柔性染料敏化太阳能电池TiO2薄膜的低温制备技术

简要介绍了柔性染料敏化太阳能电池的特点,综述了柔性染料敏化太阳能电池中TiO2纳米晶半导体薄膜光电极的低温制备技术.     

柔性染料敏化太阳能电池研究进展

从柔性基底的选择、低温法制备纳米晶TiO2薄膜、柔性对电极等几个方面介绍了柔性DSSC的研究进展,重点评述了纳米晶TiO2薄膜低温制备技术,如低温烧结法、微波烧结法、水热法、紫外光照射法和加压法等的优缺点,并展望了柔性DSSC未来的研究方向.     

柔性TiO2薄膜电极的制备方法及其对光电性能的影响

分别采用水热法和紫外处理低温烧结法制备了柔性TiO2薄膜电极。通过傅立叶变换红外吸收光谱仪（FTIR）、紫外可见光仪（UVSP）、场发射扫描电镜（FESEM）对两种方法制备的TiO2薄膜电极进行表征，同时，测试了不同电极组装柔性染料敏化太阳能电池的光电性能。结果表明：两种方法制备的电极均为一种多孔结构，不含有机物；紫外处理低温烧结法制备电极组装柔性电池的短路电流为4.9mA，其光电转换效率为1．28％。而水热法制备电极组装柔性电池的稳定性较好，虽然其短路电流为2．60mA，光电转换效率为1．32％。     

染料敏化太阳能电池TiO2薄膜的制备方法

阐述了对应用在染料敏化太阳能电池中作为电极的TiO2薄膜的要求,对如何能制备出具有较好电池性能的TiO2薄膜电极的方法进行了综述,分析了各种方法的优劣,对未来染料敏化太阳能电池中TiO2薄膜的制备方法提出了建议。     

TiO2纳晶薄膜电极的制备及表征

研究了TiO2纳晶多孔薄膜电极的制备及其表征,采用丝网印刷方法制备了加入造孔剂聚苯乙烯的TiO2纳晶多孔薄膜电极;同时利用SEM、TEM、N2吸附-脱附和XPS对TiO2薄膜电极的晶型、粒径、孔洞分布、元素组成和表面结合态进行了表征分析.     

柔性染料敏化太阳能电池TiO_2光阳极的制备

柔性染料敏化太阳能电池(Flexible Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell,FDSSC)是以聚合物或金属等柔性材料为基底的染料敏化太阳能电池(Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell,DSSC)。相比于刚性DSSC,其具有可弯曲、低成本、易大面积加工和应用范围广等优点,越来越受到人们的关注。柔性染料敏化太阳能电池TiO2光阳极的制备方法,根据热处理温度的不同可以分为低温和高温制备方法,其中包括化学法、压力法、电泳沉积法、转移法、金属基底上的制备以及一些新的制备方法等。本文结合DSSC光阳极中电子的传输和复合的基本原理,针对电极的各制备方法进行了综述,并对电池的相关性能作了一定的介绍;最后,对FDSSC未来的发展前景和有潜力的研究方向进行了展望。     

低温制备二氧化钛纳米薄膜研究进展

低温下制备二氧化钛薄膜具有重要的意义.开发纳米晶TiO2薄膜低温制备技术,可以提高太阳能电池光电转化效率及气体传感器的气敏性能,并且对拓展光催化技术的应用领域、降低生产成本尤为重要.本文就低温制备二氧化钛薄膜的进展情况进行了详细的介绍.     

BST薄膜的研究现状与发展趋势

综述了(Ba1-xSrx)TiO3(BST)薄膜材料的研究现状，包括薄膜的制备技术、电极材料的选择、组分与掺杂对电学及介电性能的影响，分析了与薄膜相关的缺陷和可靠性现象，并对未来可能的进展作了简单的描述。     

Progress in Preparation Methods of Porous TiO2 Thin Films

综述了液相法(包括溶胶-凝胶法、蒸发诱导自组装法等)、电化学法(包括阳极氧化法、微弧氧化法等)、物理气相法(包括磁控溅射法、电子束蒸发法等)、化学气相法等制备多孔TiO2薄膜的方法,介绍了相应的合成原理,指出不同方法制备的多孔TiO2薄膜在表面形貌、孔径尺寸、取向和孔壁厚度等方面存在很大差异.通过对比不同制备方法的优缺点并结合工业化生产成本,提出了今后多孔TiO2薄膜制备技术的发展方向,并展望了多孔TiO2薄膜广阔的应用前景.     

