐照行为和中子经济性尚待研究。目前单一涂层技术在满足抗辐照和中子经济性的基础上尚不足以同时满足正常工况和高温蒸汽下的抗腐蚀性和高稳定性。组合涂层或者多层膜技术逐步受到重视。多元涂层氧化过程中的元素迁移动力学行为以及涂层基体界面的微合金化对结合力的影响具有深远意义,目前该方面的研究有待突破。     

Investigations on the protection effect of filling materials for post‐tensioning systems under construction conditions

About the long‐term protection behaviour of corrosion protection materials (filling materials) for prestressed systems under critical environmental conditions is only little known. The corrosion protection effect is usually based on theoretical considerations and is proven by short‐term tests. The selection of the different products is mainly made according to economical or workability criteria. In a research project the barrier effect of different commercial corrosion protection materials (waxes as well as oil‐based greases) against water, their tendency for undercutting as well as their additional corrosion protection effect were investigated. The exposure tests were carried out with non‐stressed as well as stressed prestressing steel specimens which were subjected to critical conditions (condensed water, artificial soil solution, direct soil contact). Parallel to these long‐term exposure tests the applicability of different electrochemical techniques and their significance with respect to testing the corrosion protection ability and water absorption was evaluated. Within the project a suitable method for simple testing the performance of corrosion protection materials under real conditions was developed. By means of a small compact cell submicroscopical reactions of the used sensors could be measured. The high sensitivity of this measuring technique enables the detection of degradation processes at thin protection layers.     

Carbon and stainless steel in solutions of lithium nitrate in ammonia at moderate temperatures

The lithium nitrate in ammonia solution has been proposed and demonstrated as a thermodynamically attractive working mixture for absorption heat pumps. A literature search failed to find corrosion studies of said solution. The corrosion of carbon and stainless steel in solutions of lithium nitrate in ammonia was studied for a series of concentrations and temperatures from 50 to 150°C. The materials studied were found to be suitable for construction of absorption heat pump process equipment for this working mixture.     

The cavitation erosion and erosion‐corrosion behavior of carbon steel in simulating solutions of three rivers of China

The corrosion behaviour of the Q235 carbon steel in simulation solution of Yangtze, Yellow and Talimu river of China was investigated by mass loss, electrochemical measurements (polarization curves, linear polarization resistance and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy) and the damaged surfaces were observed by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) under static, cavitation erosion and erosion‐corrosion conditions. It was shown that under static condition, the E_corr was almost the same in the three solutions but the anodic current density in Talimu river was about one order of magnitude larger than that in Yangtze and Yellow river. Under dynamic conditions including cavitation erosion and erosion‐corrosion, the E_corr in the three solutions all shifted in positive direction from that under static condition, but the extent of ΔE_corr increased in the order of Yangtze, Yellow and Talimu river. The corrosion rate under dynamic conditions greatly enhanced, especially in Talimu river. It was confirmed that the corrosion played an important role in the synergistic effect under cavitation erosion and erosion‐corrosion conditions. The test results suggested that when the structure materials used in the different rivers were chosen, the difference of corrosiveness of the rivers must be taken into account, especially under dynamic conditions. The materials used in the aggressive rivers such as Talimu river under dynamic conditions must resist the synergistic effects between erosion and corrosion.     

上海石化海水用材的回顾与思考

介绍了上海石化海水凝汽器与冷却器及泵等的腐蚀与防护情况，并对铜合金，钛与不锈钢等用材及防腐蚀措施作了探讨与评述。     

ZnFe2O4基材料在NaF-AlF3-Al2O3熔盐中的腐蚀

采用锌铁尖晶石材料作为铝电解惰性阳极,考察了这种阳极在ＮａＦ－ＡｌＦ３－Ａｌ２Ｏ３熔盐中的腐蚀行为,阳极电视密度为０￣２．５Ａ／ｃｍ＾２。实验结果表明,锌铁尖晶石材料在阳极极化条件下的ＮａＦ－ＡｌＦ３－Ａｌ２Ｏ３熔盐中具有很好的耐腐蚀性能。在低电流密度下,阳极材料的腐蚀速度随电流密度的增大而增大,最高的腐蚀速度出现于０．５￣０．７５Ａ／ｃｍ＾２。此事,腐蚀速度随电流密度的增大而降低。实验证明,高阳     

Fatigue and corrosion Fatigue testing of hip joint endoprostheses in air and in NaCl-solution

To assure the quality of hip joint endoprosthesis stems, comparative investigations are made for the first time on marketable prostheses of different producers to determine fatigue and corrosion fatigue strength under long time service conditions. The results show that even for these remarkable corrosion resistant materials (cast CoCrMo-and wrought CoNiCrMo-alloys) under test conditions which are relevant for practice there exists no real fatigue strength, but only a corrosion fatigue loadability for finite life time. The fatigue loadability obtained in air will be reduced remarkably by the simultaneous effect of the physiological NaCl-solution. Recommendations for an effective system of quality assurance are given.     

海水环境中金属材料腐蚀磨损及耐磨防腐一体化技术的研究进展

随着"建设海洋强国"战略的实施,发展海洋装备、建设海洋工程成为推进和实施国家海洋战略的重要内容。鉴于海洋装备长期服役于海洋环境,因此海洋工程材料的腐蚀损伤是不可回避的关键问题,尤其是海洋装备中的运转部件,如海水泵、阀、海水液压传动系统、水下作业机器手、深海勘探和开采装备等面临腐蚀与磨损的耦合损伤。基于此,针对典型金属材料在海水环境中的腐蚀磨损失效行为及机理,综述了服役工况、腐蚀介质、电化学及材料因素对典型金属材料(如不锈钢、钛合金、铝合金、镍合金)在海水环境中腐蚀磨损性能的影响,综合分析了服役工况、腐蚀介质浓度、p H值、外加电位与材料性能之间的关系,阐明了金属材料腐蚀磨损过程中腐蚀、磨损及其交互作用。在此基础上,对比了一系列耐磨与防腐一体化涂层技术,如PVD涂层、热喷涂涂层、电镀涂层及聚合物粘结涂层的腐蚀磨损性能及典型应用,分析了耐磨与防腐一体化防护材料对腐蚀磨损性能的优化机理,以期为解决金属材料的腐蚀磨损问题提供有益借鉴。