钴的引入对双环戊二烯氢甲酰化担载Rh催化剂的性能影响

以双环戊二烯(DCPD)氢甲酰化反应为探针反应,系统考察了无机氧化物担载的Rh催化剂上引入Co后对性能的影响。实验结果表明:Co的引入不仅可以大幅度的提高DCPD氢甲酰化产物三环癸烷二甲醛(DFTD)的选择性,而且可以加快DFTD的生成速率;相对于Rh催化剂,引入Co之后,DFTD的选择性可以提高20%以上,DFTD的选择性最高可达88.7%。为研究Rh催化剂上引入Co对催化剂活性和目标产物选择性大幅提高的原因,分别对催化剂进行了程序升温还原(TPR)和程序升温脱附(TPD)的表征。TPR的结果显示Co和Rh发生了相互作用,Rh的还原峰明显发生了一定的位移;TPD的结果显示Rh在载体表面的分散性有降低的趋势,表面的Rh活性物种有一定的减少。结合实验数据和表征数据,Rh催化剂上引入Co使催化活性和产物选择性提高的原因可归结为:Co和Rh发生了相互作用;Co的引入虽然造成了表面Rh含量降低,但是形成了高于Rh的活性的新物种,从而导致了催化剂活性和目标产物选择性大幅提高。     

Fe3O4负载催化剂上双环戊二烯氢甲酰化

采用共沉淀法制备系列铁磁性氧化物负载的钴、铑及钴铑双金属催化剂。研究以三苯基膦改性的Co/Fe₃O₄、Rh/Fe₃O₄和Co-Rh/Fe₃O₄催化剂对双环戊二烯氢甲酰化合成三环癸烷二甲醛的催化性能,并对催化剂进行XRD、FT-IR和TPR等表征。结果表明,Co-Rh/Fe₃O₄催化剂对双环戊二烯氢甲酰化合成三环癸烷二甲醛具有最高的选择性。双环戊二烯氢甲酰化合成三环癸烷二甲醛的过程与反应压力、催化剂与双环戊二烯的质量比、反应温度和溶剂的种类有关。增加催化剂与双环戊二烯质量比和升高温度及压力有利于双环戊二烯的转化和三环癸烷二甲醛选择性,采用极性相对较小的溶剂有利于三环癸烷二甲醛的形成。催化剂重复使用5次,催化活性几乎不变。 在催化剂与双环戊二烯质量比为2∶15、Rh的负载量为1∶100、反应温度140 ℃、反应压力7 MPa和反应时间5 h条件下,双环戊二烯转化率达99%以上,三环癸烷二甲醛选择性达60%以上,进一步延长反应时间至12 h,三环癸烷二甲醛选择性超过90%。     

三苯基膦和亚磷酸酯类配体在双环戊二烯氢甲酰化反应中的对比研究

以具有不同取代基的三苯基膦和亚磷酸酯为配体,铁磁性的钴铑双金属为催化剂,考察双环戊二烯氢甲酰化合成三环癸烷不饱和单醛的反应。结果表明,反应存在一定的诱导期,诱导期越短,反应速率越快;配体上的取代基对反应活性和产物选择性具有显著影响,吸电子取代基催化活性较高,诱导期较短,反应速率较快,但选择性较低。亚磷酸酯配体中以亚磷酸三苯酯效果最好,与三苯基膦相比,转化率和选择性均相对较低。在考察的配体中,三苯基膦作为配体,三环癸烷不饱和单醛选择性最高,达97%。     

基于溶剂极性的双环戊二烯氢甲酰化反应探索研究

以三苯基膦改性的铁磁性氧化物担载的钴铑双金属为催化剂,考察了不同极性溶剂对双环戊二烯（DCPD）氢甲酰化反应合成三环癸烷不饱和单醛和三环癸烷二甲醛的影响。结果表明,溶剂的极性对反应速率和目标产物的选择性有较大的影响,三环癸烷不饱和单醛的生成速率随着溶剂极性的增加呈现增加的趋势;三环癸烷二甲醛的反应速率和选择性随着溶剂极性的增加先增加后降低。以极性值为5.4的丙酮作为溶剂时,合成三环癸烷二甲醛最佳,选择性达到了72%。     

SiO2载体对Cu/SiO2催化剂的影响

分别以硅溶胶、气相SiO2、介孔SBA-15分子筛为载体,采用共沉淀法制备了Cu/SiO2催化剂,含活性组分Cu质量分数为25%。运用BET、XRD、H2-TPR、NH3-TPD等对催化剂进行表征。结果表明:以硅溶胶和气相SiO2为载体制得催化剂的Cu物种分散性较差,以SBA-15为载体制得催化剂的Cu物种以高度分散的形式存在,且具有较大的比表面积,较低的还原温度和较大的酸量。     

