Quantitative Assessment on the Embodied Environmental Impact of Concrete with or without Fly Ash

According to the life cycle assessment and the environmental design method of industry prnduction, a quantitative assessment model for the embodied environmetal impact of concrete with or without fly ash was proposed. The environmental burden impact indicator （ EBII ）, the resources depletion impact indicator （RDII）, and the environmental impact comprehensive indicator （EICI） are defined. The specific environmental impact values of different grade concretes with or wittout fly ash were presented. In the embodied process of concrete with or without fly ash, the key potential environmental impact categories are global warming and dust endsskin, and it is an effective way for reducing the embndied environmental impact of concrete to mix fly ash and lower grade cenwat . The method presented in this paper makes it possible to quantitatively assess the embodied environmental impact of concrete with or without .fly ash. The results calculated in this paper can be used to quantitatively assess the life cycle environmental impact of construction materials and buildings.     

Using Landsat TM Imagery to Detect Desertification in Gonghe Basin at the Upper Reaches of the Yellow River

In recent years, the ecological environment in the upper reaches of the Yellow River has been degraded due to natural and human factors. Environmental problems such as grassland degeneration, sandy desertification and water erosion have seriously affected regional economic sustainable development. The objective of this paper was to detect sandy desertification in the upper reaches of the Yellow River by means of remote sensing and GIS. The Gonghe Basin was chosen as the study site, which is one of the most seriously degraded regions in the area. Based on an analysis of the multi-temporal and multi-spectral Landsat TM data with GIS, sandy desertification processes were detected. The results show that sandy desertified land has increased and intensified seriously in the upper reaches of the Yellow River for the period from 1987 to 1996. There are two desertification processes at work in the study area： sand dune reactivation and development of badlands through wind erosion. Excessive human activities play an important role in the occurrence and development of desertification in this area. At present, acceleration of the desertification process is attributed to irrational human economic activities. Grasslands as well as the ecological environment of this area have been seriously degraded, which has affected the regional economic sustainable development and endangered the security of the Longyangxia reservoir. It is necessary and urgent to combat desertification and protect the environment. The results show that full use of remote sensing data with GIS in monitoring and assessing desertification is an effective measure of quantitative research.     

Effects of main factors on remedying northern landscaping water by hybrid ecological filter

Natural zeolite and coal cinder were layered as main packing medium of the ecological filter instead of traditional filling to remedy the static lake water in Northern China.The ecological filter was running in a combined upward and downward flow mode.Dynamic experiments were carried out to study the effects of retention time and ambient temperature on pollutants’ removal efficiency of the hybrid ecological filter.The function of plant was also studied by contrast test.It is showed that the removal efficiencies of NH4+-N and TP are increased when the retention time is changed from 1 h to 2 h and 4 h,but the removal efficiency of TN is decreased,the removal efficiency of NH4+-N is increased from 91.5% to 98% and that of TP is increased from 31.8% to 52.5%.When the temperature declines,the temporal removal efficiency of NH4+-N is reduced,but the removal efficiency of 24 h and 48 h is remained.The removal efficiency of TP after 24 h and 48 h is decreased when the temperature declines evidently.The retention time plays an important role in NH4+-N and TP removal,and the ambient temperature is significant for TP removal.The plant favors for TP and organic matter removal but has little effect on TN removal.     

Bus coordination holding control for transit hubs under APTS

To increase the passenger transferring efficiency, the bus coordination holding control for transit hubs, which is as an important dynamic dispatching method for improving the service level of transit hubs, was studied in the framework of bus coordination dispatching mode. Firstly, the bus coordination holding control flow was studied based on Advanced Public Transportation Systems (APTS) environment. Then a control model was presented to optimize the bus vehicle holding time, and a genetic algorithm was designed as the solving method. In the end, an example was given to illustrate the effectiveness of the control strategy and the algorithm.     

Adaptability evaluation of transportation system and urban development

Sixty indexes, ranging from social development and economy increasing to ecological protection and transportation system construction, are chosen to construct an index system of adaptability evaluation on transportation system and urban development. A synthesis model with nonlinear characteristic is proposed, and the corresponding procedure is presented based on an improved AHP model, which utilizes the SVD method to improve the required precision of matrix with acceptable consistency weight and detect and amend the significant elements via distance and proximity so as to improve the whole consistency. Taking Shandong Province for the case study, experimental results indicate that the adaptability degree of the system is in an increasing state, which provides robust and effective support for decision-makers working on a range of problems and in various circumstances.     

