气液鼓泡塔液体流动状态的声发射检测

提出一种基于声发射气液鼓泡塔液相流动状态检测方法,将多通道声发射传感器等距地置于鼓泡塔轴向壁面,提取不同表观气速下的各通道声发射信号,对其做经验模态分解(EMD),根据每个imf的Hurst指数值,提取和重构相应的imf,求其每个信号的平均能量。实验结果表明:鼓泡塔壁处液体轴向流速随着表观气速的增加而增大,当表观气速为14 m/min时,塔壁处液体轴向环流速度最大,当表观气速大于18 m/min时,液体轴向完全变为湍流,出现严重返混。声发射检测法能够有效检测出液体流动状态。     

气液逆流喷射式外环流反应器的液相返混特性

在气液逆流喷射式外环流反应器中,采用电解质脉冲示踪法对液相停留时间分布进行测量,考察不同操作条件以及液相进料位置对液相返混的影响。实验结果表明,随着射流速度u_j或表观气速u_g的增加,液相返混程度先减小后增大;当气速较低且u_j较大时,底部进料的液相返混程度大于喷嘴进料的液相返混程度;而在气速较低且u_j较小以及气速较高条件下,底部进料的液相返混程度小于喷嘴进料的液相返混程度。研究结果可为气液逆流喷射式外环流反应器中液相进料位置的选取及液相返混程度的调控提供指导。     

喷淋散射塔鼓泡区域的气液两相流动特性

为了探究喷淋散射脱硫塔鼓泡区域的气液两相流动特性,搭建了鼓泡塔实验台,在不同表观气速和气体分布器浸没深度的条件下进行了实验。实验结果表明:气体分布器表面形成的气泡直径约12 mm;气泡溢出液面时有小气泡形成,并随着返混的液相运动,且液相的返混剧烈程度与表观气速和气体分布器浸没深度正相关;液相在散射管管壁和鼓泡池壁面间形成大尺度循环;随着表观气速增大,气泡直径和气泡运动速度均增大,使得气含率增大,气液两相湍动加剧;随着气体分布器浸没深度增大,鼓泡床床层气含率降低,表观气速对气含率的影响效果减弱。实验结果对喷淋散射脱硫塔的设计和运行有一定参考价值。     

规整填料塔液相混合的研究

本文采用点源脉冲示踪的方法考察了装填２５０ Ｙ 型金属板波纹规整填料的填料塔中的轴向及径向返混。在规整填料塔的顶部注入 Ｋ Ｍｎ Ｏ４ 作为示踪剂,从塔的底部的不同径向位置取样。通过最优化方法计算出轴向返混系数 Ｄｚ 和径向返混系数 Ｄｒ,研究了液相和气相对规整填料的返混的影响,并就液相和气相对返混影响做了初步解释。实验结果表明：径向扩散系数和轴向扩散系数随气速和液体流速的增大而增大。得到轴向和径向混合系数的彼克列数（ Ｐｅｚ , Ｐｅｒ） 与液相和气相的表观雷诺数（ Ｒｅ１ , Ｒｅｇ） 的关联式。     

气液固三相流化床局部相含率

在以焦末为固相、空气为气相、水为液相的三相流化床中研究了局部气含率和局部固含率径向分布。实验用流化床内径100 mm,高1.7 m,焦末粒度1.07 mm。分别采用电导探针法和光纤法测定局部气含率和局部固含率。结果表明:表观气速为0.35—0.71 cm/s,表观液速为2.12—3.54 cm/s时,局部气含率在流化床中沿径向r/R=0—0.8处分布较均匀,在靠壁面处下降至约0.5%,且随表观液速增加而减小,随表观气速增加而增大,且在距分布板轴向高度分别为370 mm和470 mm时趋势一致,大小沿轴向增加,在表观气速一定时,液速小于2.12 cm/s时,气含率沿径向减小的趋势较明显。局部固含率沿径向分布较均匀,基本不随表观气速变化而变化,随表观液速增大而增大,且在距分布板轴向高度分别为370 mm和470 mm时趋势一致,大小沿轴向减小。     

多级鼓泡塔内液体速度分布的实验研究

液体循环流动是多级鼓泡塔重要流体力学特征之一,文中在内径为282 mm,高2000 mm的鼓泡塔内,采用不同类型的筛板将普通鼓泡塔分割成双级气液鼓泡塔.采用Pavlov管测液速的方法考察了不同筛板、不同表观气速下该鼓泡塔中上下二侧的液体速度分布.根据实验结果得出了液体速度在塔中心处最大,且与表观气速有关,随着表观气速的...     