二氧化钛过渡层对脉冲激光沉积钛酸锶钡薄膜微结构和介电性质的影响

选取极薄Ti02作为过渡层,采用脉冲激光沉积法分别在Si(100)和Pt(111)/Ti/SiO2/Si(100)基底上制备了Bao.6Sro.4TiO3(BST)薄膜,研究过渡层对BST薄膜微结构及电学性质的影响.发现厚度20纳米以内的锐钛矿相结晶TiO2过渡层可使BST薄膜由无规则取向转变为(111)择优取向,而非晶和较厚TiO2过渡层对BST薄膜的取向无影响.结晶的TiO2过渡层也使薄膜的表面颗粒变细.还研究了不同厚度TiO2对BST薄膜电学性质的影响,结果表明BST薄膜在Pt(111)底电极上加入极薄的结晶TiO2过渡层后电学性质有明显改善,薄膜的介电常数和可调谐度提高,而介电损耗降低.加入膜厚约5nm的TiO2过渡层后,测试频率为10 kHz时薄膜相应介电常数、介电损耗及可调谐度分别为513、0.053和36.7%.     

Nanoporous films obtained by sacrificial layer pulsed laser deposition

Integration of solid state gas sensors and solid oxide fuel cells into third generation microelectronic products requires the development of unique fabrication methods. Highly porous electrodes, critical to the performance of many gas dependent devices, typically require harsh production methods and high sintering temperatures that are incompatible with a variety of platforms including those based on silicon or glass. In this study, an alternative procedure for overcoming these problems has been developed. It is based on the synthesis of nano-porous films at reduced fabrication temperatures by means of the Sacrificial Layer Pulsed Laser Deposition (SL-PLD). SL-PLD utilizes simultaneous oxide and carbon deposition to deposit thin dense films. These amorphous films are then transformed into nano-porous perovskite films by thermal annealing in ambient air at 600 ºC. In this paper, an alternative process for the development of nano-porous thin films at reduced fabrication temperatures is presented. It takes advantage of the low temperatures needed for both carbon burn-off and the structural transformation of many perovskite oxides. This alternative method for thin film fabrication opens the possibility for low temperature fabrication of porous ceramic materials.     

先驱体转化法制备多孔陶瓷的发展现状

多孔陶瓷材料因其优异的性能在各种领域的应用越来越广泛,其制备方法也不断的发展.先驱体转化法制备多孔陶瓷是20世纪末才出现的一种新型工艺,它具有烧结温度低、成型工艺简单、所得制品强度高等优点,引起了科学技术界的广泛兴趣.根据所得多孔陶瓷的形态,先驱体转化法制备多孔陶瓷大致可分为两类:制备本征结构的多孔陶瓷,制备泡沫陶瓷.本文介绍了先驱体转化制备这两类多孔陶瓷的工艺、结构和性能的研究现状,以及其存在的急需解决的问题.     

Dielectric properties of KDP filled porous alumina nanocomposite thin films

A new concept of a composite dielectric thin film fabrication is presented. The fabrication process consists of two stages. The first stage is anodizing a thin aluminum film to produce a porous alumina film that contains an array of nanometer sized parallel pores. The second stage is filling the pores with a saturated KDP (KH2PO4) liquid solution due to capillary forces. After drying KDP nanocrystals are formed inside the pores. This process results in a formation of a composite dielectric thin film composed of the alumina pores walls as one dielectric material and the KDP nanocrystals inside the pores as another dielectric material. The dielectric permittivity of this composite film is higher than that of the porous alumina film at all applied frequencies. The dielectric enhancement is more pronounced at low frequencies due to an interface polarization mechanism. This fabrication process enables controlling the size, composition, and microstructure of the composite dielectric film constituents and thus changing its dielectric properties over a wide range of values.     