Research of Multiagent Coordination and Cooperation Algorithm

To solve the problem of conflict and deadlock with agents in multiagent system, an algorithm of multiagent coordination and cooperation was proposed. Taking agent in multiagent system as a player, the pursuit problem Markov model was built. The solution was introduced to get the optimal Nash equilibrium by multiagent reinforcement learning. The method of probability and statistics and Bayes formula was used to estimate the policy knowledge of other players. Relative mean deviation method was used to evaluate the confidence degree in order to increase the convergence speed. The simulation results on pursuit problem showed the feasibility and validity of the given algorithm.     

Improved Efficiency Test Method for the Motor Controller with SiC MOSFETs

The traditional measurement method was inaccurate to evaluate the motor controller efficiency, which the measurement efficiency value could be more than 100% in practical testing experiments. To deal with this issue, an improved electrical measurement method for the motor controller efficiency is proposed in this paper, which is established by analyzing the power loss distribution and phase currents of the motor controller. It is demonstrated that the SiC MOSFET chips are the main power loss devices in the motor controller, accounting for more than 93.1% of the total power loss. The accuracy of the proposed method is compared with the traditional method in simulation. It shows that the test error of the efficiency obtained by the traditional method fluctuates on a large scale, which varied from 0.094% to 1.911%. Compared with the traditional method, the test error of the proposed method appears to be less than 0.083%, which provides significant guidance for the motor controller efficiency test and design.     

Supervised polarimetric SAR classification method based on Fisher linear discriminant

A supervised polarimetric SAR land cover classification method was proposed based on the Fisher linear discriminant.The feature parameters used in this classification method could be selected flexibly according to land covers to be classified.Polarimetric and texture feature parameters extracted from co-registered multifrequency and multi-temporal polarimetric SAR data could be combined together for classification use,without consideration of the dimension difference of each feature parameter and the joint probability density function of those parameters.Experimental result with AGRSAR L/C-band full polarimetric SAR data showed that a total classification accuracy of 94.33% was achieved by combining the polarimetric with texture feature parameters extracted from L/C dual band SAR data,demonstrating the effectiveness of this method.     

Large deflection of annular throttle-slices in shock absorbers

A general analytical formula of large deflection for annular throttle-slices in shock absorbers was deduced.The Chien-perturbation method was used to derive the stiffness curve equation of a single throttle-slice in shock absorbers.The analytical formula of large deflection for superposed throttle-slices was deduced directly and generalized.The undetermined coefficients of analytical formula were obtained through the finite element method(FEM) and curve fitting.Numerical results show that the analytical formula has satisfactory accuracy.     

Minimum detectable activity for NaI(Tl) airborne γ-ray spectrometry based on Monte Carlo simulation

The determination of the effective minimum detectable activity(MDA)of radionuclides by a detection system plays an important role in environmental radiation monitoring.In this study,the responses of an NaI(Tl)airborne γ ray spectrometry(AGRS)system to different radionuclides(137Cs and 131I)were investigated using the Monte Carlo technique.The MDA values were determined under different conditions according to the counting spectra obtained from the Monte Carlo simulation.The equivalent mass thickness method was applied to the Monte Carlo modeling for monitoring ground radiation to reduce statistical uncertainty.The secondary source method was used to monitor both air and ground radiation.A quadratic relationship was found between the MDA and activity concentration.An exponential relationship was found between the MDA and altitude.The MDA of a specific radionuclide from external detectors was found to be superior to that obtained from internal detectors under the same conditions.The MDA values in an NaI(Tl)AGRS system under different conditions can be estimated based on the results of this study.     

Comprehensive Evaluation of Large Infrastructure Project Plan with ANP

Analytic Network Process（ANP） was used in comprehensive evaluation of large infrastructure project plan. An model including social economy, ecological environment and resources was established with ANP method. The evaluation pattern of hierarchy structure and comprehensive evaluation method for quantity and quality of large infrastructure project were put forward, which provides an effective way to evaluate the large infrastructure project plan. Quantitative analysis indicated that the internal dependence relation of hierarchy structure has influence on ranking results of plan. It is suggested that considering the internal relation can helps managers make effective decisions.     

