蛋白土与硫酸铵煅烧反应产物及过程动力学

蛋白土具有良好的应用前景,但是其自然白度较低制约了其开发应用。蛋白土硫酸铵煅烧法可去除其中的显色金属氧化物,提高蛋白土的白度,同时提取其中Al₂O₃。本文采用热重-差示扫描量热（TG-DSC）、同步热分析与红外质谱（TG-FTIR-MS）联用系统,结合X射线衍射对煅烧过程的固相及气相产物进行了表征分析,明析了其化学过程。结果表明,蛋白土中的Al₂O₃和Fe₂O₃在200~350℃时反应生成（NH₄）₃（Al,Fe）（SO₄）₃,同时逸出NH₃和H₂O;350~450℃时,进一步反应转化为NH₄（Al,Fe）（SO₄）₂,同时逸出NH₃、H₂O、SO₂和O₂;450~550℃时,NH₄（Al,Fe）（SO₄）₂分解生成（Al,Fe）₂（SO₄）₃,同时逸出NH₃、H₂O、SO₂和O₂;550~750℃时（Al,Fe）₂（SO₄）₃分解生成Al₂O₃和Fe₂O₃,同时逸出SO₂和O₂。采用Kissinger微分法与Ozawa积分法分别计算出4个阶段表观活化能后取二者平均值,分别为101.74kJ/mol、104.52kJ/mol、201.40kJ/mol、232.51kJ/mol,并获得对应4个热化学反应阶段的频率因子、反应级数和动力学方程。     

Decomposition of CCl2F2 over metal sulfate catalysts

Activity for hydrolysis of CCl₂F₂ (CFC12) on various metal sulfate was investigated. Zr(SO₄)₂ was found to be the most active while FeSO₄, Cr₂(SO₄)₃, Al₂(SO₄)₃, La₂(SO₄)₃ and Ce₂(SO₄)₃ had intermediate activity. MnSO₄, CoSO₄, and MgSO₄ showed low activity and SrSO₄, CaSO₄, and BaSO₄ had even less activity. The major carbon containing product was CO₂ and small amount of CClF₃ and CO were formed over several sulfates. The crystal structure of the sulfates was stable during decomposition of CCl₂F₂, and the conversion reached a steady state after initial decrease at 275 °C over Zr(SO₄)₂ catalyst. The concentration of surface hydroxyl was larger than that over AlPO₄-based catalysts and a reaction mechanism similar to that over AlPO₄-based catalysts was proposed.     

Effects of iron precursors on the structure and catalytic performance of iron molybdate prepared by mechanochemical route for methanol to formaldehyde

Mechanochemical synthesis has been applied for many novel material preparations and gained more and more attention due to green and high-efficiency recently. In order to explore the influences of iron precursors on structure and performance of iron molybdate catalyst prepared by mechanochemical route, three typical and cheap iron precursors have been used in preparation of iron molybdate catalyst. Many characterization methods have been employed to obtain the physical and chemical properties of iron molybdate catalyst. Results indicate that iron precursors have the significant impact on the phase composition, crystal morphology and catalytic performance in the conversion of methanol to formaldehyde. It is hard to regulate the phase composition by changing Mo/Fe mole ratios for Fe_2(SO_4)_3 as iron precursor. In addition, as for Fe_2(SO_4)_3, the formaldehyde yield is lower than that from iron molybdate catalyst prepared with Fe(NO_3)_3·9H_2O due to the reduction in Fe_2(MoO_4)_3 phase as active phase. Based on mechanochemical and coprecipitation method, the solvent water could be a key factor for the formation of MoO_3 and Fe_2(MoO_4) for FeCl_3·6H_2O and Fe_2(SO_4)_3 as precursors. Iron molybdate catalyst prepared with Fe(NO_3)_3·9H_2O by mechanochemical route, shows the best methanol conversion and formaldehyde yield in this reaction.     