不同金属改性剂对Rh/FePO4催化剂氢甲酰化性能的影响

采用等体积浸渍法制备了不同金属（La、Co、Ce、Cr）改性的M-Rh/FePO₄催化剂,考察不同催化剂在1-辛烯氢甲酰化中的反应性能;利用XRD、H₂-TPR、XPS等对催化剂进行表征。结果表明,不同改性剂对Rh/FePO₄催化剂中金属Rh与载体FePO₄改性效果不同,其中金属Cr的加入对Rh/FePO₄催化性能的提高明显优于其他3种改性剂,同时,过多金属Cr的加入降低了催化性能。当金属Cr质量分数为0.1%时,可显著增强金属Rh与载体FePO₄之间的相互作用,在1-辛烯氢甲酰化反应中表现出较好的催化性能,可获得99.4%的转化率和92.8%的醛收率。催化剂经5次循环反应后仍保持较好的活性和选择性,具有良好的循环稳定性。     

Ni、Zn改性CuO/SiO2催化剂的TPR-TPO循环表征

采用TPR-TPO循环表征和XRD对CuO/SiO₂及Ni、Zn改性CuO/SiO₂催化剂进行研究,结果表明,催化剂的第一次还原氧化循环与随后的循环不同。NiO与CuO相互作用,还原峰温降低;添加Zn使还原峰温延后,经过第一次还原氧化循环,组分在载体表面进行再次分布,还原温度明显降低。     

Rh/SiO2催化剂在乙烯氢甲酰化反应中的粒径效应

采用等体积浸渍法,通过调变铑负载量,合成了具有不同铑金属颗粒粒径的Rh/SiO2催化剂,用于催化乙烯氢甲酰化合成丙醛反应,着重研究了Rh/SiO2催化剂在乙烯氢甲酰化反应中的粒径效应.催化剂的结构表征结果表明:通过控制铑负载量可有效调节Rh/SiO2催化剂的铑金属颗粒粒径,且铑负载量对Rh/SiO2催化剂活性相的电子结...     

Cu/SiO2催化剂在醋酸甲酯加氢制乙醇反应中失活比较

采用固定床微型反应器考察Cu/ZnO和Cu/SiO₂催化剂在醋酸甲酯加氢制乙醇反应中的稳定性,分别反应1 000 h和750 h后,Cu/ZnO和Cu/SiO2催化剂均失活。采用物理吸附、DTG、原位XRD和H₂-TPR等对失活前后Cu/ZnO和Cu/SiO₂催化剂进行比较。结果表明,Cu/ZnO和Cu/SiO₂催化剂在醋酸甲酯加氢制乙醇反应中失活机理不同,Cu/ZnO 催化剂失活的主要原因是Cu晶粒长大,催化剂上ZnO晶粒同时长大;Cu/SiO₂催化剂失活主要原因是积炭物种对催化剂孔道的堵塞和对活性位的覆盖。     

Cu/SiO2催化剂载体预处理工艺的研究

对硝基苯加氢制苯胺Cu/SiO₂催化剂载体的预处理工艺进行研究,考察预处理工艺条件对硅胶孔结构的影响。对经过预处理和未经过预处理的载体制备的催化剂活性进行对比测试,结果表明,预处理载体制备的催化剂,保持高转化率的时间较未经预处理载体制备的催化剂保持高活性的时间长,说明载体经过预处理制备的催化剂达到了延长使用寿命的效果。     

Direct synthesis of acetic acid from CH4 and CO2 by a step-wise route over Pd/SiO2 and Rh/SiO2 catalysts

The theoretical and experimental feasibility of direct conversion of CH₄ and CO₂ to acetic acid by an isothermal step-wise route over Pd/SiO₂ and Rh/SiO₂ catalysts was investigated. The methyl radical formation from CH₄ dissociation and CO₂ inserting into the intermediate are regarded as two limiting steps. Preliminary experimental results have shown that the following step-wise route can circumvent the thermodynamic limitation of this direct synthesis at low temperatures. Pd catalysts are more active than Rh catalysts at 170 °C and 200 °C, while formic acid is only produced on Pd catalysts. The optimum contact time of CH₄ and CO₂ with catalysts is 1 min under the experimental conditions. And there is no apparent deactivation resulting from carbon deposition for catalysts during the successive reaction cycles.     

Syngas production by biomass gasification using Rh/CeO2/SiO2 catalysts and fluidized bed reactor

We have been developed novel catalysts for gasification of biomass with much higher energy efficiency than conventional methods (non-catalyst, dolomite, commercial steam reforming Ni catalyst). From the result of the gasification of cellulose over novel Rh/CeO₂/SiO₂ catalysts, it is found that the gasification process consists of the reforming of tar and the combustion of solid carbon. We also tested novel Rh/CeO₂/SiO₂ in the gasification with air, pyrogasification, and steam reforming of cedar wood. As a result, Rh/CeO₂/SiO₂ gave higher yield of syngas than the conventional steam reforming Ni catalyst. Furthermore, we compared the performance between single and dual bed reactors. Single bed reactor was effective in the gasification of cedar, however, it was not suitable for the gasification of rice straw since a rapid deactivation was observed. Gasification of rice straw, jute stick, baggase using the fluidized dual-bed reactor and Rh/CeO₂/SiO₂ was also investigated. Especially, the catalyst stability in the gasification of rice straw clearly was enhanced by using the fluidized dual bed reactor.     