金属氧化物半导体薄膜气敏机理研究进展

气体传感器的核心介质为气敏薄膜,而薄膜本身的特性有关键的影响,主要体现在薄膜微观结构如晶粒尺寸、膜厚、空隙率和有效表面积等方面。溶胶-凝胶法由于有方法简单及成膜温度低等优点,得到了广泛研究与应用。本文综述了溶胶-凝胶法制备的金属氧化物薄膜微纳结构与气敏机理进来的研究进展,结果表明最佳的晶粒尺寸约为10nm,最佳膜厚约为110 nm。在晶粒尺寸控制方面,通过控制煅烧温度与时间及在溶胶-凝胶过程中加入不同的添加剂,可有效优化晶粒尺寸提高灵敏度。最后,从能带结构角度总结了气敏传感器的电学特性及荷电传输机理,讨论了热电子发射理论和电子隧穿理论起主导作用时的薄膜微纳结构。     

纳米二氧化钛的制备及其在环氧树脂改性中的应用

Nano-TiO2粒子具有许多独特的物理和化学性质,在橡胶、塑料和胶粘剂等领域有非常好的应用前景,因而受到广泛关注。综述了近几年nano-TiO2制备方法的研究进展,分析对比了溶胶-凝胶法、沉淀法、水解法、水热法和微乳液法等方法的优缺点;介绍了nano-TiO2在环氧树脂(EP)改性中的应用,并展望了其应用前景。     

Room-temperature formation of low refractive index silicon oxide films using atmospheric-pressure plasma

This study aims to apply atmospheric-pressure (AP) plasma to the fabrication of single-layer anti-reflection (AR) coatings with porous silicon oxide. 150 MHz very high-frequency (VHF) excitation of AP plasma permits to enhance the chemical reactions both in the gas phase and on the film-growing surface, increasing deposition rate significantly. Silicon oxide films were prepared from silane (SiH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) dual sources diluted with helium. The microstructure and refractive index of the films were studied using infrared absorption and ellipsometry as a function of VHF power density. It was shown that significant increase in deposition rate at room temperature prevented the formation of a dense SiO2 network, decreasing refractive index of the resulting film effectively. As a result, a porous silicon oxide film, which had the lowest refractive index of 1.24 at 632.8 nm, was obtained with a very high deposition rate of 235 nm/s. The reflectance and transmittance spectra showed that the low refractive index film functioned as a quarter-wave AR coating of a glass plate.     