粉煤灰浓硫酸焙烧过程及其非等温动力学

粉煤灰浓硫酸焙烧法提取Al₂O₃工艺中焙烧过程十分重要,研究发现适当提升硫酸浓度、酸灰质量比和温度可增大Al转化率,而延长焙烧时间影响并不显著;在硫酸浓度80%、酸灰质量比1.5:1、温度270℃和时间60 min条件下,Al转化率可达92 %～95%。TG/DSC与XRD分析表明,焙烧过程反应主要分为3个阶段:80～206℃时形成中间产物Al(HSO₄)₃及H₂O气化;206～241℃时生成Al(HSO₄)₃及Al₂(SO₄)₃·H₂O;241～304℃时由Al₂(SO₄)₃·H₂O和Al(HSO₄)₃二者分解转化成Al₂(SO₄)₃。由Kissinger微分法与Ozawa积分法分别计算出3个阶段表观活化能后取二者平均值,分别为52.61、74.11、96.08 kJ·mol^-1,并获得频率因子、反应级数和动力学方程,所获结果可为粉煤灰硫酸焙烧法提取Al₂O₃焙烧工艺设计和过程优化提供理论参考和基础数据。     

Pt/TiO_2催化二甲醚部分氧化重整制氢

二甲醚是一种理想的氢载体,可用于解决氢的储存和运输。以Pt/TiO_2为部分氧化催化剂,结合Ni/Al_2O_3重整催化剂,考察钛前驱体和焙烧温度对二甲醚部分氧化重整制氢反应的影响。结果表明,以Ti(C4H9O)4为原料制备的TiO_2为金红石相,Ti(SO4)2或Ti O(OH)2为原料制备的TiO_2为锐钛矿相;以Ti(C4H9O)4为原料制备的Pt/TiO_2-E催化剂催化性能略好,转化率接近100%,H2收率约90%,表明金红石相TiO_2负载的Pt催化剂略佳;以Ti(SO4)2为原料制备的Pt/TiO_2-S催化剂500℃焙烧可获得金红石相TiO_2。与Pt/Al_2O_3催化剂相比,Pt/TiO_2催化剂具有更好的催化性能,H2收率超过90%,而Pt/Al_2O_3催化剂H2收率约80%。     

一种新γ相氧化铝负载的铁铝双金属催化剂用于反向水煤气转化反应(英文)

In reverse water gas shift (RWGS) reaction CO₂ is converted to CO which in turn can be used to produce beneficial chemicals such as methanol. In the present study, Mo/Al₂O₃, Fe/Al₂O₃ and Fe-Mo/Al₂O₃ catalysts were synthesised using impregnation method. The structures of catalysts were studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES), temperature programmed reduction (H₂-TPR), CO chemisorption, energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. Kinetic properties of all catalysts were investigated in a batch reactor for RWGS reaction. The results indicated that Mo existence in structure of Fe-Mo/Al₂O₃ catalyst enhances its activity as compared to Fe/Al₂O₃. This enhancement is probably due to better Fe dispersion and smaller particle size of Fe species. Stability test of Fe-Mo/Al₂O₃ catalyst was carried out in a fixed bed reactor and a high CO yield for 60 h of time on stream was demonstrated. Fe₂(MoO₄)₃ phase was found in the structures of fresh and used catalysts. TPR results also indicate that Fe₂(MoO₄)₃ phase has low reducibility, therefore the Fe₂(MoO₄)₃ phase signifificantly inhibits the reduction of the remaining Fe oxides in the catalyst, resulted in high stability of Fe-Mo/Al₂O₃ catalyst. Overall, this study introduces Fe-Mo/Al₂O₃ as a novel catalyst with high CO yield, almost no by-products and fairly stable for RWGS reaction.     

Dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene over iron oxide-based catalyst in the presence of carbon dioxide

The energy required for a new process using CO₂ for the dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene to produce styrene was estimated to be much lower than that of the present commercial process using steam. A Fe/Ca/Al oxides catalyst was found to exhibit high performance in the dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene in the presence of CO₂. And the deactivation of the Fe/Ca/Al oxides catalyst was restrained by the action of CO₂.     

A SIMPLIFIED KINETIC MODEL FOR OXIDATIVE DEHYDROGENATION OF ETHYLBENZENE OVER Pd-NaBr/Al2O3 CATALYST

The oxidative dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene is gaining considerable importance in recent years as a promising alternative for styrene production. This vapour phase reaction has been studied over Pd-NaBr/Al₂O₃ catalyst in the temperature range 623-793 K in a fixed bed reactor. Kinetic analysis of this reaction has been done using a recursion procedure developed in this work from first principles. The advantage of this method is the absence of any restriction on the conversion level as it uses an integrated rate equation. The rate of styrene formation was found to follow a linear relationship with concentration of ethylbenzene and shows a Langmuir type dependence on the concentration of oxygen.     