Strong rhodium–niobia interaction in Rh/Nb2O5, Nb2O5–Rh/SiO2 and RhNbO4/SiO2 catalysts: Application to selective CO oxidation and CO hydrogenation

The extent of Rh–niobia interaction in niobia-supported Rh (Rh/Nb₂O₅), niobia-promoted Rh/SiO₂ (Nb₂O₅–Rh/SiO₂) and RhNbO₄/SiO₂ catalyst after H₂ reduction has been investigated by H₂ and CO chemisorption measurements. These catalysts have been applied to selective CO oxidation in H₂ (CO+H₂+O₂) and CO hydrogenation (CO+H₂), and the results are compared with those of unpromoted Rh/SiO₂ catalysts. It has been found that niobia (NbO_x) increases the activity and selectivity for both the reactions.     

Mechanism of formation of C2-oxygenated compounds from CO + H2 reaction over SiO2-supported Rh catalysts

The mechanism of acetaldehyde and ethanol formation from the CO + H₂ reaction below atmospheric pressure has been investigated by combining infrared spectroscopic measurement and ¹³CO and C¹⁸O isotopic tracer studies with reaction kinetics. The rates of acetaldehyde and ethanol formation are markedly dependent on the nature of metal precursors employed. The addition of sodium cations depresses the total catalytic activity, while the selectivity for ethanol is increased by the addition of manganese cations. From the behavior of surface species under reaction conditions, it is concluded that acetaldehyde is formed through the following two steps: (i) CO insertion into C₁ species which are reaction intermediates for not only hydrocarbons but also for the methyl group in acetaldehyde, and (ii) subsequent formation of acetate ions whose one oxygen atom is supplied from the support, finally producing acetaldehyde. Differences in ¹⁸O distribution in acetaldehyde and ethanol during the C¹⁸O + H₂ reaction indicate that ethanol is not produced via direct hydrogenation of acetaldehyde.     

TiCl4/SiO2负载型催化剂用于丁二烯聚合 Ⅰ .催化剂制备条件对聚合的影响

用球磨法制备的SiO2负载TiCl4催化剂进行丁二烯溶液聚合,考察了催化剂制备条件对催化效率的影响,分析了聚合物的结构。结果表明球磨48h,负载钛质量分数4％的催化剂具有较好的催化效率;SiO2在负载TiCl4前用适量Al(i-Bu)3处理,或将球磨法制备的TiCl4/SiO2催化剂与适量Al(i-Bu)2Cl在100℃下反应1h,均能大幅度提高催化剂的活性;在40～50℃下,聚合按溶液淤浆聚合形式进行,产物为低顺式聚丁二烯。     

CoCr_2O_4/SiO_2催化剂上二氯甲烷催化氧化

采用浸渍法制备了不同CoCr_2O_4负载量x CoCr_2O_4/SiO_2催化剂(x=5%、10%、20%和30%),考察其对二氯甲烷催化燃烧性能的影响。结果表明,催化剂的整体活性顺序为:30CoCr_2O_4/SiO_220CoCr_2O_4/SiO_210CoCr_2O_4/SiO_25CoCr_2O_4/SiO_2,但按照活性组分CoCr_2O_4质量归一化后本征活性顺序为:10CoCr_2O_4/SiO_2≈5CoCr_2O_4/SiO_220CoCr_2O_4/SiO_230CoCr_2O_4/SiO_2。表征结果发现催化剂本征活性与可还原性能和表面酸性存在密切关系。10CoCr_2O_4/SiO_2和5CoCr_2O_4/SiO_2具有较高的表面酸性和耗氢量,因此具有较高的本征活性。     

SiO2气凝胶-金尾矿催化剂的制备及表征

利用浸渍法将金尾矿与SiO_2气凝胶相结合,制备SiO_2气凝胶-金尾矿催化剂。对催化剂的制备工艺进行探索,考察制备条件对催化剂活性金属负载量的影响,确定催化剂的最佳制备工艺条件,采用SEM、XRD、TG、FT-IR等对催化剂进行表征。结果表明:盐酸浓度3 mol·L~(-1),金尾矿与气凝胶质量比1∶1,浸渍温度45℃、浸渍时间2 h、老化时间48 h为最佳制备工艺条件。在此条件下制得的SiO_2气凝胶-金尾矿催化剂活性金属负载量较大,负载均匀且耐热性能较好。