An environmental flow assessment method based on the relationships between flow and ecological response: A case study of the Three Gorges Reservoir and its downstream reach

The current environmental flow assessment of Chinese rivers is thought to have three shortcomings: The first is that environmental flow requirements of reservoirs in dammed rivers are usually not explicitly considered; the second is that enough attentions have not been paid to the inherent links between flow regime and ecological processes; the third is that most studies focus on the variable range of merely one hydrological element such as discharge needed by riverine ecosystems. Here, first proposed is a holistic method for environmental flow assessment, the flow-ecological response relationship method that is suitable for large rivers with relatively abundant ecological data. Based on the conceptual models and quantitative relationships between flow and ecological response, this method comprehensively considers the ecological conservation requirements of both reservoir and its downstream reach. Then, it is applied to assessing the environmental flows of the Three Gorges Reservoir and its downstream reach by the following steps: 1) Construction of conceptual models of flow-ecological response; 2) identification of ecological targets of environmental flows and their key periods; 3) development of the quantitative relationships between hydrological indicators and ecological indictors; 4) preliminary assessment of environmental flow according to the tradeoff between ecological targets and water demands of human. The environmental flow hydrographs obtained have explicit ecological conservation targets, time schedule of achieving each target, and characteristics of multiple hydrological elements such as flow, water level, frequency, timing, duration and rate of change. The case study has tested the reasonability and feasibility of this method, and the results of this study are expected to provide technical support and decision reference for improving the operation of the Three Gorges-Gezhouba cascade reservoirs.     

Energy transmission modes based on Tabu search and particle swarm hybrid optimization algorithm

In China, economic centers are far from energy storage bases, so it is significant to select a proper energy transferring mode to improve the efficiency of energy usage. To solve this problem, an optimal allocation model based on energy transfer mode was proposed after objective function for optimizing energy using efficiency was established, and then, a new Tabu search and particle swarm hybrid optimizing algorithm was proposed to find solutions. While actual data of energy demand and distribution in China were selected for analysis, the economic critical value in comparison between the long-distance coal transfer and electric power transmission was gained. Based on the above discussion, some proposals were put forward for optimal allocation of energy transfer modes in China. By comparing other three traditional methods that are based on regional price differences, freight rates and annual cost with the proposed method, the result indicates that the economic efficiency of the energy transfer can be enhanced by 3.14%, 5.78% and 6.01%, respectively.     

Analysis of Urban Expansion and Driving Forces in Xuzhou City Based on Remote Sensing

Based on satellite remote sensing TM/ETM＋ images of Xuzhou city, land use forms of the city in 1987, 1994 and 2000 were extracted by using a neural network classification method. The expansion contribution rate and annual expansion intensity index of each administrative district have been calculated and the contribution rate matrices and spatial distribution maps of land use changes were obtained. Based on the above analysis, the characteristics of urban expansion from 1987 to 2000 have been explored. From 1987 to 1994, the expansion contribution rate of Quanshan dis- trict reached 46.80%, the highest in all administrative districts of Xuzhou city; Tongshan town was in a high-speed expansion period; both Quanshan and Yunlong districts were experiencing fast-speed expansion periods while the entire city was expanding at a medium-speed with an annual expansion intensity index of 0.98; the city spread eastwards and southwards. From 1994 to 2000, the expansion contribution rate of Quanshan district reached 43.67%, the highest in Xuzhou; the entire city was in a medium-speed expansion period with an annual expansion intensity index of 1.04; the city has rapidly been extended towards the southeast. According to the contribution rate matrices of land use changes, urban expansion mainly usurps cropland and woodland. A quantitative analysis found that population growth, industrialization and economic development are the primary driving forces behind urban expansion.     

Understanding taxi driver＇s cruising behavior with ZIP model

The taxi drivers＇ cruising pattern was learned using GPS trajectory data collected in Shenzhen, China. By employing zero-inflated Poisson model, the impacts of land use and previous pick-up experience on cruising decision were measured. The cruising strategies of different types of drivers as well as the top one driver were examined. The results indicate that both land use and previous pick-up experience affect travel behavior with the former＇s influence （7.07 × 10-4 measured by one of the coefficients in zero-inflated Poisson model） being greater than the latter＇s （4.58×10-5） in general, but the comparison also varies across the types of drivers. Besides, taxi drivers＇ day-to-day learning feature is also proved by the results. According to comparison of the cruising behavior of the most efficient and inefficient driver, an efficient cruising strategy was proposed, that is, obeying the distribution of land use in choice of cruising area, while learning from pick-up experience in selection of detailed cruising location. By learning taxi drivers＇ cruising pattern, the development of measures of regulating travel behaviors is facilitated, important factor for traffic organization and planning is identified, and an efficient cruising strategy for taxi drivers is provided.     

