破甲战斗部新型装药－聚奥黑炸药

一种新型的破甲战斗部装药－聚奥黑炸药是以HMX／RDX二种单质炸药为主体炸药的压装高聚物粘结炸药，其主要特点是可以通过改变HMX／RDX的组成比例，得到不同爆炸能量的系列化产品，更为突出的是，合理选择HMX／RDX比例，使PBX装药具有与HMX相近的高爆炸能量，而成本费用大幅度降低，经过在破甲战斗部中应用试验表明，聚奥黑炸药的装药密度高，破甲威力大，是一种适合装填各类破甲战斗的新型装药。     

一种含LLM-105的HMX基低感高能PBX炸药

研究了不同颗粒形态的LLM-105对HMX的降感作用以及HMX/LLM-105基炸药配方用的黏结体系和钝感体系.设计出一种HMX/LLM-105配方,采用机械感度和冲击波感度以及板痕试验和圆筒试验对其安全性能和爆轰性能进行了测试.结果表明,LLM-105可作为含能钝感剂用于HMX基PBX炸药,该种含LLM-105的HMX基PBX爆速约8700 m/s、爆压34 GPa以上、比动能为1.560 kJ/g,冲击波感度比JOB-9003炸药低10%,是一种新型的低感高能炸药.     

二次爆炸杀伤战斗部原理的实验研究

提出了二次爆炸杀伤战斗部的概念并阐述了其相关作用原理,用实验验证了二次爆炸杀伤战斗部原理的可行性.针对选定的炸药装药,设计了二次爆炸杀伤战斗部的实验弹结构,利用高速摄影机拍摄实验弹的爆炸过程,确定二级装药在一级装药爆炸作用下是否发生XDT或DDT、测量起爆延迟时间和二级装药发生爆轰时其距初始位置的距离.结果表明,当有机玻璃隔板厚度值为50～80 mm时,二级装药发生稳定的XDT或DDT,起爆延迟时间为2 125～11 000 μs,二级装药产生的位移为252～645 mm;采用钝感炸药装药,在特定的条件下会发生起爆时间更长的爆轰.XDT或DDT原理可应用于杀伤战斗部技术,提高杀伤破片的分布密度和速度.     

压装PBX炸药DDT管实验初始反应演化过程分析

在DDT管中采用惰性模拟材料研究电点火头和黑火药产生的初始压力对惰性模拟材料点火端面的影响;采用高速摄像机记录了DDT管内HMX基压装PBX炸药的燃烧发光过程;分析了压装PBX炸药DDT管实验初始反应演化过程。结果表明,电点火头和黑火药产生的初始压力会引起邻近脆性炸药端面裂纹形成和局部破坏,炸药燃烧的火焰沿炸药基体裂纹和炸药与管壁之间的缝隙中传播,压装PBX炸药初始反应演化与缝隙对流燃烧过程密切相关。     

反应装甲冲击引爆试验研究

研究了HMX基钝感炸药的机械感度.根据测试结果初步确定了反应装甲的装药配方,最终装药配方由改变模拟反应装甲上、下板的材料和厚度以及穿甲弹与反应装甲法线的夹角,用反应起始装药的引爆效果确定.结果表明,钝感炸药的撞击感度、摩擦感度均随HMX粒度的减小而降低,随钝感剂含量的增加而降低;反应装甲的装药配方为HMX97%、钝感剂3%.从理论上分析了炸药粒度变化对机械感度影响的机理,以及在穿甲弹参数和速度一定的条件下,反应装甲装药结构对冲击引爆的影响.     

DNTF基熔铸炸药的性能研究

通过相图分析，研究了DNTF／TNT作为液相载体炸药的可能性，并对DNTF／TNT、DNTF／TNT／HMX以及DNTF／TNT／HMX／A1体系的典型配方进行了能量表征和讨论。结果表明，DNTF基熔铸炸药是一种很有前途的高能混合炸药，可满足多种武器装药的高威力要求。     

回收HMX基炸药制备民用耐热炸药性能研究

利用回收HMX基炸药制备民用炸药H781A,对该炸药药粉在产品组成、热安定性、机械感度等性能和装药的高温安全性、使用性能以及穿深性能进行试验。药粉试验结果表明,该产品符合民用炸药产品验收规范;装药试验结果表明,H781A与民用炸药H781性能相当。因此,由废旧HMX基炸药回收制备的耐热炸药H781A,可安全、有效地装填射孔弹进行高温射孔作业。     