3D打印制备多孔结构的研究与应用现状

多孔结构材料具有优异的物理、力学性能,应用领域广泛。目前,已开发出的多孔结构的制备方法种类繁多,然而仅少数可实现批量生产,大多数方法工艺较为复杂,并且在制备过程中难以对多孔结构进行有效控制,以致所得多孔结构仍存在某些性能方面的不足。3D打印技术的发展与应用为多孔结构的制备带来了新的途径,所制备的多孔结构可同时具备宏观孔隙和微观孔隙,其骨架及宏观孔隙可以根据需要进行设计。可用于制备多孔结构的3D打印方法主要有利用激光能量的选择性激光烧结法(SLS)、选择性激光熔化法(SLM)和激光近净成形法(LENS)等方法,利用电子束能量的电子束熔化(EBM)法,喷射粘结剂的三维印刷(3DP)法,材料挤出类中的熔融沉积成形(FDM)法和三维浆丝沉积(3DF)法,以及间接3D打印法。近年来,国内外学者对采用这些方法制备多孔结构开展了一定的研究,以期找到适合具体情况的3D打印方法及相应合理的工艺规范,从而提高制件的性能。采用SLS、SLM和LENS法,通过控制激光扫描轨迹和粉末烧结程度可以获得材料的宏观和微观孔隙。SLS法可制备的多孔结构材料种类较广,SLM和LENS法主要用于制备金属多孔结构。EBM法与SLM法类似,但EBM法需要在真空环境下成形,可用于制备Ti等活泼金属材料。适用于3DP法的粉末材料种类更广,可选用不同的粘结剂和相应的后处理方法,其工艺灵活性大。FDM法一般用于低熔点热塑性材料,通过熔融挤出而堆积成宏观多孔结构。3DF法以粉末浆料的形式挤出成形,适用的材料种类比FDM法广,得到的结构具有宏观和微观孔隙。FDM和3DF法的打印精度和孔隙尺寸受喷嘴打印能力的限制。间接法先利用某种便捷的3D打印方法制备出多孔结构原模,再将该原模经粉末冶金、浇注等方法制得所需的多孔结构材料,这样可以避免3D打印直接制备某些材料的多孔结构在结构特征方面受到的限制。上述这些方法中,由于激光和电子束的能量集中,故SLM和EBM法制备的多孔结构相对于其他方法更精细。3D打印制备多孔结构时孔隙的形成机理可以总结为:制件内打印轨迹未到达的区域形成的宏观设计孔隙、制件骨架内的粘结剂被加热分解或被溶解而去除后形成的孔隙、气体溶解在烧结过程中的熔融金属内形成的孔隙、激光扫描熔迹之间形成的孔隙、粉末颗粒间堆积空隙形成的孔隙。本文对3D打印制备多孔结构的研究与应用现状进行了综述,概述了制备多孔结构的几种主要的3D打印方法,总结了其孔隙的形成机理,介绍了3D打印多孔结构的应用现状,指出了未来需要开展的研究。     

Fabrication of large-area and high-quality colloidal crystal films on nanocrystalline porous substrates by a room temperature floating self-assembly method

When colloidal crystal films are deposited onto nanocrystalline porous substrates by the commonly used colloidal crystallization method of vertical deposition self-assembly, the colloidal crystal tends to be poorly adhered to the porous film. Herein, we present a fabrication of large-area, three-dimensional (3D) colloidal crystal thin films on nanocrystalline porous substrates by a room temperature floating self-assembly method that has recently been developed for colloidal crystal deposition. Firstly, colloidal suspensions were prepared by dispersing monodisperse colloidal microspheres at high volume fraction in a mixture of ethanol and water. At room temperature, these suspensions were spread onto nanocrystalline porous TiO₂ films. The colloidal particles assembled into 3D ordered structures at the air−liquid interface of the suspensions as a result of rapid evaporation of the solvents. After the solvents (water and ethanol) had evaporated completely, the colloidal crystals were directly deposited on the nanocrystalline porous TiO₂ films. Scanning electron microscopy images and normal-incidence transmission spectra of the samples showed that the colloidal crystal films deposited on the nanocrystalline porous TiO₂ substrates by this method had very high crystalline quality. In addition, the effect of the degree of surface roughness of the nanocrystalline porous substrate on the crystalline quality of the colloidal crystals has been studied.     

MgB2 Superconducting Tips for Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Study

We report a simple method for the fabrication of reproducible, clean, and stable MgB₂ superconducting tips. The quality of these tips has been verified by imaging the surface of a thin Au(111) film sample, using a low temperature scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Using the MgB₂ superconducting tip, high-quality semiatomically resolved STM surface images of the thin Au(111) film sample have been observed, which unambiguously indicates that the fabrication of relatively superconducting MgB₂, suitable for use as STM tips, is feasible.     

MgB2 Superconducting Tips for Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Study

We report a simple method for the fabrication of reproducible, clean, and stable MgB₂ superconducting tips. The quality of these tips has been verified by imaging the surface of a thin Au(111) film sample, using a low temperature scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Using the MgB₂ superconducting tip, high-quality semiatomically resolved STM surface images of the thin Au(111) film sample have been observed, which unambiguously indicates that the fabrication of relatively superconducting MgB₂, suitable for use as STM tips, is feasible.