Calculation methods of lubricant film pressure distribution of radial grooved thrust bearings

In order to calculate the pressure distribution of radial grooved thrust bearing,analytical and numerical methods were applied respectively.Grooved region and land region were linked by using the mass conservations principle at the groove/land boundary in each method.The block-weight approach was implemented to deal with the non-coincidence of mesh and radial groove pattern in numerical method.It was observed that the numerical solutions had higher precision as mesh number exceed 70×70,and the relaxation iteration of differential scheme presented the fastest convergence speed when relaxation factor was close to 1.94.     

Designing regional pattern for ecosystem restoration:A case study

Designing regional pattern is challenging for ecosystem restoration both in theory and in practice. The present study proposed a new approach to design regional pattern for ecosystem restoration with a case in the arid valley of Upper Minjiang River, SW China. The procedures are: (1) Determine the regional pattern of main environmental factors based on the relationships between the important environmental factors and the main geographical factors generated from DEM data. (2) Overlay the maps of the main environmental factors. (3) Generate a lookup table according to the species selection rule we proposed to link the candidate restoration species to the main environmental factors. (4) Determine the regional pattern of ecosystem restoration by positioning the restoration species in the map of environmental factors according to the lookup table. The regional restoration pattern designed in this way would be applicable not only to restoring a region, but also to predicting the future landscape change.     

Nano-sized Sn/MWNTs and MWNTs Served as the Anode of Lithium Ion Battery

A chemical deposition was supposed to be an effwient method in preparation of nano-sized Sn/ MWNTs. The nanoconmposites of MWNTs and Sn/ MWNTs were both used as anodes of lithium ion battery. The special capacities and coulomb efficiencies of Snl MWNTs were studied by means of electrochemical methods. The coating of Sn on MWNTs observed by TEM was amorphous and nano-sized. The reversible capacity of Sn/ MWNTs , which was much larger than that of MWNTs , was 824 mAh/ g in the 1 st charge and discharge cycle. The coulomb efficiency of Sn/ MWNTs in the 1 st cycle was increased by 16% compared with that of MWNTs. The additional Sn, which was 37wt% of total Sn/ MWNTs＇ weight, introduced the additional reversible lithiation capacity at least 250 mAh/ g in the 40 charge and discharge cycles. The dispersing degree of Sn on MWNTs was the main reason for the influence of the electrochemical perfomance of the Sn/ MWNTs . Sn/ MWNTs is proved to be a promising candidate as an anode of lithium ion battery.     

Limiting drainage criterion for groundwater of mountain tunnel

Large amount of groundwater discharging from tunnel is likely to cause destruction of the ecological environment in the vicinity of the tunnel, thus an appropriate drainage criterion should be established to balance the tunnel construction and groundwater.To assess the related problems, an limiting drainage standard ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 m3/（m·d） was suggested for mountain tunnels based on survey and comparative analysis. After that, for the purpose of verifying the rationality of the standard, a calculated formula for dewatering funnel volume caused by drainage was deduced on the basis of the groundwater dynamics and experience method.Furthermore, the equation about the relationship between water discharge and drawdown of groundwater table was presented. The permeability coefficient, specific yield and groundwater table value were introduced, and then combined with the above equation, the drawdown of groundwater table under the proposed limiting drainage criterion was calculated. It is shown that the proposed drainage standard can reach the purpose of protecting ecological environment under the following two conditions. One is the permeability coefficient ranges from 10-4 to 10-5 m/s and the specific yield ranges from 0.1 to 0.001. The other is the permeability coefficient varies from 10-6 to 10-8 m/s and the specific yield varies from 0.1 to 0.01. In addition, a majority of common geotechnical layers are involved in the above ranges. Thus, the proposed limiting drainage standard which ranges from 0.5 to 2.0 m3/（m·d） for mountain tunnel is reasonable.     

Influence of alkyl group of imidazolinyl-quaternary-ammonium-salt on corrosion inhibition efficiency

The action between imidazolinyl-quaternary-ammonium-salt（IQAS） molecule and Fe atom was studied, and the influence of the alkyl group connected with N atom of imidazoline ring on corrosion inhibition efficiency was explored. Quantum chemical methods, HF/6 - 31 G and HF/Lan L2 dz, were applied successively to calculate the parameters such as front molecular orbit energy of IQAS Ⅰ-Ⅳ and chemical adsorption for IQAS Ⅰ-Ⅳ and Fe atom. The corrosion inhibition efficiency was measured with the weight loss method of carbon steel samples in acidic solution and oil field sewage. Based on the theoretical analyses and experimental results, it is concluded that N-Fe coordination bond is formed between IQAS molecule and Fe atom, corrosion inhibition efficiency is decreased in the following order（from large to small） ： IQAS Ⅳ, IQAS Ⅲ, IQAS Ⅱ , IQAS Ⅰ.