四种典型炸药燃烧转爆轰试验研究

为了对常用组分构成的炸药燃烧转爆轰(DDT)过程进行预估,采用熔铸工艺制备了P1(40%TNT/60%RDX)、P2(40%DNTF/40%HMX/10%TATB/5%Al/5%添加剂)、P3(25%DNTF/40%AP/30%Al/5%添加剂)3种混合炸药,采用浇注工艺制备了P4(30%RDX/30%AP/30%Al/10%添加剂)炸药,用同轴电离探针测试技术对4种炸药进行了DDT试验,从DDT管的破碎状态、DDT过程中波阵面传播速度及爆轰转变距离分析了DDT响应特征。结果表明,炸药P1、P2、P3发生了DDT,爆轰转变距离范围分别为750~825mm、375~450mm、675~750mm,炸药P4未发生DDT;炸药P2的DDT管破裂最剧烈,炸药P3次之,炸药P1最小,表明DDT管的破碎程度与炸药的爆压正相关;炸药配方中含有热分解温度接近的组分,使热分解放热量快速叠加,促使燃烧状态失稳,提高燃烧向爆轰的转变;浇注成型工艺由于存在惰性添加剂对炸药组分的隔离包覆和吸热作用,降低了炸药由燃烧向爆轰转变的可能性。     

微/纳米HMX粒度级配对TNT基熔铸炸药性能的影响

为了提高TNT/HMX熔铸炸药的装药质量,将HMX进行微/纳米粒度级配后应用于TNT基熔铸炸药中。分别采用场发射扫描电子显微镜(FESEM)和固体密度排水法研究了HMX微/纳米粒度级配对TNT/HMX(质量比为40∶60)熔铸炸药的微观结构与密度均一性的影响;测试了含不同HMX微/纳米粒度级配的TNT基熔铸炸药的抗压强度、抗拉强度、撞击感度、摩擦感度和爆速。结果表明,与采用单一粗颗粒HMX(d_(50)=100μm)所制备的TNT基熔铸炸药相比,当采用质量分数15%纳米级HMX(d_(50)=100nm)、15%微米级HMX(d_(50)=5μm)、70%粗颗粒HMX(d_(50)=100μm)时,制备的TNT基熔铸炸药药柱内部缺陷少,密度均一性好,抗压强度提高200%,抗拉强度提高128%,撞击感度降低45.5%,摩擦感度降低46%,爆速增加32m/s,表明综合性能得到明显提高。     

从炸药装药装备现状看21世纪发展趋势

介绍了国外高能混合炸药的装备现状，分析了21世纪炸药装药的发展趋势。认为应继续发展以RDX、HMX为主体的高能混合炸药，加强低易损性炸药包括分子间炸药的研制，并积极发展燃料空气炸药。     

Double Shock Experiments on PBX Explosive JOB‐9003

One‐dimensional plate impact experiments have been performed to study the double shocks to detonation transition and Hugoniot state in the HMX‐based explosive JOB‐9003. The flyer was a combination of sapphire and Kel‐F, which can pass two different pressure waves into PBX Explosive JOB‐9003 sample after the impact. The particle velocities at interface and different depths in the JOB‐9003 sample were measured with Al‐based electromagnetic particle velocity gauge technique, thus obtaining particle velocity‐time diagram. According to the diagram, the corresponding Hugoniot state can be determined based on the particle velocity and shock wave velocity in the sample. Comparing with sustained pulse experiments, PBX Explosive JOB‐9003 shows desensitization feature due to the pre‐pressed shock wave.     

JOB-9003炸药"激热"冲击损伤破坏及超声特征

进行了未经热处理的JOB-9003塑料粘结炸药(PBX)标准压缩试样的"激热"冲击损伤破坏试验,对试样热冲击试验前后的超声波特性参量进行了检测,试验显示出JOB-9003炸药存在一个明显的"激热"冲击损伤破坏临界温度差,并获得了试样热冲击损伤破坏的超声波参量特征.     

Effect of initial particle size on the DDT of pressed solid explosives

The effect of the initial particle size on the deflagration to detonation transition (DDT) of pressed, confined explosives has been studied. The explosives examined were ground tetryl, RDX, picric acid, waxed RDX, and waxed HMX. The ground tetryl was studied over the range of 61%−90% theoretical maximum density (TMD); most of the rest of the comparisons were made at 70% TMD. It was found that the initial particle size (or particle size distribution) δ affected the predetonation column length ℓ, the relative time to detonation, and even the apparent mechanism of DDT. Available data in the literature in conjunction with the present results indicate that the curves ℓ versus %TMD at constant δ , and ℓ versus δ at constant %TMD both exhibit a minimum.     

Energetic Characteristics of HMX‐Based Explosives Containing LiH

The high energy density compound octahydro‐1,3,5,7‐tetranitro‐1,3,5,7‐tetrazocine (HMX) and the strong exothermic compound LiH represent an excellent principal explosive and an active fuel, respectively. Herein, the energetic characteristics of HMX‐based explosives are explored by adding LiH as fuel additive. The detonation parameters of HMX‐based explosives containing LiH were tested with free‐field explosion experiments and compared with those of traditional TNT, HMX, and aluminized explosives. The results show that the explosives exhibit higher energy and present preferable explosion effect when LiH is added as an explosive ingredient. The improvement of impulse is more than 32.8 % at 2 m. The shock wave peak overpressure increases by almost 40 % at a distance of 3 m from detonation center specially for the explosive containing both LiH and Al additives. Elemental H and Li are expected to release tremendous energy to effectively improve the explosives instant damage power, but the detonation duration is shorter than that of Al‐containing mixed explosives, which may limit the advantage over Al in the impulse. Li₂CO₃ powder is the solid product of HMX/LiH, which explains the LiH oxidation during the explosion. The exothermic processes in the formation are the reason for the increased energy of HMX/LiH explosives. These results can provide guidance to a potential energetic system formed by HMX and LiH.     