气液并流向上填充鼓泡塔液体混合特性的研究

在内径为165 mm气液并流向上填充鼓泡塔中采用示踪法考查了表观气速、表观液速、液体黏度、填料大小等因素对液体轴向混合特性的影响。根据实验结果得出:Peclet准数随表观液速的增加而增大,轴向返混程度减小,而随表观气速或液相黏度的增加而Peclet准数略有减小,轴向混合程度增加。同时,填料的引入明显减少轴向混合程度,随着填料直径的增加,Peclet准数明显减少,轴向混合程度增大。根据实验结果,关联了实验范围内Peclet准数的计算式,为填充鼓泡塔反应器的设计与放大提供了一定的指导作用。     

多级鼓泡塔中液相返混系数与交换速度的研究

采用示踪方法对高2 000 mm,内径282 mm多级筛板鼓泡塔内液相返混系数进行测量研究,并通过扩散-返混模型以及RTD曲线给出鼓泡塔内筛板上下二侧液体交换速度,同时考查了表观气速、开孔率等因素对轴向扩散系数与液体交换速度的影响.根据实验得出鼓泡塔内轴向返混系数以及液体交换速度与表观气速、开孔率有很大关系,均随表观气...     

流场径向分割对鼓泡塔液相返混特性的影响

在直径为50 cm,总高为550 cm的鼓泡塔中,采用脉冲示踪技术考察了流场径向分割对鼓泡塔内液相返混特性的影响.实验中气液两相分别为空气和水,气相流速为3.0～8.6 cm/s,液相流速为0.30～1.00 cm/s.实验结果表明:在考察条件下,随着表观液速的增加,停留时间分布曲线的拖尾情况得到改善,鼓泡塔内液相返混...     

竖直上升气液泡状流数学模型封闭的研究

竖直上升管气液两相流广泛应用于相变传热、核反应堆等工业过程。本文以竖直上升气液两相流为研究对象,运用欧拉双流体模型,针对表观液速为0.45m/s、表观气速分别为0.015m/s和0.1m/s的泡状流数值模拟过程中的升力、壁面润滑力、湍流扩散力、气泡诱导湍流（BIT）等封闭模型,开展数值模拟比较研究。模拟发现：①低气速泡状流中,升力和壁面润滑力的同时加入能够改善壁面附近的气含率,气泡在这两个力作用下在径向上达到一个相对平衡,得到与实验气含率类似的壁面峰,模拟的液相速度较合理;低气速时,BIT的影响可以忽略。②高气速泡状流中,BIT对气-液两相流的模拟结果影响比较明显,湍动耗散源项的加入能使液速分布的模拟结果得到改善,Troshko模型相对Sato模型更能反映气泡诱导湍流对液相湍流的作用。③高气速时升力的引入使气含率产生壁面峰,加入湍流扩散力能使峰值略微降低,但仍没有解决高气速时引入升力出现的气含率壁面峰问题,说明在径向上湍流扩散力还不足以抵抗升力。     

Experimental and numerical investigations of scale-up effects on the hydrodynamics of slurry bubble columns