制备条件对Pt/SO42-/ZrO2-Al2O3异构化性能的影响

采用沉淀法制备了Pt/SO₄^2-/ZrO₂-Al₂O₃ (PtSZA)催化剂,考察了氢氧化锆水凝胶干燥速率、锆盐浓度、铂含量、Al₂O₃和SO₄^2-添加顺序等制备条件对PtSZA异构化性能,尤其是低温异构化性能的影响,并用XRD和TG对催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,提高水凝胶的干燥速率降低了PtSZA催化剂中的硫含量,大大提高了催化剂中的单斜相,进而导致了催化剂低温失活加速以及高温活性下降。较低或较高的锆盐浓度劣化了PtSZA的低温异构化稳定性,以0.4~0.6mol/L硝酸氧锆制备的催化剂硫含量和四方相氧化锆含量较高,异构化活性相对较好,Al₂O₃和SO₄^2-添加顺序对PtSZA异构化性能没有明显影响。     

直链烷烃脱氢催化剂载体制备新工艺

研究了以Na Al O2-Al2(SO4)3为原料制备直链烷烃脱氢催化剂载体的工艺,考察p H交替变化对直链烷烃脱氢催化剂载体孔结构的影响,采用XRD、TEM、DTG、DTA、氮吸附-脱附仪和压汞仪等对载体的晶相、粒子形态、结晶水含量、比表面积及孔分布进行表征。结果表明,p H交替变化使拟薄水铝石晶粒尺寸增加,结晶水含量降低,制备出孔容≥1.2 m L·g-1、比表面积≤150 m2·g-1和堆积密度≤0.32 g·m L-1的具有双孔分布的直链烷烃脱氢催化剂载体γ型氧化铝。酸性条件下,大量细小无定形氧化铝迅速溶解,有利于更多细小拟薄水铝石颗粒形成;碱性条件下,这些迅速溶解的无定型氧化铝附着在拟薄水铝石颗粒上,使拟薄水铝石一次粒子逐步长大,结晶度增加。     

SELECTIVE CATALYTIC REDUCTION OF NITRIC OXIDE BY AMMONIA ON PILLARED CLAY CATALYSTS: POSSIBLE MECHANISM AND PROMOTERS

The delaminated Fe₂0₃-pillared clay shows high activities for selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO by NH₂. Temperature program desorption (TPD) studies show that large amounts of NO., are adsorbed on the pillared clay catalyst at the SCR reaction temperatures (i.e. near 400°C). This result indicates that a Langmuir-Hinshelwood type mechanism (for reaction between chemisorbed NO, and NH, on the surface to form N₂) is operative for the pillared clay catalyst, which is in contrast to the SCR reaction on the commercial vanadia-based catalysts. The SCR activities for the delaminated Fe₂0₃-pillared clay catalyst are higher than that of a commercial-type V₂O₅ + WO₃/TiO₂ catalyst under SO₂ + H₂0 free conditions, but became lower in the presence of SO₂ +l H₂0. However, when promoted by doping 1-3% Cr₂0₃, the pillared clay catalyst exhibits higher SCR activities than the commercial-type catalyst in the presence of S0₂ + H₂O at all practical SCR reaction temperatures     

Thermochemical decomposition of phosphogypsum with Fe-P slag via a solid-state reaction

Phosphogypsum is a solid waste sourced from the wet-process phosphoric acid industry, which causes severe environmental damages. Its utilization was limited by its high decomposition temperature and high energy consumption. Herein, an Fe-P slag, which is a solid waste that mainly comprises iron phosphide(FeP) and diiron phosphide(Fe₂ P), can dramatically decrease the decomposition temperature of phosphogypsum. It was found that the Fe-P slag and CaSO₄ can react as shown in ...     