Evaluation of Ultrasonic Treatment for the Size Reduction of HNS and HMX in Comparison to Solvent‐Antisolvent Crystallization

The paper presents and compares two methods for the synthesis of fine particles of the high explosives HNS and HMX by ultrasonic treatment and solvent/antisolvent crystallization. The effect of ultrasonic treatment on the particle size of explosives was studied by varying the amplitude and frequency of ultrasonication for different time periods using an ultrasonic probe and an ultrasonic bath. Solvent/antisolvent recrystallization was performed by varying the process parameters including stirring rate, antisolvent temperature etc. In addition to FT‐IR spectroscopy and thermal analysis by TGA/DSC; the particle size and shape of fine powders of the explosives HMX and HNS were determined using particle size analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Ultrasonic treatment of the probes resulted in the finer grains of HMX compared to solvent‐antisolvent crystallization. However in the case of HNS, solvent‐antisolvent crystallization produced finer particles compared to ultrasonication.     

CFD Cook‐Off Simulation and Thermal Decomposition of Confined High Energetic Material

The handling, storage and safety before deployment of explosives are major key issues that confront the ammunition industry. Precautions have to be taken not to cause premature detonations and fatal accidents by studying their thermal behaviour. Research has been conducted to investigate the thermal stability of some secondary explosives such as RDX, HMX and TNT and their response to thermal stimuli. For the fact that real experiment which involves large amount of explosives can be potentially dangerous, cook‐off numerical simulation and experiment has been regarded as the best method to analyse such thermal behaviour of explosives. Prominent among these researches involve experiment and numerical analysis such as ODTX, SITI, and DDT experiments. In this work, numerical CFD simulation will be executed for the thermal behaviour of TNT including cook‐off and thermal decomposition. The heating rates were varied for both slow and fast cook‐off cases. In view of these thermal decomposition reactions which mainly consist of kinetic parameters were factored in the numerical simulation as well as the critical thermodynamic physical properties. To effectively handle the reactions, UDF was employed. Attention was paid on the melting time to ignition of explosive, the location likely for ignition occurrence, as well as temperature distribution in the course of the heating process. CFD simulation results showed that the location of ignition was around the supplementary charge.     

炸药热冲击损伤破坏及超声波特性参量检测

进行了 JOB- 90 0 3炸药试样的热冲击试验和热冲击前后的超声波特性参量检测试验 ,观察并检测到试样在热冲击试验的不同阶段出现损伤破坏及超声波特性参量的具有一定典型性的变化。试验初步表明 ,初始损伤或裂纹对炸药的力学性能有十分明显的影响 ,超声波特征参量对炸药的损伤及破坏进一步表现出一些可识别的特征     

Effect of AP distribution on energy release characteristics and functional force of HMX/AP/Al explosives

In order to understand the reaction kinetics of HMX/AP/Al ternary system, the different distribution of AP in HMX/AP/Al explosives was realized by two different preparation techniques. Detonation test results show that the detonation velocity, explosion heat and detonation pressure of HAP samples are higher than those of HAl samples, but the extent of improvement is not high, not more than 5 %. The results of scanning electron microscopy showed that AP in HAP samples was distributed on the surface of HMX crystal. AP were dispersed around HMX crystals in HAl samples. The experimental results of explosive fireball performance show that the fireball expansion speed of HAP samples is better than that of HAl samples, demonstrating a good fireball effect. Underwater test results show that the shock wave peak pressure and bubble pulsation period of HAP samples increase by 3.06 % and 7.95 % respectively, and shock wave energy and bubble energy increase by 9.8 % and 25.42 % compared with bubble energy. The experimental results show that HAP samples are superior to HAl samples in accelerating ability of Al flies. The dispersion of AP on the HMX crystal surface promotes the energy release of HMX/AP/Al explosives more.     

聚奥-X传爆药的研究

聚奥－Ｘ是以ＨＭＸ为基的新型传爆药，其特点是感度高而可调，药柱弹性变形小，是目前ＨＭＸ类传爆药中综合性能是好的一种。本文重点论述了聚奥－Ｘ工艺研究中原料的粒度、粒度级配与冲击波感度的关系。     

RDX和HMX的热分解I.热分析特征量

用PDSC和TG-DTG研究了RDX和HMX的热分解,探讨了各种试验条件,包括试样量、升温速率和动静态高压等的影响。在分解过程中相态变化引起反应的加速是HMX的分解较RDX剧烈的主要原因,HMX的自加热和自催化也因此变得较RDX更显著。