Experiments and simulations were conducted for bubble columns with diameter of 0.2 m(180 mm i.d.), 0.5 m(476 mm i.d.) and 0.8 m(760 mm i.d.) at high superficial gas velocities(0.12–0.62 m·s-1) and high solid concentrations(0–30 vol%). Radial profiles of time-averaged gas holdup, axial liquid velocity, and turbulent kinetic energy were measured by using in-house developed conductivity probes and Pavlov tubes. Effects of column diameter, superficial gas velocity, and solid concentration were investigated in a wide range of operating conditions. Experimental results indicated that the average gas holdup remarkably increases with superficial gas velocity, and the radial profiles of investigated flow properties become steeper at high superficial gas velocities. The axial liquid velocities significantly increase with the growth of the column size, whereas the gas holdup was slightly affected. The presence of solid in bubble columns would inhibit the breakage of bubbles, which results in an increase in bubble rise velocity and a decrease in gas holdup, but time-averaged axial liquid velocities remain almost the same as that of the hollow column. Furthermore, a 2-D axisymmetric k–ε model was used to simulate heterogeneous bubbly flow using commercial code FLUENT 6.2. The lateral lift force and the turbulent diffusion force were introduced for the determination of gas holdup profiles and the effects of solid concentration were considered as the variation of average bubble diameter in the model. Results predicted by the CFD simulation showed good agreement with experimental data.     

基于气泡群相间作用力模型的加压鼓泡塔流体力学模拟

目前,多数文献报道了冷态加压湍动鼓泡塔内流动特征,并且通过实验数据回归相关经验关联式。然而,此类关联式适用范围有限,难以直接外推到工业鼓泡塔反应器条件。因此,在FLUENT平台上建立了基于气泡群相间作用力的、动态二维加压鼓泡塔计算流体力学模型。通过数值模拟考察了操作压力为0.5~2.0 MPa,表观气速为0.20~0.31 m·s^-1,内径0.3 m鼓泡塔内流场特性参数分布,并且与冷态实验数据进行比较。结果表明,采用修正后的气泡群曳力模型、径向力平衡模型以及壁面润滑力模型描述气泡群相间作用力,能够较为准确地反映平均气含率和气含率径向分布随操作压力和表观气速变化的规律。     

湍动浆态床流体力学研究（Ⅲ）垂直列管内构件的影响

浆态床反应器内部往往安装有密集的竖直列管换热内构件,有关列管束对流场分布的影响还少有研究。本文在Φ500 mm×5000 mm的大型冷模实验装置中测定了安装不同密度列管束时的速度分布和气含率分布。实验表明,列管的存在一方面会显著提高浆料轴向速度,促进大尺度流体循环,另一方面也抑制了液体与气泡的径向湍动,使速度和气含率的径向分布更不均匀,造成液体与气体轴向返混加剧,增大了有列管束的浆态床反应器的放大风险。在低气速湍动鼓泡条件下,列管加入造成的“烟囱效应”将更为显著。     

Studies on hydrodynamics of turbulent slurry bubble column（Ⅲ）Effect of vertical pipe bundles

浆态床反应器内部往往安装有密集的竖直列管换热内构件,有关列管束对流场分布的影响还少有研究。本文在Φ500 mm×5000 mm的大型冷模实验装置中测定了安装不同密度列管束时的速度分布和气含率分布。实验表明,列管的存在一方面会显著提高浆料轴向速度,促进大尺度流体循环,另一方面也抑制了液体与气泡的径向湍动,使速度和气含率的径向分布更不均匀,造成液体与气体轴向返混加剧,增大了有列管束的浆态床反应器的放大风险。在低气速湍动鼓泡条件下,列管加入造成的“烟囱效应”将更为显著。     

Destabilisation of homogeneous bubbly flow in an annular gap bubble column

Experimental results are presented to show that there are very significant differences in the mean gas void fractions measured in an open tube and a annular gap bubble column, when operated at the same gas superficial velocity, using a porous sparger. Measurements were carried out in a vertical 0.102 m internal diameter column, with a range of concentric inner tubes to form an annular gap, giving diameter ratios from 0.25 to 0.69; gas superficial velocities in the range 0.014–0.200 m/s were investigated. The mean gas void fraction decreases with increasing ratio of the inner to outer diameter of the annular gap column and the transition to heterogeneous flow occurs at lower gas superficial velocities and lower void fractions. Two reasons are proposed and validated by experimental investigations: (1) the presence of the inner tube causes large bubbles to form near the sparger, which destabilise the homogeneous bubbly flow and reduce the mean void fraction; this was confirmed by deliberately injecting large bubbles into a homogeneous dispersion of smaller bubbles, and (2) the shape of the void fraction profiles changes with gap geometry and this affects the distribution parameter in the drift‐flux model. Both of these effects serve to reduce the mean gas void fraction in an annular gap bubble column compared to an open tube at the same gas superficial velocity.     