Synthesis of long zeolite-L crystals with flat facets

Synthetic conditions that produce long zeolite-L crystals in hexagonal columnar structures with flat basal and side planes were investigated. The gels with the molar compositions of Al₂O₃:SiO₂:K₂O:H₂O = a:b:c:d, where a = 1.3–2.0, b = 20–24, c = 10.2–10.5, and d = 1000–1400 and with Al₂(SO₄)₃ as the Al source produced zeolite-L with sharp edged hexagonal columnar structures and flat basal and side planes upon heating at 180 °C for 3 d. The crystal size, in particular the length, increased with increasing the SiO₂, H₂O, or Al₂O₃ content, but with decreasing the K₂O content. While the length increased, the width decreased upon increasing both Al₂(SO₄)₃ and H₂O contents, leading to the production of sharp-edged hexagonal columnar crystals. In the case where a = 1.7, b = 20, c = 10.9, and d = 1030, sharp edged hexagonal columnar crystals with the length up to 20 μm and the width of 2.3 μm were produced. When Al(OH)₃, a more commonly used Al source, was used instead of Al₂(SO₄)₃, crystals with blunt edges and round planes were produced. Furthermore, the size decreased with increasing the Al(OH)₃ content. While KCl and NaCl had a negligible effect on the morphology change, LiCl and MgCl₂ led to a dramatic decrease in size by 96% and 91%, respectively, even with in the presence of 0.2 and 0.001 equivalents, respectively, with respect to the amount of Al₂O₃ content. The addition of CaCl₂ led to the production of an unknown phase. The use of mixed base, i.e., the KOH and NaOH mixture in the mole ratio of 6:4.9, led to the formation of crystals whose one end was connected to a bundle of narrow and long crystals.     

A regenerable Fe/AC desulfurizer for SO2 adsorption at low temperatures

A novel regenerable Fe/activated coke (AC) desulfurizer prepared by impregnation of Fe(NO₃)₃ on an activated coke was investigated. Experiment results showed that at 200 °C the SO₂ adsorption capacity of the Fe/AC was higher than that of AC or Fe₂O₃. Temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) revealed that H₂SO₄ and Fe₂(SO₄)₃ were generated on the desulfurizer upon adsorption of SO₂. Effect of desulfurization temperature was also investigated which revealed that with increasing temperature from 150 to 250 °C, the SO₂ removal ability gradually increases. The used Fe/AC can be regenerated by NH₃ at 350 °C to directly form solid ammonium-sulfate salts.     

磁性颗粒负载磺酸功能化离子液体催化纤维素水解的研究

采用化学修饰法将磺酸功能化离子液体[SO₃H-（CH₂）₃-HIM][HSO₄]负载在磁性纳米颗粒Fe₃O₄表面,制备了一种磁性颗粒负载磺酸催化剂Fe₃O₄@SiO₂-IL,并将Fe₃O₄@SiO₂-IL用于催化纤维素水解反应。采用FT-IR和TEM对催化剂进行了表征,并考察了反应温度、反应时间、催化剂用量和水用量对纤维素水解还原糖产率的影响。Fe₃O₄@SiO₂-IL样品在FT-IR光谱中的—SO₃H吸收峰和咪唑环的峰,说明离子液体被成功地负载到Fe₃O₄@SiO₂表面;TEM分析显示,Fe₃O₄磁核的颗粒大小约为250 nm,经过包裹和离子液体修饰的磁性颗粒表面并无明显变化。当纤维素用量为0.1 g,离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐（[Bmim]Cl）的用量为2.0 g,磁性催化剂用量为0.2 g,水用量为0.2 g,反应温度100 ℃,反应时间40 min时,纤维素水解还原糖产率可达52.5 %,并且磁性催化剂具有较好的磁性分离性能和重复使用性能,重复使用5次后,纤维素水解还原糖产率并无明显降低。     

甲醇氧化制甲醛铁钼催化剂表面结构与活性

利用共沉淀法在不同搅拌速度下制备了相同Mo/Fe原子比的甲醇氧化制甲醛催化剂,采用SEM、XRD和拉曼光谱等对催化剂进行表征,在固定床微反上评价催化剂活性和选择性。结果表明,搅拌速度增大,催化剂比表面积增大,催化活性增强,甲醛收率由600 r·min^-1时的73.8%增加到10000 r·min^-1时的95.7%（280℃）。此外,催化剂由片状的MoO₃和颗粒状的Fe₂（MoO₄）₃两部分组成,游离的片状MoO₃无明显催化活性,只有与Fe₂（MoO₄）₃结合时才具有催化活性。     

Catalytic reduction of SO2 over supported transition-metal oxide catalysts with C2H4 as a reducing agent

This work investigates performances of supported transition-metal oxide catalysts for the catalytic reduction of SO₂ with C₂H₄ as a reducing agent. Experimental results indicate that the active species, the support, the feed ratio of C₂H₄/SO₂, and pretreatment are all important factors affecting catalyst activity. Fe₂O₃/γ-Al₂O₃ was found to be the most active catalyst among six γ-Al₂O₃-supported metal oxide catalysts tested. With Fe₂O₃ as the active species, of the supports tested, CeO₂ is the most suitable one. Using this Fe₂O₃/CeO₂ catalyst, we found that the optimal Fe content is 10 wt.%, the optimal feed ratio of C₂H₄/SO₂ is 1:1, and the catalyst presulfidized by H₂+H₂S exhibits a higher performance than those pretreated with H₂ or He. Although the feed concentrations of C₂H₄:SO₂ being 3000:3000 ppm provide a higher conversion of SO₂, the sulfur yield decreases drastically at temperatures above 300 °C. With higher feed concentrations, maximum yield appears at higher temperatures. The C₂H₄ temperature-programmed desorption (C₂H₄-TPD) and SO₂-TPD desorption patterns illustrate that Fe₂O₃/CeO₂ can adsorb and desorb C₂H₄ and SO₂ more easily than can Fe₂O₃/γ-Al₂O₃. Moreover, the SO₂-TPD patterns further show that Fe₂O₃/γ-Al₂O₃ is more seriously inhibited by SO₂. These findings may properly explain why Fe₂O₃/CeO₂ has a higher activity for the reduction of SO₂.     

含镁铝杂质硫酸氧钛溶液水热水解规律

探究了含镁铝杂质硫酸氧钛溶液[1.0 mol/L TiOSO₄+0.5 mol/L MgSO₄+0.25 mol/L Al₂（SO₄）₃+2.4 mol/L H₂SO₄]的水热水解规律。热力学计算表明：110~150 ℃,加入MgSO₄ 和Al₂（SO₄）₃的总体效应使钛的理论水解率略有降低[150 ℃时,纯硫酸氧钛溶液和含镁铝杂质硫酸氧钛溶液的理论水解率分别为99.8%和99.7%,镁铝杂质分别以MgSO_4（aq）和Al（OH）²⁺为主];升高温度有利于含钛组分水解,从110 ℃升高到150 ℃含镁铝杂质硫酸氧钛溶液的理论水解率由99.1%升高到99.7%。实验结果表明：加入MgSO₄ 和Al₂（SO₄）₃后钛水解率略有降低（150 ℃时,纯硫酸氧钛溶液和含镁铝杂质硫酸氧钛溶液的水解率分别为99.2%和98.3%）,升高温度可显著强化含镁铝杂质硫酸氧钛溶液的水解（110 ℃→150 ℃,68.6%→98.3%）,与热力学计算结果相符。在150 ℃水热反应10 h,可制得原始粒径为100~300 nm、团聚粒径为1~3 μm的不规则状偏钛酸,含钛组分水解率达到98.3%。     

Vanadyl–aluminum binary phosphate: Al/V ratio influence on their structure and catalytic behavior in the 2-propanol conversion

The synthesis of aluminum–vanadium–phosphorus (AlVPO) systems by sol–gel method was carried out with several P/Al/V molar ratios. They were calcined at 450–550 °C as previously applied in the synthesis of amorphous AlPO₄ catalysts. Materials were characterized by chemical analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, UV-Vis, ³¹P and ²⁷Al MAS NMR, scanning electron microscopy and nitrogen adsorption. The textural properties and morphology of AlVPO materials were influenced by the Al/V ratio and thermal treatment. As the porosity of the solids decreased, both the BET surface areas as well as their primarily amorphous character did as well, while the vanadium content and calcination temperature increased. After calcination, the presence of two pure phosphate phases, AlPO₄ (-cristobalite) and β-VOPO₄, was observed. Their catalytic behavior in the conversion of 2-propanol was studied. Both the activity for 2-propanol conversion and the selectivity values to propene and propanone were also greatly affected by the Al/V ratio values. Thus, the activity of the AlVPO systems increased with the aluminum content, whereas the 2-propanone selectivity decreased slightly. On the basis of kinetic study we conclude that dehydration to propene and dehydrogenation to propanone could proceed via different active sites and mechanisms.     

Fe-Al2O3金属陶瓷选择性还原制备工艺研究

本文以Fe₂O₃、l₂O₃粉体为原料,在室温进行高能球磨,然后热压烧结制备（Fe,Al）₂O₃单相固溶体。对单相固溶体在H₂气氛下进行热处理,使固溶的Fe选择性还原析出为分散于Al₂O_基体中的金属颗粒。利用XRD、TEM分析还原产物,研究还原产物的物相,并观察还原后铁在氧化铝基体中的分布情况。