Liquid circulation and mixing in an inclined bubble column

Gas and liquid velocities were measured in an inclined rectangular column, at inclinations in the range 0?45° and superficial gas velocities of 0.002 to 0.12 cm/s. Liquid circulation was also characterized by measuring the time to mix a pulse of salt solution in the column. Inclining the column by up to 10° from the vertical induced a drastic change in behavior, from a bubble column with evenly distributed gas bubbles to a segregated system with rapid liquid circulation pumped by rising gas bubbles. The liquid velocities in the inclined column ranged from 10 to 50 times the superficial gas velocity. Further inclination of the column in the range of 10?45° had little effect on liquid velocity or mixing time. A compartmental model for the recirculating liquid flow matched the observed mixing times, but predicted oscillations in tracer concentration which were not detected in experiments.     

Numerical simulation of multiphase flow in bubble column reactors. Influence of bubble coalescence and break-up

Population balance equations have been combined to a classical hydrodynamic Euler/Euler simulation to investigate the operation of a cylindrical bubble column. The MUSIG (mutiple-size-group) model implemented in the CFX 4.3 commercial software has been used. Hydrodynamic experimental variables, i.e. local axial liquid velocity and local gas hold-up, have been compared to the corresponding calculated values, showing a quite good agreement, except for the gas hold-up when the column is no more operating in the homogeneous regime. Bubble sizes have been investigated, showing that two domains of superficial gas velocities can be distinguished. In the first domain, coalescence occurs predominantly, Sauter diameter increases with the superficial gas velocity, bubble size distribution is narrow and Sauter diameter is continuously evolving along the column axis. In the second domain, break-up becomes more intensive and compensates coalescence, bubble size distribution becomes wider, since more small bubbles are formed, an equilibrium Sauter diameter appears when the superficial gas velocity increases. Furthermore an equilibrium Sauter diameter appears along the column axis, and it can be noticed that this phenomenon appears lower in the column when the gas flow rate is increased. In these two domains the characteristics of the bubbles are typical of those of the homogeneous and transition regimes.     

Mixing in a co‐current upflow bubble column reactors with and without internals

Liquid phase mixing is a phenomenon that results mainly due to convective and turbulent flow fields, which are generated by hydrodynamic interactions between the gas and liquid phases within a continuous co‐current upflow bubble column reactor. The extent of liquid phase mixing is usually quantified through the mixing time, or the axial dispersion coefficient. In the present work, the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations for mixing and RTD in a continuous bubble column (with and without internals) are performed by using OpenFOAM 2.3.1. The superficial gas velocities were 0.014, 0.088, and 0.221 m/s and the superficial liquid velocities were 0.005 and 0.014 m/s. The simulations have been performed for three different configurations of the bubble column, that is, (a) an open bubble column, (b) a column with one vertical central rod of 36 mm diameter, (c) a column with the same central rod and four vertical additional rods of 12 mm diameter. The effects of superficial gas and liquid velocities and column internals were investigated on liquid phase mixing and the axial dispersion coefficient. Comparisons have been made between the experimental measurements and the CFD simulations.

     

固含率对沸腾床反应器气泡行为的影响

采用动态气体逸出法,在高7.0 m、直径0.3 m的有机玻璃塔中研究了固含率对沸腾床反应器内气泡行为特性的影响。在表观气速2.16~21.62 cm/s和固含率9.8%~39.0%（体积分数）范围内测定了反应器内的总气含率、大小气泡含率、大小气泡上升速度及其尺寸等参数。结果表明：总气含率随着表观气速的增大而增大,随着固含率的增大而减小。随着表观气速的增大,大气泡含率、大气泡直径及其上升速度均呈增大趋势;小气泡含率明显增大,但小气泡上升速度和直径趋于减小。随着固含率的增大,大气泡含率略有降低,但大气泡直径及其上升速度都明显增大;当固含率超过19.5%（体积分数）后,小气泡上升速度几乎下降为0;当固含率达到29.3%（体积分数）时,小气泡基本消失。